Chemistry Essay

Chemistry Essay
Robert Boyle is considered both the founder of modern chemistry and the greatest
English scientist to live during the first thirty years of the existence of the Royal Society.
He was not only a chemist and a physicist as we know him to be, but also
an avid theologian, a philanthropist, an essayist, and a beginner in medicine. Born in
Lismore, Ireland to Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, and Katherine Fenton, his second
wife, Boyle was the youngest son in a family of fourteen. However he was not
shortchanged of anything. After private tutoring at home for eight years, Robert Boyle
was sent to Eton College where he studied for four years. At the age of twelve, Boyle
traveled to the Continent, as it was referred to at the...show more content...
For centuries scientists had been explaining the unknown with the simple explanation that
God made it that way. Though Boyle did not argue with this, he did believe that there was
a scientific explanation for God's doings. Boyle's point of view can be seen by his dealings
with the elements. At this time it was thought that an element was not only the simplest
body to which something could be broken down, but also a necessary component of all

bodies. Meaning that if oil was an element, it would not be able to be broken down, and it
would be found in everything. Boyle did not accept this theory, whether it referred to the
earth, air, fire, the water of the Aristotelians, the salt, sulfur, and mercury of the
Paracelsans, or the phlegm, oil, spirit, acid, and alkali of later chemists. He did not believe
that these elements were truly fundamental in their nature. Boyle thought that the only
things common in all bodies were corpuscles, atom–like structures that were created by
God and that occupy all void space. He began to perform experiments, concentrating
on the color changes that took place in reactions. He started to devise a system of
classification based on the properties of substances. By showing that acids turned the blue
syrup of violets red, Boyle claimed that all acids react in the same manner with violet
syrup and those that did not, were not acids. Similarly, he showed that all alkalies turned
the
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Essay about Chemistry Lab
The purpose of this lab was to see which solutions are soluble and which are not. We were able to see this by mixing certain solutions together and
observing changes that occurred. The procedure for this experiment included a few different steps. The first steps were to add the nitrate solutions into
the lettered parts of the 96–well plate. Once you were done with that, you were supposed to add the sodium solutions to the numbered parts of the
96–well plate, so that the solutions were added together. You were supposed to observe the different reactions occurring. Once you observed each
reaction take place, you needed to fill out your data table. Data Table: Solubility Rules Table| Negative Ion (Anions)| Positive Ions (Cations)|...show
more content...
C. Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Silver salts, Phosphates, Sulfides, Carbonates, Hydroxides. Exceptions include
alkali metals. D. Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? Nitrates, Alkali metals, Ammonium salts, Halides, and
Acetates. The exceptions include those mentioned above that would form precipitates. E. Which cations generally do not form precipitates? Na+
generally does not form precipitates. F. Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a
net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the
well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations.
(Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well A1
(Cu(NO3)2+3H2O )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well B1
(Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well C1
(Ba(NO3)2) )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well D1
(Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well E1
(Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well A5
(Cu(NO3)2+3H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well B5
(Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(NaHCO3)Well C5
(Ba(NO3)2) )+(NaHCO3)Well D5
(Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well E5 To wrap things up, I found this lab to be easy but confusing at the same time. I am not sure my reactions
were all correct because I thought there were supposed to be some that were insoluble, however, I observed reactions occur every time. I would
suggest maybe providing better rules for the solubility

The History of Chemistry Essay
The History of Chemistry
Chemistry is the science of the composition and structure of materials and of the changes that materials undergo. It is also used in improving
standards of living, making it possible for such substances as rubber, nylon, and plastics to be made from completely different materials. New
materials and new properties of old materials are always being discovered. Some earlier products discovered from chemical reactions are ceramics,
glass, and metals. Dyes and medicines were other early products obtained from natural substances. Some practical applications that chemistry is used for
are to make stronger metals, improve soil, and the developments of live–saving drugs. Modern technology depends highly on these...show more
content...
They did know that iron could be made from certain rock and that bronze was a mixture of copper and tin. From the beginning of the Christian Era to
the 17th and 18th centuries was the period of chemistry known as alchemy. Alchemists believed that metals could be changed into gold with the help
of a mystical stone which was never found. They did, however, discover many new elements and compounds. Paracelsus, a talented Swiss alchemist,
decided that alchemy should be for helping to cure the sick instead of searching for gold. The main elements that he used were salt, sulfur, and
mercury, all which are connected to "elixir." This period of practicing medicine was known as iatrochemistry, which is the study of medicine with
chemistry applied. One of the first real scientific chemist was Robert Boyle. In 1661, he helped to find the Royal Society of England, a scientific
society. For about two centuries after Boyle, scientists started making useful discoveries, even though, they were far from understanding the true nature
of matter or knowing what happens in chemical reactions. One of the most confusing events of this time period was the theory of burning, or
combustion, called the phlogiston theory. According to this theory, a yellowness or hardness was supposed to escape from substances during the
burning process. By now, chemists were starting to

Chemical Reactions Essay
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist.
The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter.
Later, in the Seventeenth Century, a German chemist named Georg Ernst Stahl was the first to postulate on chemical reaction, specifically, combustion.
He said that a substance called phlogiston escaped into the air from all substances during combustion.
He explained that a burning candle would go out if a candle snuffer was put over it because the air inside the snuffer became saturated with phlogiston.
According to his ideas, wood is made up of phlogiston and ash,...show more content...
There are now many classification systems to classify the different types of reactions. These include decomposition, polymerization, chain reactions,
substitute reactions, elimination reactions, addition reactions, ionic reactions, and oxidation–reduction reactions.
Decomposition reactions are reactions in which a substance breaks into smaller parts. As an example, ammonium carbonate will decompose into
ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. Polymerization reactions are reactions in which simpler substances combine to form a complex substance. The
thing that makes this reaction unusual is that the final product is composed of hundreds of the simpler reagent (a substance that contributes to a
chemical reaction) species. One example is the polymerization of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol to form the polymer called Dacron, a fibre, or
Mylar, in sheet form:
nH2OC(C6H4)CO2H + nHOCH2CH2OH –> [...OC(C6H4)CO2CH2CH2O...]n 2nH2O
in which n is a large number of moles. A chain reaction is a series of smaller reactions in which the previous reaction forms a reagent for the next
reaction. The synthesis of hydrogen bromide is a good example:
H2 + Br2 –> 2HBr
This is a simple equation that doesn't properly prove the reaction. It is very complex and starts with this:

Br2 –> 2Br
The next three reactions are related and should be grouped together. A substation reaction is a reaction in which a substance loses one or more atoms and

The History of Chemistry Essay
Chemistry has been around for a very long time. Chemistry is the branch of physical science that studies composition, properties, energy, and behavior
of matter. It is said that chemistry has been around since prehistoric times. This was in the form of everyday objects like pottery, cosmetics and
perfumes, and extracting metals from ores. Chemistry is based on the discovery and study of elements. Some elements were known to ancient man, but
most were discovered by chemists and alchemists. Some say that chemistry started in the early Stone Age when man made fire. Chemistry is the study
of chemical composition and properties of matter and the reactions of that matter. The study of any living thing involves chemistry. Without famous
chemists...show more content...
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was born on August 26, 1743 in Paris, France he would be the only child of a wealthy middle class family. He was very
studious and extremely interested with the prosperity and the good of the public. Antoine education consisted of the study of mathematics, the
classic, and sciences. He chose to pursue a career in chemistry because of the interest in rocks and other minerals. He also had a passion for law and
went to law school after he finished college and later studied humanities and different types of sciences. He also spent much of his time attending
various lectures about chemistry and physics because he didn't find the teachers to be very demanding of his effort and time. Antoine was later
accepted into the Academy of Sciences in 1768 graduated, and later married Marie Anne Paulze. She also helped him with his work by taking notes on
his experiments, drawing pictures of the process and results of his experiments, and translating his work into English.
There are so many things that we can trace back to chemistry, like X–rays, vehicles, clean water, cleaning products, and the list is endless. The basis of
everything we do and make is made from chemistry, for example a hairdresser relaxing a customer's hair is performing a chemical reaction in our hair
to give it a

What's Organic Chemistry Essay
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. It is the basis of all earthy life and are all very different, by their chemical and physical
properties and their structures. With a multitude of carbon compounds existing in this world, there was a need for a way to organize all of them by
their characteristics. A few of the many functional groups include alcohol, aldehydes, amines, esters, ethers, and ketones. The substance that seems
most interesting is benzoin, which is characterized in two of the functional groups mentioned. It is involved in many different processes and is widely
used in foods, mainly baked products. Benzoin is viewed as off–white crystals, with a slight camphor odor. A camphor smells of vanilla with a slight
...show more content...
In that reaction, the excited state of the photo–initiator (benzoin) interacts with a second molecule to generate the free radials. A free radical is an
atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired set of valence electrons or an open electron shell. The process of photo–polymerization is applied to ultra
violet curing inks, wood and paper coatings, optical fibers, PCB screen printing, paper varnish, and other surface coatings. The third use for benzoin is
as anti–cratering in powder. The final use for benzoin is in allopathic and traditional forms in medicine. Many of these medicines are found in Britain,
China, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States of America. Allopathic medicine is a system of a medical practice that tries to combat diseases by
using remedies that produces effects that are different from those produced by the disease being treated. It is the opposite from traditional medicine.
Benzoin is widely used around the world, for many different important purposes. Using the chemical compound benzoin introduces many risks and
hazards. According to the chemical's MSDS, the potential acute health effects of ingestion is very hazardous. The chemical is also hazardous of having
skin contact and eye contact, causing irritation, and inhaling the substance is hazardous as well. Having skin contact that is described as permeator, to
become diffused through pores, is slightly hazardous.

Chemistry In Chemistry
Chemistry is used in a lot of things in modern day. Chemistry is used to make medicine and drugs and it is used to make food that we consume each
day. Using chemistry these days is vital because drugs are used to cure people and the food we eat should be germ free. Also Chemistry is used for
advancement of technology. Chemistry can be used in physics while our own body is made up of a lot of elements which has to deal with chemistry.
Chemistry is used in making drugs because it is the foundation of medicine. Human beings use chemical reactions to create medication for a broad
spectrum of illness and they utilize medicinal plants and animals. Chemical reactions take place in plants and animals, this result in the formation of
substances in some plants and animals that can be used to treat illness. Chemistry is important to everyday life, because it provides medicine. A lot of
people would be dying right now if chemistry is not used to create medications. Also chemistry can be used to talk about the substances. Like analytical
chemistry which uses instruments and any method used to separate, identify, and quantify matter. It consists of using classical qualitative methods for
separation such as precipitation, distillation, and extraction. After such methods are used the qualities of a given substance may be identified based on
differences in color, the odor it gives, the melting point, the boiling point, and the radioactivity or reactivity of that substance. Classical

Green Chemistry Essay
Green Chemistry
Many companies all over the world produce chemicals for their products that are harmful to the environment, human health, and to all living species.
Green Chemistry is the use of chemistry for the prevention of chemical pollution to the environment by using chemicals that are benign, or not harmful.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that the mission of Green Chemistry is, "To promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce
or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of chemical products." Green Chemistry contains any
aspects and...show more content...
The EPA and the Syracuse Research Corporation developed the Chemistry Expert System (GCES) which is used to develop and analyze the various
principles of Green Chemistry. They find sources of waste and evaluate the amounts and risks produced. After, they explore opportunities to solve these
problems. To help them achieve this, the Alternative Solvents Database (SolvDB) was constructed to help chemists and researchers quickly find
alternatives to the harmful chemicals being used at the time. The Syracuse Research Center now has the largest database for this type of information.
They are also currently developing a PBT profiler. PBT is the prediction of the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of chemical substances. This
profiler will screen for the PBT's in chemicals so that the harmful chemicals will become known, and maybe even changed.
It has also been a major concern by many organizations to educate people about Green Chemistry. The objective of these groups is to spread the
awareness of Green Chemistry principles, alternatives, practices and their benefits in the educational system. This would mean at all levels from
graduate, undergraduate and even kindergarten to 12 programs. This is so people will stop using products that are hazardous to themselves and the
ecosystem and become more aware of the dangers and unfavorable effects it has had on the

Chemical Element Essay
Element: Lithium
Lithium and Its Basic Characteristics
The chemical element Lithium (Li) has an atomic number 3and is the first member of the Alkali metal family. This element is also the least dense of
all the metals – about half of the density of water. Lithium is a very soft silvery metal that has a melting point of 180.54Лљc and a boiling point of
1,335Лљc. This is an active element but nit as active as the other Alkali metals. This element reacts slowly on a water having a room temperature and
rapidly at high temperatures. Also, lithium reacts with most acids that gives off hydrogen gas but does not react withoxygen. Under conditions, lithium
is combined with sulfur, hydrogen, nitrogen and halogens. There are two naturally occurring isotopes;...show more content...
In his studies, he could not identify 10% of the mineral. He then concluded that the missing 10% must be a new element. He called the element
"Lithium", from the greek word Lithos which means stone. He was not able to produce lithium. About a year later, however, Swedish chemist William
Thomas Brande (1788–1866) and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) were both able to extract the pure metal from its compounds.
Occurrence or Relevance in Nature
The abundance of Lithium in the Earth's crust is estimated to be about 0.005 percent that places it among the top 15 elements found here in Earth.
Aside from spodumene, petalite, and lepitdolite, lithium is also obtained from saltwater. Lithium metal as well as its compounds have great uses. Two
of the most significant applications are in the Glass and ceramic field and in the production of aluminum. The first commercial use of aluminum was in
the production of alloys early lithium alloys included lead and were used to make tough ball bearings for machineries.
Trivias/ Fun Facts
–The largest producer of lithium is the United States. Three of the largest U.S. mines are located in the Silver Peak, Nevada, and Kings Mountain and
Bessemer City, North

Chemistry Essay
Twelve was a terrifying age for me. It was the year that everything became open to doubt. That year I questioned all subjects from God to gravity. My
friends seemed unreliable so I ostracized myself, avoiding all intimacy and any semblance of amiability. I stopped listening in church because my
Sunday–School lessons brought up more questions than I was capable of dealing with. Instead I concentrated on the two constants in my life, school
and family. Education and love became the two pillars my world was balanced on.
I especially enjoyed Chemistry. I loved that laws governed the universe. I loved that Science knew that nuclei were made up of protons and neutrons,
that electrons were negative, and that opposite forces attract. These...show more content...
Because of my self–absorption, I didn't see what was going on right in front of me. I knew, of course, that my father had lost his job. I noticed that he
was not looking well, that he had gained weight and went days without shaving. Looking back now, I remember his laugh becoming short and
sardonic when we heard it at all. I remember how he hardly ever met our eyes and never met the eyes of my mother. But after talking with my brothers
I realize that I was mostly oblivious to the despair that surrounded my family that year. Whenever my home seemed less than secure, I would most
often disappear into my room with my chemistry book. I never thought anything was seriously wrong.
It was a huge shock one day, to enter my mothers' room and find her sobbing on her bed. My mother never cries except at sappy movies and
weddings. She never sobs. She's a strong, brave woman. Seeing her crying upset my carefully guarded universe. I rushed to her, willing to do anything
to comfort her and to put my world straight.
She tried to compose herself and failed. With tears sticking her hair to her face, she said, " I'm sorry, I've tried. I've tried so hard! But I can't, I just can't!"
"What's wrong Mom? Tell me what happened!" I sat on the bed, enfolding my mother in an awkward hug. Her tears soaked into my shirt.
"I just don't love him. I've tried but it's no use. I stopped years ago, but he's gotten so much worse. I don't even like

Chemistry
1."The energy for life comes from the sun."
Outline the role of the photosynthesis process to explain what is meant by this statement. (3 marks)chlorophyll
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + energy пѓ C6 H12 O6 (aq) + 6O2(g) 2830 kJ glucose
Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use the sun's light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose,
starch and cellulose.
Carbohydrates are high energy compounds because when they react with oxygen, they produce large amounts of energy. Plants make their own food by
using the glucose they produces as an energy source for growth, reproduction, repairing damaged tissues... Animals cannot carry out...show more
content...
(2 marks)
Ignition temperature is the minimum temperature required for the gas or mixture to spontaneously combust.
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy reactant molecules must possess in order to form products.
The greater the activation energy, the higher is the ignition temperature.
7.Milk kept at room temperature can sour in as little as a day, but can be kept in a refrigerator. Use energy profile and molecular kinetic energy
distribution diagrams to explain these observations. (4 marks)
The temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the reacting particles. The increase in temperature also changes the distribution of
molecular kinetic energies. Not all reactant particles have the same kinetic energy at the same temperature. At a higher temperature, there are greater
proportions of molecules that have kinetic energy more than activation energy.
Therefore, increasing temperature will result in greater number of reactant molecules with kinetic energy greater than the required activation energy,
which results in more successful collisions.
The souring of milk is a chemical reaction, so the rate of chemical reaction increases with heat. As the heat increases, the average kinetic energy also
increases, meaning that particles collide more often and thus react more often.
8.(6 marks)
a)Explain why the flash point for pentane (– 49В°C) is much lower than its ignition temperature

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