Educational Technology

1. CONE OF EXPERIENCES
By: Edgar Dale

2. Who is Edgar Dale
?

3. Edgar Dale(April 27, 1900 in
Benson, Minnesota,-March 8,
1985 in Columbus, Ohio) was an
American Educator who
developed the cone of
experience. He made several
contributions to audio and visual
instruction, including a
methodology for analysing the
content of motion pictures. He
was a professor of education at
Ohio State University.

4. What is Cone of Experience
 Cone of experience is a pictorial device use to explain the
interrelationships of the various types of audio-visual media,
as well as their individual “position” in the learning process.
 Cone’s utility in selecting instructional resources and activities
is as practical today as when Dale created it.
 Cone of Experiences is a visual model, a pictorial device that
present’s bands of experience arranged according to degree
of difficulty.
 In the cone of experiences the further you go from the
bottom of the cone, the more abstract the experience
become.

5. Essentially, the cone
shows the progression of
experiences from the
most concrete(at the
bottom of the cone) to
the most abstract(at the
top of the cone).

6. 10% of what they Read
20% of what they Hear
30% of what they see
50% of what they
hear and see
70% of what they
say and write
90% of what
they do
People Generally Remember:

7. :
The cone is based on the relationship of various
educational experiences to reality(real life),and
the bottom level of the cone, “direct purposeful
experiences,” represents reality or the closest
things to real, everyday life.
 The opportunity for a learner to use a variety or
several senses ( sight, smell, hearing, touching,
movement) is considered in the cone.

8.  Direct experience allows us to use all senses.
 Verbal symbols involve only hearing.
 The more sensory channels possible in
interacting with a resource, the better the
chance that many students can learn from it.
 Each level of the cone above its base moves
a earner a step further away from real-life
experiences, so experiences focusing only
on the use of verbal symbols are the
furthest removed from real life.

9.  Motion pictures ( also television) is where it is on
the cone because it is on observational experience
with little or no opportunity to participate or use
senses other than seeing and hearing.
 Contrived experiences are ones that are highly
participatory and simulate real life situation or
activities.
 Dramatized experiences are defined as
experiences in which the learner acts out a
role or activity

10.  Direct purposeful experiences
-it is the first hand experiences which serve as the
foundation of our learning. It is learning by doing.
We build up our reservoir of meaningful information
and ideas through seeing, hearing, touching, tasting
and smelling.

11.  Contrived experiences
-we make use of a representative models or mock ups
of reality for practical reasons and so that we can make
the real-life accessible to the students perception and
understanding.
 Dramatized experience
-we can participate in a reconstructed experience,
even though the original event is far removed from us
in time.

12.  Demonstrations
-it is a visualized explanation of an important fact,
idea or process by the use of photographs, drawings,
films, displays, or guided motions.

13.  Study trips
-these are excursions, educational trips, and
Visits conducted to observe an event that is unavailable
Within the classroom.
 Exhibits
-there are displays to be seen by spectators. They may
consist of working models arranged meaningfully or
photographs with models, charts and posters.

14.  Television and motion pictures
-television and motion pictures can reconstruct
the reality of the past so effectively that we are made
to feel we are there.
 Still Pictures, Recordings, Radio
-these are visual and auditory devices
which may be used by an individual or a group.

15.  Visual symbol
-these are no longer realistic
Reproduction of physical things for
these are highly abstract representations.
 Verbal symbol
-they are not like the objects or ideas
for which they stand. They usually do not
contain visual clues to their meaning.

16.  According to Dale’s research, the least effect
method at the top, involves learning from
Information presented through verbal symbols.
 The most effective methods at the bottom,
involves direct, purposeful learning experiences,
such as hands-on or field experiences.
How can instructors use the
cone of experience?

17.  The cone charts the average retention rate for
various methods of teaching. The further you progress
down the cone, the greater the learning the more
information is likely to be retained.
 It also suggests that when choosing an
instructional method it is important to remember
that involving students in the process strengthens
knowledge retention.

18.  People learn best when they use perceptual
learning styles.
 Perceptual learning styles are sensory based. The
more sensory channels possible in interacting with
a resource, the better chance that many students
can learn from it.
 According to Dale, instructors should design
instructional activities that build upon more real-life
experiences.

19. Thank you 