Introduction Classification

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Is
of
the chemistry
carbon.
of the compounds
Chemistry
contains the
of compounds that
element of carbon.
Organic
obtained
sources,
compounds were those
from plant or animal
that is from material
by living organisms.

3. Organic chemistry is the area of chemistry that
involves the study of carbon and its compounds
(Oparin, 1923) In theory organic chemistry may
have its beginnings with the big bang when the
components of ammonia, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
and methane combined to form amino acids, an
experiment that has been verified in the laboratory
(Miller, 1950)

4. In the 16th century organic compounds were
isolated from nature in the pure state (Scheele,
1769) and analytical methods were developed for
determination of elemental composition
(Lavoisier, 1784).
Frederich Wöhler (1828) discovered that urea, a
natural component in urine, could be synthesized
i the laboratory by heating ammonium cyanate.

5. By the middle of the nineteenth century many
advances had
and
been made into the discovery,
analysis synthesis of many
about
new organic
compounds. Understanding the structures
of organic chemistry began
theory
with a theory of
bonding
1858).
called valence (Kekule, Couper,

6. Organic chemistry is a field of immense
importance to technology.
Organic chemistry is fundamental to biology and
medicine.
Living organisms are made up of organic
compounds; the molecules of
are organic molecules.
Biology, on molecular level
Chemistry.
“molecular biology”
is Organic

7. We are now living in the Age of Carbon.
Every day the newspapers bring to our attention
compounds of carbon.
Wars are fought over petroleum.
Twin catastrophes threaten us both arising from the
accumulation
carbon.
in the atmosphere of compounds of
1990 the journal Science selected as the molecules of
of
the year of diamond, one of the allotropic form
carbon.

8. THE Chemistry Of...
Natural Products
Organic compound could be made by living cell
or organs.(present in living organism).
The word “organic” is still used today by some
people to mean “coming from living organisms”
The commonly used term “organic food” means
tha the food was grown without the use of
synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.

9.  An “organic vitamin” means to these people that
the vitamin was isolated from a natural source
not synthesized by a chemist.
and
It is impossible to argue that pure “natural”
vitamin c, for example, is healthier than pure
“synthetic” vitamin c, since the two sub- stances
are identical in all respects.
 In science today, the study of compounds from
livin organisms is called natural products
chemistry.

10. Properties of Organic Compounds
Organic compounds, in general, differ greatly from
inorganic compounds in seven respects:
 Organic
compounds are
soluble
usually less
in water.

11. Organic
are
combustible.
compounds
usually
Organic
general,
melting
points.
compounds, in
have
and
lower
boiling

12. Several organic compounds may exist
for a given formula. This is known as
isomerism

13. Reactions of organic compounds are usually
molecular rather than ionic. As a result, they
are often quite slow.
Organic are form covalent leakage

14. Organic are less soluble in water, but more
soluble in organic liquids like alcohol, ether,
chloroform and benzene.
Organic are less stable towards heat.
Organic are less reactive than in organic.

15. Sources of Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are derived from three sources:
Nature: fibers, vegetable oils, animal oils and fats,
alkaloids, cellulose, starch, sugars, and so on.

16. Fermentation: Alcohols, acetone, glycerol,
antibiotics, acids, and the like are derived by the
action of microorganisms upon organic matter.

17. The wastes produced in the processing of
natural organic materials and from the synthetic
organic
major
and fermentation industries constitute a
part of the industrial and hazardous
engineers
waste problems that environmental
and scientists are called upon to solve.

18. PETROLEUM AND COAL
Both of these are organic.
Two large reservoirs of organic materials.
Products of the decay of plants and animals.
We recognize these as the fossil fuels – non
renewable.
Petroleum are being consumed at an alarming
rat to meet our constantly increasing demands
fo power.

19. Synthetic Organic Compounds – are
produced in the laboratories.
These chemicals that do not occur naturally.

20. Types of organic formula

23. CARBON
Is one of the most interesting elements,
because its compound are present in all
living things.
The number of compounds that contain
carbon is many times greater than the
number of compounds that do not contain
carbon.
Carbon atoms can attached themselves to
one another to an extent not possible for
atoms of any other element.

25. To the carbon atoms of these chains
and rings there are attached other
also
atoms, chiefly hydrogen, but
fluorine,
oxygen,
chlorine,
nitrogen,
bromine, iodine,
sulfur, phosphorus
and many others.
Each different arrangement of atoms
corresponds to a different compound,
and each compound has its own
characteristic set of chemical

27. What are the other elements considered
as organic compounds?
C, H, O, N, S, P and halogens and
sometimes
considered
Number
the metals are elements
as
of
organic compounds.
organic compounds are
more than 1 million.
10 to 20 times the number of inorganic
compounds.

28. chain
Structural formulas of carbon
Continuous open
chain with branches

29. elements
 in a ring
in chains or rings containing other

30. isomerism
chemistry,
In inorganic a molecular
formula is specific for one
compound.
In organic chemistry, most
molecular formulas do not represent
any particular compound.

31. compounds:
For example, the molecular
least four
formula
separate
C3H6O3 represents at
Compounds having the same molecular
formula are known as isomers.

32. The term structural formulas is
as
applied
drawn
to
for
molecular representations
the four compounds.
may be written as;

33. CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic
classified
compounds
according to
are often
the type (s)
of functional groups present.

34. HYDROCARBONS
 Certain Organic compounds contain
Carbon
only two elements, Hydrogen and
They are known as
are
Hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons
classes.
divided into two
-
-
Aliphatic hydrocarbon
Aromatic hydrocarbon

35.  Aliphatic hydrocarbons are divided into
families
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and their cyclic
analogous (cycloaliphatic)