there are many carboxylic acids with structure & uses

1. Carboxylic acid
Pt L R college of pharmacy
faridabad

2. Acetic acid
CH3COOH
Ethane-1-oic acid

3. uses
☺ As a coagulant for latex in rubber industry
☺ In manufacture of plastics ( polyvinylacetate),
rayon( cellulose acetate) & silk
vinyl acetate monomer
2H3C−COOH + 2C2H4 + O2 → 2H3C−CO−O−CH=CH2 +
. 2H2O
Polyvinyl acetate
polymerization
Components in paints &
adhesives

4. Ester production
H3C−COOH + HO−R → H3C−CO−O−R + H2O,
(R = a general alkyl group)
Eg. ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl
acetate, and propyl acetate
Acetic anhydride
The product of the condensation of two
molecules of acetic acid is acetic anhydride
CH3CO2H → CH2=C=O + H2O
CH3CO2H + CH2=C=O → (CH3CO)2O
( ketene)
used for photographic film, reagent for the
production of heroin, an acetylation agent

5. • Vinegar is typically no less than 4% acetic
acid by mass
• Vinegar is used directly as a condiment
i.e. preparation that is added to food,
typically after cooking, to impart a specific
flavor, to enhance the flavor
• Acetic acid injection into a tumor has been
used to treat cancer since the 1800s.
• Acetic acid is used as part of cervical
cancer screening in many areas in
the developing world. It is applied to
the cervix & if an area of white appears
after about a minute the test is positive

6. • it is an effective antiseptic when used as a 1%
solution, with broad spectrum of activity against
streptococci, staphylococci pseudomonas,
enterococci and others
• It may be used to treat skin infections caused by
pseudomonas strains resistant to typical
antibiotics
• diluted acetic acid is used in iontophoresis i.e. is
a process of transdermal drug delivery by use of
a voltage gradient on the skin
• Also used in treatment for otitis externa
or swimmer’s ear
Eg. Acetic acid ear drops

7. • Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic
solvent, It is frequently used as a solvent for re-
crystallization to purify organic compounds
• Acetic acid is often used as a solvent for
reactions involving carbocations, such
as Friedel-Crafts alkylation.
• As a solvent in the laboratory for carrying out
reactions
☺ As vinegar for table purposes in 4-8% conc” &
in the manufacture of pickles of vegetables and
other foods

8. Benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
Carboxybenzene
E210
Dracylic acid
Phenylmethanoic acid

9. Uses
• In the medicines as urinary antiseptic
• For making aniline blue in dye industries
• As a preservative sodium benzoate being
less toxic is used for preserving food
products such as tomato sauce ( ketchup)
& fruit jams & juices
• Esters of benzoic acid are used in
perfumery

10. • benzoic acid is a common standard for
calibrating a bomb calorimeter i.e. the
process of measuring the heat of chemical
reactions
• Benzoyl chloride
Benzoic acid + thionyl chloride + phosgene
Benzoyl chloride
C6H5COCl
in the preparation
of dyes, perfumes, pharm
aceuticals, and resins,
Artificial flavours & insect
repellent

11. • Benzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfield'sointment which
is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such
as tinea, ringworm, and athlete's foot
• Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic
& antiseptic in the early 20th century
• Benzoic acid & its salts are used as a food preservative
represented by the E numbers E210, E211, E212,
& E213 because it inhibits the growth of mold, yeast
• The efficacy of benzoic acid & its salts is dependent on
the pH of the food
• Acidic food and beverage like fruit juice (citric acid),
sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric
acid), pickles (vinegar) or other acidified food are
preserved with benzoic acid and benzoates
• use for benzoic acid as a preservative in food are
between 0.05–0.1%

12. • C6H5COOH + 1/2O2 → C6H5OH + CO2
• Precursor to plasticizers
Benzoate plasticizers, such as the glycol-
diethyleneglycol-, and triethyleneglycol
esters
cyclohexanolstarting material
for nylon synthesis
In paints
Raw material for certain
drugs

13. Lactic acid
• 2-Hydroxypropan-1-oic acid

14. uses
• Lactic acid is used as a food preservative,
curing agent, and flavoring agent.
• It is an ingredient in processed foods and
is used as a decontaminant during meat
processing

16. • in disease of calcium deficiency it is used
to introduce calcium into the body in the
form of calcium lactate.
• Ammonium lactate are use for dry skin
disorder
• Mineral lactate are use for diseases such
as “ anemia, hypertension ”
• Lactic acid is used as a humectant, or
moisturizer, in some cosmetics
• It also used as a mordant, a chemical that
helps fabrics accept dyes, in textiles

17. • It is also used in making pickles and sauerkraut,
foods for which a sour taste is desired
• Lactic acid is used in the dairy industry not only
in making yogurt but in making cheese as well
• It is also used in tanning leather
• Lactic acid is important in the pharmaceutical
industry as a starting material for other
substances and is involved in the manufacturing
of lacquers and inks. A related compound that is
made from lactic acid is calcium stearoyl-2-
lactylate, which is used as a food preservative.

18. Citric acid
• 2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

19. uses
• citric acid is as a flavoring and preservative in
food and beverages, especially soft drinks and
candies
• Citric acid can be added to ice cream as an
emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating,
to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or
in recipes in place of fresh lemon juice
• Citric acid + sodium bicarbonate in a wide range
of effervescent formulae

20. • It has use in culinary applications, as an
alternative to vinegar or lemon juice
• Citric acid can be used in food coloring to
balance the pH level of a normally basic
dye
• Citric acid can be used in shampoo to
wash out wax & coloring from the hair
• it is the active ingredient in some
bathroom & kitchen cleaning solutions with
a 6% conc” of citric acid will remove hard
water stains from glass without scrubbing

21. • In industry, it is used to dissolve rust from
steel
• Citric acid is an excellent chelating agent,
binding metals by making them soluble
• Citric acid is an alpha hydroxy acid and is
an active ingredient in chemical skin peels
• Citric acid is commonly used as a buffer to
increase the solubility of brown heroin
• Citric acid is used as one of the active
ingredients in the production of facial
tissues with antiviral properties

22. • Sodium citrate is a component of Benedict‘s
reagent, used for identification both qualitatively
and quantitatively of reducing sugars.
• The buffering properties of citrates are used to
control pH in household cleaners & pharma-
ceuticals so used as buffering solution ingredient
• Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate can be used
as a blood acid regulator.
• It is an excellent soldering flux
• Citric acid can be used as a lower-odor stop
bath as part of the process for
developing photographic film. Photographic
developers are alkaline, so a mild acid is used
to neutralize and stop their action quickly, but
commonly used acetic acid leaves a strong
vinegar odor in the darkroom

23. • Citric acid can be used as an alternative to
nitric acid in passivation of stainless steel
• Citric acid is used as an acidulant in
creams, gels, and liquids
These are chemical compounds that
confer a tart, sour, or acidic flavor to foods.

24. Tartaric acid
• 2,3-Dihydroxybutane-2,4-dioic acid

25. uses
• Tartaric acid & its derivatives have a plethora of
uses in the field of pharmaceuticals. For
example, it has been used in the production of
effervescent salts, in combination with citric acid,
to improve the taste of oral medications
• The potassium antimonyl derivative of the acid
known as tartar emetic is included, in small
doses, in cough syrup as an expectorant.
• Tartaric acid also has several applications for
industrial use.

26. • The acid has been observed to chelate metal
ions such as calcium and magnesium.
Therefore, the acid has served in the farming
and metal industries as a chelating agent for
complexing micronutrients in soil fertilizer and
for cleaning metal surfaces consisting of
aluminium, copper, iron, and alloys of these
metals
• Tartaric acid is often used as an acidulant in
grape- and lime-flavored beverages, gelatin
desserts, jams, jellies, and hard sour
confectionery

27. • It is often added to products like
carbonated beverages, fruit jellies, gelatin
and effervescent tablets
• industrial uses for tartaric acid include
within the gold and silver plating process,
cleaning and polishing metals, tanning
leather and making blue ink for blueprints
• Tartaric acid is also an ingredient in
Rochelle Salt, which reacts with silver
nitrate to create the silvering on mirrors.
Rochelle Salt is also a laxative

28. Succinic acid
• Butane-1,4-dioic acid

29. uses
• Succinic acid is a precursor to
some polyesters, alkyd resins & 1,4-
butanediol
produce connectors, insulators,
wheel covers, gearshift knobs
and reinforcing beams

30. • Succinic acid also serves as the bases of
certain biodegradable polymers, which are
of interest in tissue engineering application
• Acylation with succinic acid is called
succination. Oversuccination occurs
when more than one succinate adds to a
substrate.
• As a food additive and dietary supplement,
succinic acid is generally recognized as
safe by the U.S. FDA.

31. • it is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the
food and beverage industry
• As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is
also used to control acidity or as a counter ion
• Drugs involving succinate
include metoprolol succinate,
sumatriptan succinate,
Doxylamine succinate or
solifenacin succinate.
• As a flavouring agent has sour taste

32. Salicylic acid
• 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

33. uses
• Salicylic acid as a medication is used most
commonly to help remove the outer layer
of the skin. As such, it is used to treat
warts, psoriasis, acne, ringworm, dandruff,
and ichthyosis

34. • Salicylic acid is used in the production of
other pharmaceuticals, including 4-
aminosalicylic acid, sandulpiride, and
landetimide
• Salicylic acid was one of the original
starting materials for making acetylsalicylic
acid (aspirin) in 1897
• methyl salicylate used as a liniment to
soothe joint and muscle pain & choline
salicylate used topically to relieve the
pain of mouth ulcers

35. • it is used as a food preservative, a
bactericidal and an antiseptic
• Sodium salicylate is a useful phosphor in
the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range, with
nearly flat quantum efficiency for wave-
lengths between 10-100 nm. It fluoresces
in the blue at 420 nm.
• Aspirin preparation

36. Benzyl benzoate

37. uses
• It is used repellent for chiggers, ticks, &
mosquitoes
• as a medication it is used to treat scabies
& lice. It is an effective & inexpensive
topical treatment for human scabies
• It has vasodilating & spasmolytic effects
& is present in many asthma & whooping
cough drugs

38. • It is also used as an excipient in some testosterone-
replacement medications for treating hypogonadism
• Benzyl benzoate is used as a topical
acaricide, scabicide, and pediculicide in veterinary
hospitals
• It is also used as a dye carrier, solvent for cellulose
derivatives, plasticizer & fixative in the perfume
industry.

39. Dimethyl phthalate
• Dimethyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate

40. uses
• Dimethyl phthalate is an insect repellent
for mosquitoes and flies.
• It is also an ecto-parasiticide and has
many other uses
• It is also used as solid rocket propellants,
and plastics.

41. Methyl salicylate
• Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

42. uses
• Methyl salicylate is used in high concentrations
as a rubefacient & analgesic in deep
heating liniments to treat joint and muscular pain
• Methyl salicylate is used in low conc” (0.04%
and under) as a flavoring agent in chewing
gum & mints.
• It is used as an antiseptic
in listerine mouthwash
produced by the Johnson &
Johnson company.

43. • It provides fragrance to various products
and as an odor-masking agent for some
organophosphate pesticides
• Methyl salicylate is also used as a bait for
attracting male orchid bees for study,
which apparently gather the chemical to
synthesize pheromones
• It is as a penetrating oil to loosen rusted
parts.

44. Acetyl salicylic acid
• Aspirin
• 2-acetoxybenzoic acid

45. uses
• it is used in the treatment of a number of
conditions, including fever, pain, rheumatic fever,
& inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid
arthritis, pericarditis, and Kawasaki disease
(an illness that causes inflammation (swelling
and redness) in blood vessels throughout the
body ).
• There is some evidence that aspirin is effective
at preventing colorectal cancer
• Aspirin is an effective analgesic for acute pain

46. • combinations of aspirin & caffeine
provide slightly greater pain relief than
aspirin alone
• Effervescent formulations of aspirin
relieve pain faster than aspirin in tablets
which makes them useful for the treatment
of migraines
• Topical aspirin may be effective for treating
some types of neuro-pathic pain

47. • It also reduces the overall risk of both
getting cancer and dying from cancer,
also slightly reduce the risk of endometrial
cancer,breast cancer, and prostate cancer
• aspirin is combined with an ADP receptor
inhibitor, such as clopidogrel, prasugrel,
or ticagrelor to prevent blood clots called
dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)
• it is an important part of the treatment of
those who have had a heart attack &
stroke.

48. • Aspirin, especially as a component of
an aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combina
tion, is considered a first-line therapy in
the treatment of migraine, & comparable
to lower doses of sumatriptan. It is most
effective at stopping migraines when they
are first beginning