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林文玉醫師

大里仁愛醫院內分泌新陳代謝科
糖尿病,胰島素
1. 哪一個器官製造胰島素?

2. 胰臟的甚麼地方生產胰島素?

3. 胰島素分泌細胞為什麼被攻擊?

4. 喪失多少能力才會引爆代謝障
  礙,引爆酮酸中毒?

5. 胰島素主要生理功能是甚麼?
胰島素是一種蛋白質荷爾蒙
     西元1921 班廷與貝斯特(Banting and Best)發現胰
      島素。
     成熟的胰島素含有 A 跟 B 兩個胜肽鏈; 並且由兩
      個雙硫鍵予以串連.)
~    A = 21amino acids B = 30 amino acids
胰
                 島




灰色(貝他)細胞分泌胰島素

藍色(阿爾發)細胞分泌昇糖素

土黃色(丟塔)細胞分泌體抑素
胰島素模型
A chain




 貝他細胞在細胞膜上有葡萄糖偵測器,
 血中葡萄糖濃度上升時,貝他細胞的分泌
 跟著就增加.

                      B chain
胰島素之角色
          •就像一把鑰匙…
          •有它才能打開新陳
           代謝之門…
          •有它細胞才能獲得充足
          的葡萄糖,就像植物有葉
          綠體才能抓得住陽光…
          •有它沒頭沒腦的葡萄糖
          才能找到人生方向…
細胞
          •有了它葡萄糖才會棄暗
          投明,不但不再害身體,還
          可以產生力量…
胰島素 >> 接受器 >> 啟動機關
 >> 打開葡糖糖運送通道
葡糖糖打那裡來?
葡糖糖的媽媽是澱粉
葡糖糖的媽媽是澱粉
胰島素的生產


牛胰島素
豬胰島素
 人胰島素
豬(動物)胰島素的時代
人胰島素
 將人胰島素基因植入大腸桿
 菌基因環中,利用細菌繁殖可
 以快速而大規模的生產人類
 胰島素(Humulin®).此外有些
 公司還另闢蹊徑,用酵母菌來
 生產人類(trade name =
 Novolin®) (1987).



基因工程技術更突破層層技術關卡,修改胰島素的氨基酸排
序, 生產出作用時間可長可短的產品. Recombinant DNA
technology has also made it possible to manufacture slightly-modified
forms of human insulin that work faster (Humalog® and NovoLog®) or
slower (Lantus®) than regular human insulin.
模仿人類自然的胰島素分泌並精細調控血糖
                  快速作用的胰島素

        100
                 早餐     中餐       晚餐                Basal insulins
        80
                                                            基礎胰島素
μU/ml




        60

        40
                                                             正常分泌型態
        20



          0600   0800   1200      1800               2400                0600

                               Time of day

                                                      B = breakfast; L = lunch; D = dinner
                                                      Riddle MC. CADRE Core Slide Kit. 2003
                                             Polonsky KS et al. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1231-1239
人胰島素
靜脈注射葡萄糖與口服葡萄糖的差異

             80           Control subjects (n=8)                 80           People with Type 2 diabetes
                                                                              (n=14)
             60                                                  60

                                             腸泌素效應
 Insulin (mU/l)




                                                     Insulin (mU/l)
             40                                                  40

              20                                                  20

                  0                                                   0
                      0         60     120     180                        0            60   120      180
                               Time (min)                                           Time (min)

                          口服葡萄糖
                          靜脈注射葡萄糖


Nauck et al. Diabetologia. 1986
GIP與GLP-1的特徵
               GIP 葡萄糖依賴促胰島素胜肽     GLP-1 類昇糖素胜肽-1
胜肽         42個胺基酸                30或31個胺基酸
分泌         K細胞、十二指腸              L細胞、迴腸、大腸

活化型態       只一種具生物活性              (3-37)及(7-36)amide

失去活性       DPP-IV                DPP-IV
                    生理作用
胰島素分泌      促進                    促進
升糖素分泌      -                     抑制
攝取食物       -                     減少
腸胃蠕動       -                     參與迴腸煞車
胰島素生合成     -                     促進
Β細胞增生      促進                    促進
                 有第二型糖尿病時
分泌量        正常                    減少
回應         減少                    保持
人體GLP-1的作用
  用餐後…                          • 依葡萄糖濃度促進胰島素分泌

                                  • 抑制升糖素分泌


                                   • 減緩胃排空速度

                                   • 攝食量減少
   GLP-1 從空腸與迴腸的
         L-細胞分泌出來
                                   • 改善胰島素的敏感度



                                  動物實驗方面還證實:
                  然後…
                                  • 增加乙型細胞的數量與
                                  • 改善乙型細胞能

Drucker. Curr Pharm Des. 2001
Drucker. Mol Endocrinol. 2003
如何增強GLP-1的作用
              因為第二型糖尿病GLP-1 的分泌有瑕疵, 而且
              身體製造的 GLP-1 在體內存在時間很短 ( 1-2 min )




    補充長效GLP-1 胜肽類                                   抑制分解GLP-1 得酵素
    似物:                                             DP4延長其作用
     •   exenatide                                  •   Sitagliptin
                                                    •   Saxagliptin
     •   liraglutide
                                                    •   vildagliptin

         皮下注射                                           口服

Drucker. Curr Pharm Des. 2001; Drucker. Mol Endocrinol. 2003
Liraglutide是一種長效GLP-1衍生物

                   7

                           7           9

                  C-16 fatty acidGlu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp
                         His Ala (palmitoyl)

                                                                           Val

                                                                           Ser       Based on natural
                         FA
                                                                                           GLP-1
                              Lys Ala Ala Gln Gly Glu Leu Tyr Ser
                                                                                     (97% homology)

                        Phe
                                                                      37

                              Ile Ala Trp Leu Val Arg Gly Arg Gly
              Improved                                              • Slow absorption from
              pharmacokinetics:                                          subcutis
                  • Self-association                                • Metabolic stability
                  • Albumin binding                                 • Long plasma half-life
                                                                    • Stability against DPP-IV

Knudsen et al. J Med Chem 2000;43: 1664-1669.
感謝聆聽

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胰島素與糖尿病.Ppt

  • 2. 糖尿病,胰島素 1. 哪一個器官製造胰島素? 2. 胰臟的甚麼地方生產胰島素? 3. 胰島素分泌細胞為什麼被攻擊? 4. 喪失多少能力才會引爆代謝障 礙,引爆酮酸中毒? 5. 胰島素主要生理功能是甚麼?
  • 3. 胰島素是一種蛋白質荷爾蒙  西元1921 班廷與貝斯特(Banting and Best)發現胰 島素。  成熟的胰島素含有 A 跟 B 兩個胜肽鏈; 並且由兩 個雙硫鍵予以串連.) ~ A = 21amino acids B = 30 amino acids
  • 4. 島 灰色(貝他)細胞分泌胰島素 藍色(阿爾發)細胞分泌昇糖素 土黃色(丟塔)細胞分泌體抑素
  • 6. A chain 貝他細胞在細胞膜上有葡萄糖偵測器, 血中葡萄糖濃度上升時,貝他細胞的分泌 跟著就增加. B chain
  • 7. 胰島素之角色 •就像一把鑰匙… •有它才能打開新陳 代謝之門… •有它細胞才能獲得充足 的葡萄糖,就像植物有葉 綠體才能抓得住陽光… •有它沒頭沒腦的葡萄糖 才能找到人生方向… 細胞 •有了它葡萄糖才會棄暗 投明,不但不再害身體,還 可以產生力量…
  • 8. 胰島素 >> 接受器 >> 啟動機關 >> 打開葡糖糖運送通道
  • 14. 人胰島素  將人胰島素基因植入大腸桿 菌基因環中,利用細菌繁殖可 以快速而大規模的生產人類 胰島素(Humulin®).此外有些 公司還另闢蹊徑,用酵母菌來 生產人類(trade name = Novolin®) (1987). 基因工程技術更突破層層技術關卡,修改胰島素的氨基酸排 序, 生產出作用時間可長可短的產品. Recombinant DNA technology has also made it possible to manufacture slightly-modified forms of human insulin that work faster (Humalog® and NovoLog®) or slower (Lantus®) than regular human insulin.
  • 15. 模仿人類自然的胰島素分泌並精細調控血糖 快速作用的胰島素 100 早餐 中餐 晚餐 Basal insulins 80 基礎胰島素 μU/ml 60 40 正常分泌型態 20 0600 0800 1200 1800 2400 0600 Time of day B = breakfast; L = lunch; D = dinner Riddle MC. CADRE Core Slide Kit. 2003 Polonsky KS et al. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1231-1239
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. 靜脈注射葡萄糖與口服葡萄糖的差異 80 Control subjects (n=8) 80 People with Type 2 diabetes (n=14) 60 60 腸泌素效應 Insulin (mU/l) Insulin (mU/l) 40 40 20 20 0 0 0 60 120 180 0 60 120 180 Time (min) Time (min) 口服葡萄糖 靜脈注射葡萄糖 Nauck et al. Diabetologia. 1986
  • 20. GIP與GLP-1的特徵 GIP 葡萄糖依賴促胰島素胜肽 GLP-1 類昇糖素胜肽-1 胜肽 42個胺基酸 30或31個胺基酸 分泌 K細胞、十二指腸 L細胞、迴腸、大腸 活化型態 只一種具生物活性 (3-37)及(7-36)amide 失去活性 DPP-IV DPP-IV 生理作用 胰島素分泌 促進 促進 升糖素分泌 - 抑制 攝取食物 - 減少 腸胃蠕動 - 參與迴腸煞車 胰島素生合成 - 促進 Β細胞增生 促進 促進 有第二型糖尿病時 分泌量 正常 減少 回應 減少 保持
  • 21. 人體GLP-1的作用 用餐後… • 依葡萄糖濃度促進胰島素分泌 • 抑制升糖素分泌 • 減緩胃排空速度 • 攝食量減少 GLP-1 從空腸與迴腸的 L-細胞分泌出來 • 改善胰島素的敏感度 動物實驗方面還證實: 然後… • 增加乙型細胞的數量與 • 改善乙型細胞能 Drucker. Curr Pharm Des. 2001 Drucker. Mol Endocrinol. 2003
  • 22. 如何增強GLP-1的作用 因為第二型糖尿病GLP-1 的分泌有瑕疵, 而且 身體製造的 GLP-1 在體內存在時間很短 ( 1-2 min ) 補充長效GLP-1 胜肽類 抑制分解GLP-1 得酵素 似物: DP4延長其作用 • exenatide • Sitagliptin • Saxagliptin • liraglutide • vildagliptin 皮下注射 口服 Drucker. Curr Pharm Des. 2001; Drucker. Mol Endocrinol. 2003
  • 23.
  • 24. Liraglutide是一種長效GLP-1衍生物 7 7 9 C-16 fatty acidGlu Gly Thr Phe Thr Ser Asp His Ala (palmitoyl) Val Ser Based on natural FA GLP-1 Lys Ala Ala Gln Gly Glu Leu Tyr Ser (97% homology) Phe 37 Ile Ala Trp Leu Val Arg Gly Arg Gly Improved • Slow absorption from pharmacokinetics: subcutis • Self-association • Metabolic stability • Albumin binding • Long plasma half-life • Stability against DPP-IV Knudsen et al. J Med Chem 2000;43: 1664-1669.
  • 25.