The document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It begins by discussing the history of organic chemistry and how vitalism led early scientists to distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. It then outlines some key objectives of the lesson, including recognizing important scientists in the development of organic chemistry, understanding organic chemical compounds, and differentiating between organic compound types and isomers. The document proceeds to define organic chemistry as the study of carbon compounds and explains why carbon is uniquely suited to form complex molecules through covalent bonding.
1. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson students are expected to:
1. Recognize the works of scientists in the development of
organic chemistry as a science.
2. Understand the general importance of organic chemical
compounds.
3. Explain some general differences between inorganic and
organic compounds.
4. Determine the type of bonds present in organic
compounds.
5. Identify the different functional groups present in organic
compounds.
6. Differentiate isomers of organic compounds.
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2. Consumer chemistry is a niche branch of chemistry centered
on the study of how different elements mix to create
consumable products.Consumer chemistry areas include food,
fuels, energy, fertilizer, cleaning solutions, medicine and
cosmetics. A consumer chemist often works for a company that
develops new consumer products.
4. Today’s Warmup
• What does that word mean- “organic”???
• What does that word mean- “compound”???
• In you lab-book write a definition in your own
words. Don’t worry if it turns out to be incorrect or
only partially correct, just write what you think.
5. Organic compounds always have carbon joined
to itself or hydrogen, and other elements like
oxygen, and nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
6. HISTORY
In the early days of chemistry, scientists classified
chemical substances into 2 groups:
1. Inorganic: those that were composed of
minerals, such as rocks and nonliving matter.
2. Organic: those that were produced by
living organisms, hence the name “organic”
At the time, scientists believed that a “vital force”, on
ly
present in living organisms, was necessary to prod
uce
7. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTIONBEGINNINGS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
The name organic chemistry came from the word organism.
Vitalism in the foundations of chemistry
In the history of chemistry, vitalism played a pivotal role, giving
rise to the basic distinction between organic and inorganic
substances, following Aristotle's distinction between the
mineral kingdom and the animal and vegetative kingdoms.
The basic premise of these vitalist notions was that organic
materials differed from inorganic materials in possessing a
"vital force", accordingly, vitalist theory predicted that organic
materials could not be synthesized from inorganic
components.
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8. In 1828, German chemist
Friedrich Wöhler disproved
this theory by producing
urea, an organic compound
found in urine, from
inorganic compounds.
Friedrich Wöhler
9. Gevela Jacob Berzelius
A physician by trade,
first coined the term
"organic chemistry" in
1807 for the study of
compounds derived
from biological sources
Gevela Berzelius
10. WHAT IS ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY?
It is the chemistry dealing with organic
compounds.
organic compounds- compounds
containing carbon and hydrogen or
sometimes together with other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
11. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTIONORGANIC CHEMISTRY is the study of the
compounds of carbon.
The only distinguishing characteristic of organic
compound is that all contain the element
CARBON.
http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/index_2353/Notes_Chapter_01.pdf
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12. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
“The uniqueness of
carbon among elements
is that its atoms can
bond to each other
successively many
times”.
DNA molecule- blue print of life
Polyethylene molecule, a plastic polymer
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13. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
As a group 4A element,
carbon atoms can share
four valence electrons and
form four strong covalent
bonds.
Molecular model of Aspirin (ASA), a
pain reliever
Structure of tetrahedral bonded
amorphous carbon.
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14. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
Carbon atoms can form
very stable bonds to many
other elements such as H,
F, Cl, I, O, N, S and P.
With numerous ways of bonding and
complexity, carbon atoms can form a multitude
of different compounds. More than 16,000,000
are known compared to inorganic compounds
which are about 600,000.
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15. Lesson 1
BIO-ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION Why is carbon special?
http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html
Complex organic
compounds produce
biologically functional
molecules such as
proteins, DNA, RNA,
carbohydrates, enzymes,
lipids and ATP.
These complex
compounds are present
in foods, medicine, fuels
and industrial products.
This image depicts the HIV Viral capsid
entering a T Cell and the HIV virus
releasing its viral capsid into the host T-
cells cytoplasm.
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16. WHY CARBON?
Carbon atoms can link together to form stable
chains of great length.
It has a “central” role in all living organisms.
It has 4 valence electrons.
It makes 4 covalent bonds.
It can bond with any element, but really loves to
bond with other carbon atoms and make long
chains.
Carbon atoms bind strongly to each other and
form very large molecules which are built around
this carbon backbone.
19. Organic Building Blocks
Hydrocarbons are the simplest of the organic compounds. As the name
suggests, hydrocarbons are made from hydrogen and carbon.
EXAMPLES:
CH4
20. Organic Building Blocks
•The name, carbohydrates, is a good
one because it indicates carbon and
water (hydrogen and oxygen).
•Remember, dehydrated means loss of
water, and to be hydrated means to add
water.
Saltine Mini-Lab!
21. Organic Building Blocks
•Lipids (oils and fats) are
another class of organic
compounds built from oxygen,
hydrogen, and carbon. It's
amazing what these three
elements can build!
25. Organic Building Blocks
Amino acids are the building
block for proteins.
Proteins are made by connecting
amino acids together.
26. Organic Building Blocks
A few amino acids are built by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sulfur.
Mammals need about 20 amino acids to make the proteins they need.
Only 2 of these are amino acids containing sulfur.
27. Organic Building Blocks
We will end our organic building blocks with the ultimate building block
of living organisms- DNA.
We need just one more element to build it: phosphorus.
28. Organic Building Blocks Review
• Hydrocarbons= hydrogen + carbon
• Carbohydrates and Lipids = hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Amino Acids and Proteins = hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and
nitrogen
• Some Amino Acids and Proteins = hydrogen, carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur
• Nucleic Acids = hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur,
and phosphorus
29.
30. FUN FACTS
It is the most important element.
Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible.
If you take away the water, the rest of the human body
is 53% carbon.
Carbon is made in the interiors of stars, though it was
not produced in the Big Bang.
The origin of the name ‘carbon’ comes from the Latin
word carbo, for charcoal.
Thanks to the complicated loop of the carbon cycle, the
amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant.
31. Carbon forms so many different
compounds that a system for grouping
the molecules is necessary. Organic
molecules are classified according to
structural features.
The members of each class of
compounds contain a characteristic
atom or group of atoms called a
functional group.
41. Rearrange the letters to reveal the
word/s that best describe in the opposite
side.
1. NOHDRBROYCAS ( composed of carbon and
hydrogen only)
2. ADURATETS ILO (Ex. Lard, margarine, beef
tallow, butter)
3. BORANC (53% of human body when
H2O is removed)
4. AFILUNCTON SROUPG (determine the
characteristics of
compounds)
5. DRICHIEFR WHOLER ( ended the vital
force theory)
6. EHETEN ( natural ripening
agent of fruit)
7. HANE TEM (released by cows
42. HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons (HCs) are compounds that
are basically made up of carbon and
hydrogen. They can be classified as an
aliphatic compound or an aromatic
compound. Aliphatic carbons can
subdivided into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,
and cycloalkanes.
43. HYDROCARBONS
These are compounds composed entirely of
carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each
other by covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbons are a primary energy source for
current civilizations. The predominant use of
hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source.
In their solid form, hydrocarbons take the form
of asphalt.
General molecular formula: CxHy
44. HYDROCARBONS
They come in two “flavors”:
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, which
consist of linear chains of carbon
atoms;
Aromatic hydrocarbons, which
consist of closed rings (benzene)
of carbon atoms.
45. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
The simplest is methane, CH4. Next is
ethane, C2H6.
The fatty acids in fats are aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
47. HYDROCARBONS
Saturated hydrocarbons are those that
contain only carbon-carbon single bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are those that
contain carbon-carbon double and triple
bonds.
If a chain holds all the hydrogen atoms it can, the
molecule is said to be saturated. The fatty acids in
tristearin are all saturated. If two adjacent carbon
atoms each lose a hydrogen atom, a double bond
forms between them. Such a molecule is said to be
unsaturated.
48.
49. 1. Define “functional group” and explain why
functional groups are important.
2. Identify and alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers,
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and
amines based on the functional group present in
each
3. Explain the relationships between the properties
and structures of compounds with various
functional groups
50. An atom or group of atoms that is responsible for
the specific properties of an organic compound
Compounds that contain the same functional group can
be classed together
Makes properties that are very different from those of
the corresponding hydrocarbon.
57. HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES
Are compounds made up of carbon
atoms and at least one other atom
that is not hydrogen.
The resulting compound when one
or more functional groups are
attached to a hydrocarbon
58.
59. STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
An expanded structural formula shows all
the atoms present in a molecule and the
bonds connect them together. For example:
60. A condensed structural formula shows the
arrangement of the atoms, but shows each
carbon atom and its attached hydrogen atoms as
a group. For example:
61. A stick formula is a short-hand method of showing
large and complex molecules easily. In these
diagrams the non-terminal carbon atoms are
displayed as joints and the non-terminal
hydrogens are deleted.
63. ALKANES
Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon
single bond (saturated)
General molecular formula: CnH2n+2
Can be straight chain or branched
ALKENES
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double
bond
General molecular formula: CnH2n
64. EXAMPLE
Methane (CH4) is its simplest form
Other types are ethane, propane, butane and
pentane ; (C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12)
Methane Propane
H
C
C C O
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
C
C C O
H
H
H
O
H
H
H C C
H H
H
H H
65. ALKANES
The first four members of the series are gases
at room temperature and are called:
• methane, CH4
• ethane, C2H6
• propane, C3H8
• butane, C4H10
Alkanes with increasing numbers of carbon atoms
have names are based on the Greek word for the
number of carbon atoms in the chain of each
molecule.
pentane (5),
hexane (6),
heptane (7)
and octane (8).
66. ALKENES (CNH2N)
Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon
double bond.
Simplest alkenes is ethylene (C2H4 )that is used as a
ripening agent for fruits
More examples are butadiene, C4H6, and isoprene, C5H8
Has a general formula of CNH2n
Ethylene
C C
H
H
H
H
67. Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing one carbon-
carbon triple bond.
They are very active chemically and not found in
free nature
An example of this is acetylene, C2H2
HC CH : Acetylene
ALKYNES (CNH2N-2)
68. ALKYNES
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple
bond
General molecular formula: CnH2n-2
Can be straight chain or branched
CYCLOALKANES
Are Aliphatic cyclic compounds which have a
general ring structure containing CnH2n
General molecular formula: CnH2n
69. CYCLOALKANES (CH2)N
Cycloalkanes are aliphatic cyclic (alicyclic)
compounds which have a general ring structure
containing --CH2-.
They are usually drawn as polygon dhapes
depending on the number of carbons present
Contain C – C with at least 3 of the carbons
arranged in a cyclic (ring) structure
c
c c
c
c
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
70. USES OF HYDROCARBONS
1. Burning hydrocarbons
Combustion
Hydrocarbons are currently the
main source of the world’s electric
energy and heat sources (such as
home heating) because of the
energy produced when burnt. Often
this energy is used directly as heat
such as in home heaters, which use
either petroleum or natural gas. The
hydrocarbon is burnt and the heat is
used to heat water, which is then
circulated. A similar principle is used
to create electric energy in power
plants.
hydrocarbon-based fire
71. 2. Petroleum
Petroleum
Oil refineries are one way hydrocarbons
are processed for use. Crude oil is
processed in several stages to form
desired hydrocarbons, used as fuel and
in other products.
Extracted hydrocarbons in a liquid form
are referred to as petroleum (literally
"rock oil") or mineral oil, whereas
hydrocarbons in a gaseous form are
referred to as natural gas. Petroleum and
natural gas are found in the Earth's
subsurface with the tools of petroleum
geology and are a significant source of
fuel and raw materials for the production
of organic chemicals.
72. 3. Bioremediation
Bacteria in the gabbroic layer of the oceans
crust can degrade hydrocarbons; but the
extreme environment makes research
difficult. Other bacteria such as Lutibacterium
Anuloederans can also degrade hydrocarbons.
74. I. Determine what functional group is
given
1. C-C
2. C=C
3. R-OH
4. R-NH2
5. R-CONH2
6. ROR’
7. RCOOH
8. RCOH
9. RCOOR’
10. RCOR’
75. II. Identify the following
1-2. Two groups of chemical substances.
3. Physician who coined the term “Organic
Chemistry”.
4. Year he coined it.
5. Chemistry dealing with organic compounds.
6. Carbon has how many valence electrons?
7. The members of each class of compounds contain
a characteristic atom or group of atoms called a
_____.
8-10. Give 3 uses of hydrocarbons.
11-12. “Flavors” of hydrocarbons.
76. ACTIVITY 2
Identify which functional group the structures below belong.
O
1. CH3C
H
2. CH3 C CH3
O
3. CH3 C NH2
O
O
4. CH3C
OCH2CH3
6. CH3CH2CH3
O
5. CH3C
OH
7. CH2 = CH C CH
8. CH3 CH2 NH2
77. 9. CH3 CH2 OH
10. CH3 CH2 Br
11. H3C O CH3
15. CH3 CH = CH CH3
12. CH3 C O CH3
O
13. CH3 CH2 COOH
14.
CH3
