This document provides an overview of organic chemistry. It discusses how organic compounds were originally classified based on their origin from living things, while inorganic compounds came from mineral sources. It then explains the vital force theory proposed in 1815, which stated that organic compounds could only be created by living things. However, in 1828 Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea from inorganic compounds in the laboratory, rejecting the vital force theory. The document also provides modern definitions of organic compounds as those containing carbon along with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. It notes some exceptions and discusses key aspects of organic chemistry.

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 7

2. PREPARED BY:
PROF. TEHREEM IFTIKHAR

3. FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
•200 years ago on the basis of origin and
properties compounds were classified into
two groups
1. Organic Compounds
2. Inorganic compounds

4. INTRODUCTION
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• The compounds which are
obtained from living
things i.e., plants and
animals are called organic
compounds.
• Examples: Butter, Leather,
silk, cotton
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• The compounds which are
obtained from mineral
sources are called
inorganic compounds.
Examples: NaCl, CO2, water

5. VITAL FORCE THEORY, VITALISM
• Proposed by J. Berzelius in 1815
• Definition
• “Organic compounds can be manufactured only by and within living
things and these compounds can never be synthesized from
inorganic materials in laboratory”.
• Plants
• Animals

6. WORK OF FRIEDRICK WOHLER
• Rejection of Vitalism
• In 1828, F. Wohler synthesized urea from inorganic compound
ammonium cyanate in laboratory

7. FRIEDRICH WOHLER

8. QUESTIONS IN EXAM
Q. What is vital force theory and how it
was rejected?
Q. What is importance of Wohler’s work
in the development of organic chemistry

9. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (MODERN DEFINITION)
Organic compounds:
• “Compounds which contain carbon as an essential element
along with H, O, N, P, S, Halogens etc. are called Organic
compounds”
• Element of life
• e.g methane, Benzene, Glucose
• Exceptions
• CO2, CO, Carbonates (Na2CO3, CaCO3
• Allotropes of carbon Diamond and graphite (Inorganic)

10. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic chemistry:
• The branch of chemistry which deals with
the study of compounds of Carbon and hydrogen
(hydrocarbons) and their derivatives is termed as Organic
chemistry.
Glucose C6H12O6
Methyl Chloride CH4 CH3Cl

11. FEATURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Peculiar Nature of Carbon
2. Non-Ionic character of Organic compounds
3. Similarity in behaviour
4. Complexity of Organic compounds
5. Isomerism
6. Rates of Organic Reactions
7. Solubility