The Behavioral Perspective Of Psychology

The Behavioral Perspective Of Psychology
Martinez 1 Julian Martinez Professor Roger Copeland Psychology 2301 29 August 2014
Psychology Perspectives The behavioral perspective of psychology is focused on explaining why
people react the way they do to specific situations and environments. People will tend to act
differently according to the environment they happen to be in, and they will most likely act in a way
where the most benefit will be attained. If a reward is given every time a certain action is made,
people will begin to change their behavior in order to receive the reward. The reward gives a sense
of satisfaction to the people, so it is easy for them to fall in the habit of doing that certain action.
Punishment is also something that will change a person's doing. If punishment is repeatedly given
for a particular action, just like with the reward, people will automatically adjust their behavior to
avoid the negative consequence. It seems that the way people act is directly influenced by the
consequences of their actions, and it has nothing to do with anything going on inside their minds.
This perspective does not take in account the processes of the mind because those mental processes
cannot be observed or studied directly. The problem with taking mental processes in account is that
it would leave many questions unanswered about the reasons for a particular behavior. Martinez 2
Psychologist John B. Watson was among the first to shed light on the behavioral
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The Founding Father of Clinical Psychology Essay
The era of discovery in psychology was a fast–paced and debatable one as some of the unlikeliest
individuals entered into the realm of the new science. Some by accident because of their close work
with other fields of science and others with the direct intent to create a new school of thought.
During its inception and much of its history, deliberation over how psychology should be defined
and what it should encompass filled most of the scholarly printings and closed–door discussions. As
a result, in 1894 Lightner Witmer set out to define an applied psychology where help could be given
to children with learning disabilities.
Lightner Witmer was born on June 28, 1867, in Philadelphia. His name originates from his paternal
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"Witmer's (1902) book outlined and modeled experiments to their minute detail. He explained the
processes necessary to conduct valid and reliable experiments, the necessary information in an
experimental write up, and how to conduct such experiments among students in an academic
setting" (Thomas, 2009). Much of Witmer's beginning success can be attributed to the meticulous
ways in which he refined information. The change in his major proved to be the beginning of what
stretched into a 60–year career.
As Witmer continued to excel in his studies his professor, Cattell, decided to take a teaching job at
Columbia University leaving Witmer and three other graduate students without a professor or
science program. Instead of switching his major again, Witmer obtained a graduate assistant
position in Leipzig, Germany with Wilhem Wundt, known as the founding father of modern
psychology (Thomas, 2009). Wundt however would not let Witmer complete his dissertation on
reaction time data and his research was eventually done on the aesthetic value of individual
differences (McReynolds, p 44, 1997). His work was highly acclaimed and after receiving his
diploma he longed to return to his home country.
Witmer returned from Europe in 1892 as a member of the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania.
Early on in his career, much of his work focused around experimental psychology. He was absorbed
in the "individual differences in sensory–perceptual variables. Even more interesting to

Compare and Contrast Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward...
Compare and contrast Wilhelm Wundt's (1832–1920) and Edward Titchener's (1867–1927) systems
of Psychology.History of Psychology Michael Ronan Q. Compare and contrast Wilhelm Wundt's
(1832–1920) and Edward Titchener's (1867–1927) systems of Psychology. Wilhelm Wundt was
born in Mannheim, Germany on the 16th of August 1832. He grew up surrounded by a very
intellectual family. Wundt was very distant from both his parents and a very lonely child in his early
years in general. When his father suffered a stroke his assistant thought Wundt until the age of 13.
At the age of 13 he entered into a Gymnasium. He failed his first year but graduated at the age of
19. (Nutty 2011) After graduating he went on to study medicine. After ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The person who was doing the introspection would be fully aware of when and what stimulus would
be presented to them. This ensured that the observer was in full control of the experience. The
stimulus would then be presented many times. Introspection was commonly done when the observer
was awaiting the stimulus and when they were reacting to its presentation. It was through using
introspection that Wundt and his students concluded that the sensations and feelings are what
constitute the activity in our minds. They believed that the combination of or the relationship
between sensations and feelings are what creates constantly shifting psychological processing.
(King et al 2009) At the end of the nineteenth century, Titchener brought Wundt's basic ideas of
psychology to America. He was responsible for translating many of Wundt's works into English as
they were all in German. Many did not now that Titchener only translated what he agreed with and
choose not to translate anything he disagreed with. Titchener called Wundt's ideas structuralism, and
tried to study the structure of mental life or consciousness. His structural psychology had three aims:
* to describe the components of consciousness in basic elements, * to describe the combinations of
basic elements, * to explain the connections of the elements of consciousness to the nervous system.
(New World Encyclopaedia 2008)

The Theories Of The Theory Of Psychology
Psychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understands of both mind and body to the
present beginning of modern science by the numerous contributions of many philosophers. These
ideas that are recorded could be traced back to Asia and Europe, where the religions and ideas of
Buddha and Confucius is originated. Ancient Hebrews, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the
philosophers that became very intrigued with how the mind and body works and debated several
reasons that may be the answer. After rough 2000 years passed, a frenchman named Rene Descartes
and a British political philosopher named John Locke had re–disputed over this topic within the
1600s, allowing more ideas that contributed to the foundations of Psychology.
Important milestones within psychology's early development was when the first psychological
laboratory in 1879 in Germany by a man named Wilhelm Wundt. Soon after, psychology was
organized into different categories of structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. Although, the
first two schools were only about structuralism and functionalism. One of Wundt's students, named
Edward Bradford Titchener, further explained the ideas of Structuralism by using self–reflection in
order to explain the structure of the mind. Meanwhile for Functionalism, William James promoted
these ideas by exploring how it affects the behavior and function that utilizes our thought process.
Psychology continued to develop through the 1920s to the present because more

Scientific Principles Of The Work Of Wilhelm Wundt Essay
This essay will look at scientific principles used today to perform psychological research and find
similarities and differences of that research style in the work of Wilhelm Wundt; this will be done
through looking at his approach to psychology, his lab and the impact he had on psychology in
general. The essay will then consider the Gestaltists approach to psychology by looking at their
main beliefs, experiments and their legacy and link it to the scientific principles. Finally, it will
summarize the influence both Wundt and the Gestaltists had on establishing psychology as a
science.
Scientific principles describe the steps of psychological research, how the understanding of
behaviour is assessed, how variables are defined and data can be received.
The psychological research consists of seven steps as can be seen in figure 1.
Figure 1 (Passer, Smith, & Holt, 2010, pp. 40–41)
The scientific principles also consist out of how approaches to understanding behaviour are made:
through prediction, control and theory building as well as how variables are defined and data to
measure behaviour can be received.
The first academic to look at is Wilhelm Wundt by applying the scientific principles to his work and
his contribution to establish psychology as a science. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German
physician who became interested in applying the physiological methods to psychological
phenomena and "wanted to model the study of the mind after the natural sciences." (Passer et

Wilhelm Wundt: The Art Institute Of Dallas
Psychology and Food
Rachel Sogge
The Art Institute of Dallas
Abstract
Considering the basic concepts and theories of Wilhelm Wundt, one of the founding fathers of
psychology and how it relates to the culinary industry specifically.
Psychology and Food
Wilhelm Wundt is considered one of the primary founding fathers of psychology. He opened the
first laboratory dedicated solely to psychology in 1879. His facility, the Institute for Experimental
Psychology was a beacon for philosophers, as well as psychology students. Wundt trained nearly
200 students in his academic career.
Structuralism
Wundt's focus was on the structure of the mind, specifically breaking it down into individual
sections without compromising the whole. Introspection played a huge part in his work, which was
later viewed by many as too subjective rather than scientific. His idea of introspection as a ... Show
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Through his extensive publishing's, laboratory and teaching of students who would further his work,
he ensured that psychology remained scientific and not revert to philosophy. Wundt's belief was that
the main goal of psychology should be analyzing and understanding the human consciousness.
Experiments.
Wundt's research focused on studying the structures that compose the mind. He used stimuli with
his subjects, then had them record their feelings and sensations. The belief was that he could train
observers (psychologists) to accurately describe thoughts, emotions and feelings. After his death, his
work was mostly regarded as holistic, although he is still considered the father of psychology.
Culinary.
The culinary field focuses greatly on creating experiences. Food in and of itself is a basic need for
every living person. Chefs utilize their experiences to shape their styles of cuisine and the messages
they convey through the food itself.

An Overview Of Gestalt Psychology
An Overview of Gestalt Psychology Though not practiced in contemporary psychology, the school
of Gestalt–meaning shape or form in Deutsch–was a predominant topic among German
psychologists in the nineteenth century. The term "Gestalt" was coined as a definition for the
perception of a whole separate and different from its parts. Prior to this, psychologists had been
analyzing the parts of the whole in order to explain the whole. In order to test the new theory,
principles of Gestalt were established to prove that behavior is holistic rather than mere, singular
sensations. These laws include: Pragnanz, Closure, Continuity, Similarity, and Proximity.
Experiments on chimpanzees seemed to indicate that they use insight to solve problems. Using
insight shows that they think holistically, which helps prove Gestalt. This school of thought was
often seen as academically lofty and obscure, but still seems to be referenced–if loosely–today. At
the turn of the twentieth century, Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener's atomistic views were
dominant in psychology (Lefrançois, 2012). Wundt's structural approach focused on reducing
mental processes to the smallest individual unit in order to understand the whole. Introspection was
Wundt's chosen method for discovery. In the United States and elsewhere, behaviorism and its
proponents were also directing research. The behaviorists rejected introspection for stimuli and
responses, focusing on observable behavior (Lefrançois, 2012).

What Roles Did Wundt And James Play In Research
1. What roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology?
The role that Wilhelm Wundt played in establishing psychology was important because he is also
considered to be the founder of psychology. Wilhelm Wundt used the scientific method to help him
while he studied different experiments. Wundt did a major turning point for psychology in 1874
when he saw a connection between psychology and physiology. Wundt also wrote his text
"Principles of Physiological Psychology". Many students also followed Wundt as he gave lecture
classes and stayed to study and earn their doctorates degree. Wilhelm Wundt work helped spark the
interest of William James. William James taught physiology and anatomy classes at Harvard
University, but ended focusing only on psychology. In 1890, William James published ... Show
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Evolutionary Perspective:
 Application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena.
4. What characterizes each step of the scientific method?
First a testable hypothesis must be made. Second a designing the study and collecting the data. In
this step either descriptive or experimental designs are used in the research. The third step is to
analyze data and draw conclusions. The fourth step is to report the findings. They can be shared
with other scientist or the person who is in charge.
5. What are some advantages and disadvantages of each descriptive method of research?
Naturalistic observation has an advantage in being able to study human behaviors that cannot be
ethically manipulated in an experiment. Naturalistic observation is used wherever patterns of
behavior can be openly observed. The observations occur in a more natural setting that result of
naturalistic observation studies that are generalized in real–life situations. This is better because
there is more confidence that results is studies using artificially manipulated or staged

Aristotle 's Influence On The History Of Psychology
Chapter One Objectives 1. Describe Aristotle 's role in the history of psychology. Aristotle, a Greek
Philosopher, was born in 384 B.C.E. and was known to show an interest in living things. To find out
how plants and animals organs sustained life, he collected and dissected them. He deliberately
engaged on studying the reproduction of life to see how each generation and actions of living people
spoke, remembered, and learned. Aristotle defined the meaning of psyche as the essence of life.
Translated to mean "life" from the ancient Greek, but also almost shares the same meaning as
"breath." The word logo means "the study of." The famous Greek Philosopher believed that the
word psyche escaped from the last dying breath. Today, modern psychologists believe the same
thoughts that Aristotle believed long ago, and still study the same thoughts, feelings and actions.
Plato, a man who believed by just thinking about it, you could understand and achieve fully, trained
Aristotle in philosophy. Aristotle did not agree on Plato's belief, and soon came up with his own. He
believed that in order to understand, you must observe what is being studied by looking, listening or
touching it. Aristotle's method of studying is now the base of contemporary science. Modern
scientists are now engineering more efficient and precise ways of observing. In conclusion, Aristotle
awoke the world with the study of live, which grew to the study of modern science of phycology. 2.
Identify the four

The Father Of Experimental Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (...
The father of experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) and the founder of
behaviourism John. B Watson both have opposing and corresponding views on psychology. In this
essay I will compare and contrast both concepts which will include experimental psychology,
introspection, operant and classical conditioning, immediate conscious, objective measurement and
lab experiments. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German psychologist who wanted to study and
examine human immediate conscious experience using experimental methods in the laboratory and
higher mental processes using non–experimental methods (C. James Goodwin, 2012). On the other
hand, behaviourist psychologist John. B Watson (1878–1958) believed that for something to be
scientific, it should be replicable and measurements taken should be objective so they could be
accessed by all observers. So instead of describing conscious experiences like Wundt, psychologists
should focus on the behaviour of people in terms of what people do rather that what they are
experiencing (Schacter et al, 2012). Wundt studied the immediate conscious experience of
individuals. He would do this by breaking down mental experiences into individual components
which were sensations, perceptions and feelings. For example, feeling the warmth or col rather than
the interpretation of it from a thermometer. Even though this is an accurate measure, psychological
experience is much different. As one person feeling the cold may be warmth to another

Assessment Of Mental Health Counseling
Assessment in Mental Health Counseling The day that we come into the world, we start to develop
pieces of a personal puzzle that throughout the rest of our lives we attempt to "fit" into our
individual and unique puzzle. As time progresses, we seem to find that some of the pieces may "fit"
very well into place, but we also find that some of the pieces are hard to "fit" into place, even when
we try to force the piece in its place. In fact, some may say that when we try to force pieces into our
personal puzzle, it can result in lifelong challenges unless we seek someone who can help us fit
them into the right place in the puzzle instead of trying to force them into place by ourselves.
Luckily, there is someone who can help. That someone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All assessments will differ depending on the personal issues the client may be dealing with. The
practice of assessment consists of collecting important information about the client that can help
him/her, but the main goal is to have a valuable understanding of all that's discussed between
counselor and client. A counselor must continue to grow in the assessment process whether he/she is
just getting into the field, or have been in the field for many years. The assessment process does
start right from the first visit with the client, but that does not mean that we ever stop assessing our
clients throughout the length of the therapy process with each client. An assessment must be
considered an essential process to all parts of the counseling techniques in mental health. Whether
the counselor practices in a school environment, a private practice, agency, or any other mental
health setting, the assessment needs to play a vital role. Assessment involves knowledge with
identifying statements and actions, and collecting what may be needed in order to grasp what will
truly help counsel all clients, whether the therapist is counseling an individual, a group setting,
couples with marriage issues and other complications within a relationship, and other family issues,
understanding assessment will instill a continuous improvement in every counseling setting CITE

Wilhelm Wundt : The Development Of Structuralism In...
Structuralism, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, was the beginning of psychology branching away from
philosophy featuring human behavior by dividing mental processes into basic components (Ettinger,
2014). Edward Titchener brought this practice to the United States in 1892 and even though
structuralism was short–lived, it was a stepping stone making psychology a better science (Ettinger,
2014). During the same period as Titchener's vision of structuralism, Sigmund Freud came up with a
theory called psychoanalysis. (Ettinger, 2014) His idea included catharsis, also known as the talking
cure, with his patient Anna O. helping with her symptoms of previous childhood trauma to go away.
He believed that your unconscious mind had urges and even when you're not thinking about them
you are in that part of your mind (Ettinger, 2014). Lots of people did criticize Freuds for his work,
but he did help those with issues using his "talking cure" and nowadays clinical psychologist still
treats emotionally distressed people even though psychoanalysis is no longer used. In 1913 a
psychologist by the name John Watson begin the ideology of behaviorism in psychology. Overall
behaviorism is seeing how people learn (Ettinger, 2014). His approach to psychology was heavily
shaped by Ivan Pavlov by trying new things to figure out behavior. B. F. Skinner is another
behaviorist that contributed his work exploring the effects on behavior. He believed that behavior
has no ideology of the mind or free will

Reflection Paper On Psychology
While completing the readings for this reflection paper, I found myself thinking just how important
it is to obtain knowledge of one's history. I believe it is essential as it allows one to develop a more
profound understanding and appreciation of each other as well as their work. Wilhelm Wundt was a
very renowned human being affectionately credited as the founder of psychology as a science. He
was quite inspirational, possessed an inquisitive mind, and believed in proving phenomena using
experiments. It therefore comes as no surprise that he was the first to establish a formal
experimental laboratory in the field of psychology. This accomplishment, of course, was primarily
influenced by Hermon von Helmholtz and Gustav Fechner through their research on the
measurement of reaction time and the idea of psychology as an experimental psychology
respectively. Wundt's research was done through introspection a term more formally described as an
experimental self–observation in which individuals own thoughts and feelings are carefully
examined objectively.
Blumenthal (1975) in his article described the work of Wilhelm Wundt and evaluated its relevance
to psychology in the 20th century. The author argues that Wundtian psychology was predominantly
based on the tenet that "only certain reality is immediate experience" (p. 1081). The use of the terms
"immediate" and "mediate" were fundamental to Wundt's work and were essential to his
introspective experiments. Immediate, he argued, was

Was Psychology Really Founded in 1879 or Was It in...
Was psychology really founded in 1879?
Or was it in existence before that specific time?
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) officially opened an institution and laboratory for Psychology, in
Leipzig, Germany. Many students were also taught here on experimental psychology. Wundt was
touted as a great lecturer, and some of those taught, emulated Wundt's work and made a significant
contribution to psychology; for example Edward Titchner (1867–1927), who introduced
structuralism to the United States of America.
This facility was renowned through out the world as the premise on which psychology became a
science, because, it was there Wundt carried out extensive research on several hypotheses.
Claiming the title of 'Psychologist' Wundt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wundt's lectures sometimes exceeded over 250 students; 186 graduates were trained by Wundt, a
total of 116 from the discipline of psychology and the other 70 came from the discipline of
philosophy respectively.
Voluntarism
Greek philosopher Plato (427–347 BCE) asked "Why should we not calmly and patiently review
our own thoughts, and thoroughly examine and see what these appearances in us really are?"
Wundt's introspection reflects very much on that question, as it relates to self observation, and
internal self perception.
Wundt conducted several experiments on persons of a certain criteria who were highly trained in
self observation: they had to be of sound mind, quick to notice and respond to stimuli, physically
healthy, not preconditioned in any way, and exercised good judgment. During these experiments the
individuals were encouraged to give accurate cognitive facts immediately after the application of the
stimuli.
With the use of varying apparatus around his laboratory Wundt sought out to get the response to
sensation or the nerve impulse given from the brain, when pressure, cold or heat was applied; the
reaction to sound–simple noise of tones; smell; tasting of items–bitter, salty or sweet; light–
achromatic or chromatic. What they had experienced in regard how the stimuli made them feel,
whether it was pleasant or unpleasant, if it

Wilhelm Wundt Research Paper
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was born on August 16, 1832 to a Lutheran minister's home in
Neckarau, Germany (Hergenhahn, 2005). He was the last child of the four children and had a
reserved and quiet temperament throughout his lifetime (Hergenhahn, 2005). During his childhood,
Wundt did not exceed in academics when compared with his peers. Rather, he was a typical, normal
kid. However, while he was studying to be a medical doctor in the University of Heidelberg he
became an outstanding student who passed the state medical board examination placed on the first
(Hergenhahn, 2005). He earned his medical degree in 1855 and then moved on to Berlin in order to
study experimental psychology (Hergenhahn, 2005). Wundt became extremely interested in the ...
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Unlike today's Germany, Germany used to be composed of many small states living together. The
German states were altogether called the Holy Roman Empire ("Unification of German," n.d.).
Germany's two biggest empires were the Kingdom of Prussia and the Kingdom of Austria. Those
two states were at a war with each other and trying to pursue one another. In 1848, the first attempt
to unify the German states began in Paris and spread quickly throughout the Europe. However, the
attempt miserably failed as the executive leader in the unified government was weak in power. The
second effort was led by Prussia Prime Minister, Otto Von Bismark, which German states went into
two wars in 1862 and 1866. The last attempt for unification of Germany took place in the 1870
Franco–Prussian War and finally proclaimed the victory in 1871 in Versailles, France. (Ebbinghaus
participated in this war). In last years of Wundt, the World War I (1914–1918) broke out and his last
years were not as pleasant as he hoped to be. Wundt was recalled to be one of the most prolific
psychologists in psychology history (Hergenhahn, 2005). Wundt produced a total of 53,735 pages
within 67 years of his profession, which leads to writing 2 pages of articles each

Research Paper On Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was born on August 16th in 1832. He was born in the town of
Neckarau in Germany to a Lutheran minister. He was an intelligent, odd boy, taught mostly by his
father's associate, Friedrich M üller, whom he moved in with later on. Wundt studied at the
Gymnasien and then at the University of Tübingen in 1851, when he was 19 years old. He
transferred after only one year to the University of Heidelberg, majoring in medicine. He published
his first publication during his third year there. He changed his major from medicine to physiology,
studying under Johannes Müller at Berlin for a semester. Wundt received his doctorate in medicine
at Heidelberg, and worked as Hermann von Helmholtz's assistant 2 years afterwards for 7 years.

Wuundt : The Father Of Experimental Psychology
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt was a German physiologist, physician, philosopher, and professor. He
was born on August 16th in 1882, in Mannheim, Germany. Wundt had become known as "the father
of experimental psychology". Wilhelm Wundt is linked to many "firsts" in the world of psychology.
He was the first person to be given the title of "psychologist", the first to separate psychology from
philosophy, the first Physiological Psychology instructor at Heidelberg University, the first to
introduce scientific study of the mind, and the first to create an experimental psychology lab. Wundt
began his studies majoring in medicine, but changed his focus to physiology. He went on to earn his
doctorate at Heidelberg University, and accepted a position as lecturer there in 1857. During his
time at Heidelberg working as a physiologist assistant, Wundt began work on several publications
introducing his theories on psychology and sense perceptions, and in 1862 became the first person
to teach a course in Physiological Psychology. Wundt's lectures focused on the use of the natural
science methods of experimentation for the analysis of psychology, and were published in 1863.
Wundt continued his career at Heidelberg, and began writing Principles of Physiological
Psychology (1874) which explained his theories of conscious perception and the investigation of
consciousness. That publication is now considered to be one of the most important to the history of
psychology.
He was also famous for his

Modern Day Psychology
Psychology is commonly seen as a study of the brain, but I believe it goes deeper into the motives of
behavior and thinking in addition to studying the brain. Wade and Travis (2012) state that Wilhelm
Wundt is the founder of the modern psychology when he "established the first psychological
laboratory" (p.6). Wundt created the theory of structuralism which later sparked functionalism and
psychoanalysis.
The common perception of psychology is based on the psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) theory
created by Sigmund Freud. Freud had focused on the unconscious and sexual motives behind one's
actions. To "treat" and diagnose patients, Freud used psychotherapy; this is when you have the
patient laying on the couch talking about their dreams, thoughts, and feelings. People always think
of this method when they think of psychology. In the Oxford English Dictionary, the word
psychology is defined as "the scientific study of the nature, functioning, and development of the
human mind." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first perspective is the biological or evolutionary perspective. Biological psychologists focus on
how bodily events and genes someone's actions, thoughts, and feelings. When a psychologist
focuses on how the environment and experiences affect actions and behavior, they are categorized
as a learning psychologist. The cognitive perspective emphasizes on what is happening inside one's
mind. They research "how people reason, remember, understand language, solve problems, explain
experiences, acquire moral standards, and form beliefs" (Wade and Travis, 2012, p.7). One
perspective that is somewhat combined with the other perspectives is the sociocultural theory. This
is focused on the social and cultural influences on one's behavior. Freud's psychodynamic theory is
the fifth perspective that is still being practiced even though there is no scientific

Psychology: Historical Perspectives
Psychology: Historical Foundations and Modern Perspectives
There have been many contributions over time from world–renowned philosophers and
psychologists to the field of psychology, but the man referred to as the Father of Modern
Psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. He was the first person to become a psychologist, and he was the
first person to organize a laboratory, which was at the University of Leipzig, that was specifically
dedicated to studying behavioral and emotional characteristics of the mind. "Wundt was important
because he separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more
structured way, with the emphasis being on objective measurement and control." (Father of
Psychology). During Wundt's time, workings ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The early years of psychology were marked by the domination of a succession of different schools
of thought" ("The 7 Major Perspectives"). These days, it is rare for a psychologist to stick to the
findings to one particular perspective; usually, psychologists tend to adhere themselves to a
specialty field of psychology. There are seven modern perspectives of psychology: the
psychodynamic perspective, the behavioral perspective, the cognitive perspective, the biological
perspective, the cross–cultural perspective, the evolutionary perspective, and the humanistic
perspective. "The psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud" ("The 7
Major Perspectives"). This perspective stresses the importance of a child's development and human
interactions. Part of this perspective is Freud's idea of id, ego, and superego. Id drives a person's
instincts and impulses to obtain what it wants, no matter how irrational. Superego is the part of
personality that takes into consideration the opinions and needs of other people; it is the moral part
of the brain. Ego is the compromiser between id and superego. "Behavioral psychology is a
perspective that focuses on learned behaviors" ("The 7 Major Perspectives"). Behaviorism focuses
on learned behaviors only; it is different from other perspectives, as it only studies behaviors that
can be observed, not internal

Chinese Culture In Amy Tan's 'Rules Of The Game'
In Amy Tans "Rules of the Game" a first generation adolescent becomes fascinated with the game of
chess and uses its rules as a strategy for life while growing up and away from her Chinese culture.
This short story illustrates the struggle of growing up is especially difficult when in a culture
different from ones parents.
When Narrator Waverly Jong first introduces herself at the young age of seven. Waverly lives in
China Town, San Francisco with her immigrant parents and two older brothers. She is a very smart,
curious and obedient daughter. The author indirectly shows the reader during the first supermarket
scene when Waverly is introduced to the "art of invisible strength". Waverly first begged her mother
for candy but after practicing this art form and silently ignoring the candies, her mother rewards her
by purchasing them. This value of silence is a form of strength and dignity in the Chinese Culture.
Waverly obeys her mother that day and soon learns that it can be used as a tool for success in the
game of chess. According to David Kelly in 'Critical Essay on "Rules of the Game" ', invisible
strength "is presented as a magical equation that gives young Waverly the wisdom and grace to rise
to national prominence in the chess world within a few short years of first taking up the game."
Waverly becomes quite good at the game. She states "By my ninth birthday, I was a national chess
champion", and was even featured in Life Magazine. While gaining all the success,

Margaret F. Washburn : An American Psychologist Whose Work...
Margaret F. Washburn
Born on July 25th, 1871 in New York, NY, Margaret Floy Washburn is known as an American
psychologist whose work for Vassar College made it a nationally renowned institution in
undergraduate studies (Abhinav, 2012).
Education
Beginning college at the age of sixteen, with primary studies in philosophy and science, Washburn
quickly became a member of the Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority at Vassar College (Abhinav, 2012).
She pursued graduate studies with James McKeen Cattell, an establisher of a new laboratory of
psychology at Columbia University. Women were not then allowed entry into graduate school at
Columbia, however Washburn was permitted to register as a class observer. After a year spent at
Columbia, Washburn took Cattell 's advice and applied to work with Edward B. Titchener at the
Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University, where she would be able to attain her degree
(Rodkey, 2010). Titchener, a former student of Wilhelm Wundt, wished to expand on Wundt's ideas
into what is known as structuralism, the focus of study being on the structure of the mind. Titchener
believed that the method of introspection could be used on thoughts alone, not just physical
sensations. Structuralism was a dominant force in the early days of psychology, but it eventually
died down in the early 1900s, as structuralists were conflicted amongst themselves over which key
elements of experience were most important (Gurung, 2011). Washburn was in charge of all
research and

1960s: A Very Brief History Of Psychology
Psychology is a science that seeks to answer such questions about us all–how and why we think,
feel, and act as we do. it was born in December 1879, in Germany's University of Leipzig. There,
two young men were helping an austere, middle – aged professor,
Wilhelm Wundt, create an experimental apparatus. Wundt established the first psychology
laboratory at this university. Before long, this new science of psychology became organized into
different branches, or schools of thought, each promoted by pioneering thinkers. Two early schools
were structuralism and functionalism. As physicists and chemists discerned the structure of matter,
so Wundt's student Edward Bradford Titchener aimed to discover the mind's structure. He engaged
people in self ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Industrial–organizational psychologists, for example, use psychology's concepts and methods in the
workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and
productivity, design products, and implement systems. An example of psychology in the court is
when Forensic psychologists apply psychology's principles and methods in the criminal justice
system. They may assess witness credibility, or testify in court on a defendant's state of mind and
future risk. Although most psychology textbooks focus on psychological science, psychology is also
a helping profession devoted to such practical issues as how to have a happy marriage, how to
overcome anxiety or depression, and how to raise thriving children. As a science, psychology at its
best bases such interventions on evidence of effectiveness. Counseling psychologists help people to
cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and marital issues) and to improve
their personal and social functioning. Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental, emotional, and
behavior disorders. Both counseling and clinical psychologists administer and interpret tests,
provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic and applied research. By contrast,
psychiatrists, who also may provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs
and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological

Wundt And Miller 's Theory Of Psychology
Psychology has developed and changed over the course of its beginnings. There were numerous
contributors to the field–the founders of psychology. This paper will focus on two of these founders:
Wilhelm Wundt, the first to develop psychology as a formal discipline, and George A. Miller, the
creator of cognitive psychology. This paper will compare and contrast the lives and works of Wundt
and Miller. These psychology founders shared some similarities such as demonstrating expertise in
other fields in addition to their work in psychology. They also both held lengthy tenures at respected
universities from which they conducted the bulk of their work in psychology. One of the most
notable differences between these two men is the time in which their study was conducted–Wundt's
work started in the late 1800s and Miller's work began in the 1940s and extending into the 1980s.
Additionally, Wundt's disciplines of experimental psychology and social psychology have ideation
that differs from Miller's work in cognitive psychology.
Introduction
The field of psychology has grown and evolved in many ways since its inception over a century ago.
Throughout the development of this field there have been numerous innovators of thought who are
now considered founders of psychology. These founding fathers of psychology include William
Wundt (who established the first laboratory dedicated to psychology), John Dewey and William
James (who established functional psychology) and Sigmund

How Does Galton Influence The Development Of Psychology
Abstract
This paper explores three figures and each person's research and how they influenced the
development of the field of psychological assessment. Francis Galton, James Mckeen Cattell and
Wilhelm Wundt and their contributions have revolutionized the field of psychological assessment.
Wilhelm Wundt, the father of psychology, was the main contributor to the establishment of the field.
Meanwhile, Galton created some of the many tools of psychological assessment including
questionnaires, rating scales, and self–report inventories. Cattell, a younger contributor than Wundt
and Galton coined the term "mental tests" and published many psychological journals.
Understanding these men's contributions will give us a better appreciation of the field ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Galton soon became consumed by his own work exploring variation in human populations and its
implications. Galton's work began with the idea that human ability was hereditary. While studying
human abilities, Galton laid down the foundation of differential psychology and created the first
mental tests. Galton's studies into the mind included detailed recordings of individuals' personal
experiences of how their minds dealt with mental imagery. Galton established the questionnaire to
get a better production of this information. His influential study Hereditary Genius was the first
systematic attempt to investigate the effect of heredity on intellectual abilities, and was notable for
its use of the bell–shaped Normal Distribution, then called the "Law of Errors", to describe
differences in intellectual ability, and its use of pedigree analysis to determine hereditary effects
(Galton.org, n.d.). In his determination to measure the passing down of characteristics, qualities,
traits, and abilities from generation to generation, he formulated the concept of correlation which led
to his understanding of how generations were related to each other (Plucker, 2016). And in the late
1860's Galton discovered the standard deviation, the core to any statistical analysis (Denby,

Essay #1
Julio De Leon
Cal State San Marcos
Gustav Fechner:
Wilhelm Wundt:
In the nineteenth century Wilhelm Maximillian Wundt was the founder of the newest science of the
time, which was psychology, he wanted to separate psychology from philosophy. Wundt did a lot of
contributions in making psychology to become a real science; another thing that made psychology
become a new science is the extensive propaganda for Experimental Psychology (Benjamin, 2014,
p.66). He established the first laboratory of experimental research in psychology laboratory in
Berlin at the University of Leipzig. He had a journal called Philosophical Studies and he wrote the
first book in the field of psychology Principles of Physiological Psychology where he talked about
the new science of psychology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ebbinghaus obtained a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Bonn. One of his biggest
attributions in psychology was the work he did in memory and retention. Ebbinghaus worked by
himself he had no money and he also had no subjects he worked by himself because he had no
money and had no subjects; he was the experimenter and the subject in his research (Benjamin,
2014, p.49). He wanted to study associations but in a different way than previous research, he
wanted to study them as they were being formed. He did not used words that had a meaning, He
tried and worked really hard to eliminate all the biases in his research, he created nonsense for him
not to have any associations with the word, Example: AXD. The creation of the nonsense syllable
was advancement in research, especially in studying memory and associations (Benjamin, 2014,
p.50). With all the work and research he also did research in forgetting inventing what is now called:
Forgetting curve. The forgetting curve measure how strong is the memory and how retention in
memory lowers down (when forgetting is

Mary Whiton Calkins : An American Philosopher And...
Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930), an American philosopher and psychologist, was a pioneer in the
growing field of psychology. In a time when women were excluded from her profession, and limited
their in education options, she made significant contributions to psychology, especially in the study
of memory, dreams, color–number Association, and the self. Calkins was one of the first women to
receive a Harvard education and qualify for a Ph.D (Women In Psychology). However, Harvard
denied her a Ph.D. because of her gender. Calkins did not let the injustice of society hinder her. She
had a fruitful career and was famous for being the first woman to become president of the APA. This
article will discuss Whiton's humble family beginnings, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Her father knew that higher education options for women were limited, yet was determined to plan
and supervise Mary 's education. She entered Smith College at 19 with advanced standing as a
sophomore. In 1883, the tragic illness and death of her sister Maude (who was a few months
younger than her) was an experience that permanently influenced her thinking and character.
Calkins spent the following academic year off at home and tutored two of her younger brothers. In
the fall of 1884, she returned Smith College as a senior and graduated with a concentration in
classics and philosophy.
In 1886, her family embarked a sojourn to Europe for over a year. Mary was able to explore
Leipzig, Italy and Greece where she expanded her knowledge of languages and the classics. When
they returned, her father arranged a job interview with the President of Wellesley College for
women close to home. There She became a tutor in the Greek department and began teaching in
September of 1887. Mary taught Greek at Wellesley for three years. When Mary was in her late
twenties, a professor in the Philosophy Department noticed her excellent teaching skills. He
conversed with Mary the need for a teacher in the developing field of Psychology and offered her
the job as long as she studied psychology for a year.
Calkins faced obstacles in meeting the requirement. Firstly, there were few psychology departments
at that time. Secondly, getting admitted to a college that did have a program

Biography of Charles Speaman
Born on September 10th 1863, Charles Spearman was raised in London, England as a child.
Charles's father was Alex Young Spearman, the son of Sir Alex Young Spearman who was a British
treasurer. Unfortunately, Spearman Jr. died at the age of 33 and left his second wife and Charles's
mother Louisa Ann Caroline Amelia Mainwaring a widow. She would marry Henry Harrington in
1870, only for her new husband to die and leave her a widow. Around this time, a 19 year old
Charles was about to go into the military There is very little else known about childhood, however
during his adolescence. During his high school years, it was suggested that he was on the school's
rugby and cricket teams. While he was showing some interest in athletics, underneath that Spearman
hid an interest for philosophy. However, he would soon lose that interest and enlisted himself into
the British Army in 1883. Within a year, Charles was placed in the 2nd Battalion in India. In fifteen
years, Spearman would serve in the British army and rise to the rank of Captain and it was during
his term of military service he gradually begun to believe that studying psychology could perhaps
advance philosophy. According to Charles himself, he felt like his time in the army was a "waste of
time." By the end of his time serving in the army in 1898, Charles finally had figured out what he
wanted to study: experimental psychology. Charles would move to Germany and enroll in
University of Leipzig. He studied aboard mainly

Wilhelm Wundt Psychology
Psychology is the science of our actions, thoughts and behavior. as psychology developed a new
form of science most of it was and still is based off of theories, because most of it cannot for certain
be proven although makes sense. Studies of the brain are made to try and get answers and grow our
knowledge of the functions of our brain. Experiments also are a big factor in psychology; they try to
prove the reason behind some of our choices. Wilhelm Wundt known as the founder of psychology
was the first person to open a laboratory in 1879. The first lab was opened at the University of
Leipzig in Germany. Wundt was the first person to clearly differentiate psychology and philosophy.
Psychology being the study of the mind and our behaviors. And philosophy being the study of
knowledge and existence. Psychology aims to make sense of our actions. And philosophy aims to
make sense of life. Psychology was taken as an interest to Sigmund Freud. And because of this
interest psychoanalysis was created. Sigmund Freud was a neurologist from Australia, and was
qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881. And during this time before his death in 1939, he created
the theory and therapy of psychoanalysis. This treatment aimed to treat mental illnesses, by looking
into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wilhelm Wundt being the founder and the one who started it all. And over the years the
contributions of Sigmund Freud who helped in the search of cure for mental sickness with his
therapy known as psychoanalysis . Solomon Asch studied social and conformity issues. And that
resulted in him creating the conformity experiment which demonstrated the actual control society
has within us all. These theories, treatments, and any questions we have about our mind are what
make psychology what it is. We will always have questions and maybe not always answers. But
over time we get closer to having some

The Early Stages of Psychology
The Early Stages of Psychology Philip C. Allen PSY/310 May 3, 2012 Shruthi Vale The Early
Stages of Psychology People have been searching for answers to life's problems since the dawn of
mankind. Humans would look to the stars for answers. They would look to nature for a cure. They
even looked toward the heavens for gods to cure their ailments. Not until recently did we, as a race,
begin to look toward ourselves to find solutions. We now know that we are capable of tapping into
our minds and understanding what lies at the root of our mental illnesses. Beginnings Psychology is
still in its infancy when compared with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structuralism eventually died with Titchener (Cherry, 2012). Victorian Thomas Brown proposed the
study of the mind as the basic framework for most scientific efforts. He believed that before any
science could be taken seriously, the brain must be studied. Not only the physicality of the brain, but
also the workings of the mind and how it thinks (Wee, 2005). With Brown's proposal, the majority
of serious psychologists would no longer ignore the real world implications of human experience
and action when dealing with the functioning of the mind. In 1885, Herbert Spencer published The
Principles of Psychology. Spencer had a strong background in biology and philosophy, therefore
much of his writings were based solely on speculation, observation, and philosophical ideals. Wee
(2005), "One of Spencer 's most famous phrases was "survival of the fittest", which later formed the
basis of a controversial branch of psychology/philosophy called Social Darwinism" (para. 4).
Conclusion Since the days of Greek and French philosophers and German physiologists, we have
developed a sound science. We can delve deeper than ever before. We see beyond the layers of our
conscious mind. We can look into our past to raise questions about our childhood and answer age
old questions that were asked by unconscious. Today's

Stanley Hall Childhood
This paper is about the childhood, education and achievements of G. Stanley Hall. Granville was
known as the "Father of Adolescence". He is also known for the child study movement. He was a
former preacher as well. The first point is the childhood of G. Stanley Hall. Hall was born on
February 1, 1844, on his grandfather's farm in Ashfield, Massachusetts. His father, Granville
Bascom Hall, served in the Massachusetts legislature. While his mother Abigail Beal's, studied at
the Albany Female Seminary and taught school. One of Granville's quotes is "Adolescence is a new
birth, for the higher and more completely human traits are new born." (www.brainyquotes.com)
Granville Stanley Hall grew up during the Victorian era. He was an only child of ... Show more
His main focus was on childhood development and evolutionary theory. He was appointed professor
of Psychology and Pedagogies while teaching at John Hopkins University in 1884. After his lecture
at John Hopkins University, he built the first American Laboratory for Psychology. In 1887
Granville founded the American Journal of Psychology. The American Journal of Psychology was
the first journal of its kind in America. Now there are 16 different Psychology Journals. Granville
became the first president of the American Psychological Association, it only had 42 members in
1882, but by 1916 there were over 300 members. Now there are around 117,500 members. A
wealthy merchant by the name of Jonas Clark invited hall to become the first president of Clark
University in 1889. Granville accepted the invitation, within two years the school had five subjects.
The subjects included mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, which in turn made the
university one of the most famous institutions. Mr. Hall founded the Pedagogical Seminary in 1894.
He retired from being the president of Clark University in 1920. Jonas Clark died in 1900.In the
year 1909, Granville Stanley Hall started The Children's Institute at Clarks College. He invited
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to visit and give lectures at the Clark Conference to celebrate the
Universities 20th anniversary. Granville Stanley Hall wrote "Adolescence" it is about the pioneering

The Historical History Of American Psychology Essay
The historical underpinnings of American psychology came by way of Francis Bacon and John
Stuart Mill philosophy, Charles Darwin evolutionary biology, Chauncey Wright evolutionary
psychology, and Wilhelm Wundt volunteer psychology generally (Green, 2009; Wright, 1873).
From these philosophical and biological contributors came two major schools of American
psychology, namely structuralism and functionalism (Green, 2009; Caldwell, 1899; biological
terms; see Boucher, 2015, pp. 384–385), which emerged as competitors of thought on how to
describe and explain the human mind and behavior specifically (Angell, 1907; Caldwell, 1899;
Green, 2009; Green, Feinerer, & Burman, 2013). The conceptual reality of this debate between the
two schools is foundational and must be understood in order to build the proper picture of how
American psychology has established itself as a "marker" by which America, and I proffer, the
world evaluates psychology as a whole. It is in this historical context where the soil was cultivated
for the planting of these two schools and how each one takes root, flourishes, and how they both
eventually find a reticent subjugation to modern forms of psychological preeminence. Therefore,
this paper will discuss the historical nature and foundational construct of structuralism,
functionalism, and the process of change for American psychology to be where it is today.
Structuralism developed as the first American school of psychology and some of the conceptual

It is common belief that Wilhelm Wundt is the father of psychology. While Wundt helped
psychology in a great way, he was not necessarily the first person to do so. Rene Descartes was a
philosopher during the Renaissance who is probably best known for the saying "I think, therefore I
am." While Descartes was very prominent in the education field for math and geometry, he also
made many great contributions to psychology. Often being called the founder of Western
Psychology, Descartes took what he learned while in school and other religious teachings and let it
lead him in his research. His influence on psychology is still felt today. Rene Descartes was boring
in1596. During his youth, he went to a Catholic school. He had convinced his school ... Show more
Descartes believed that the body and the mind were spate. Each had separate functions and
purposes. Since he saw our body as self–regulation, he concluded that the mind had to be separate
on account that the mind is what is used in decision making. He supported this claim by saying that
each person does not have to make themselves breath, digest food, or react when pain is involved.
He saw the body as a working machine and the mind as something much more intelligent. In order
to help support his theories, Descartes did some research using animals. "If animals generate all of
their behavior without a mind, surely human beings, whose bodies work on the same principles,
must have bodily mechanisms capable of producing much of human behavior." (Hatfield, 2007)
Descartes believed that animals were driven by mechanical principles. However, he believed that
the human body was made and designed by God, which makes it a much more complex thing.
Comparing animals to humans on a psychological way influenced Descartes thinking. He began to
learn that humans are much more complex and that humans had to ability to fight off their reflexes.
The final piece to the puzzle foe Descartes was determining that unlike animals, humans have
passions. "Descartes defined the six primary passions as wonder, love, hate, desire, joy, and
sadness." (Hothersall, 2004, p. 50) These passions separated animals and

Structuralism And Functionalism Of American Psychology Essay
Description This lecture podcast discussing structuralism and functionalism in the development of
American psychology must have a road map for how I will chart this brief course through such a
brilliant history with characters as large as Lady Liberty. Therefore, I will begin by discussing the
historical nature and foundational construct of structuralism, functionalism, the process of change
for American psychology to be where it is today, and finish with a summary. I will also make
available the paper and references that accompany this lecture. Since I am limited with time
constraints I will get started.
Lecture
The historical underpinnings of American psychology came by way of Francis Bacon and John
Stuart Mill philosophy, Charles Darwin evolutionary biology, Chauncey Wright evolutionary
psychology, and Wilhelm Wundt volunteer psychology generally (Green, 2009; Wright, 1873).
From these philosophical and biological contributors came two major schools of American
psychology, namely structuralism and functionalism (Green, 2009; Caldwell, 1899; biological
terms; see Boucher, 2015, pp. 384–385), which emerged as competitors of thought on how to
describe and explain the human mind and behavior specifically (Angell, 1907; Caldwell, 1899;
Green, 2009; Green, Feinerer, & Burman, 2013). The conceptual reality of this debate between the
two schools is foundational and must be understood to build the proper picture of how American
psychology has established itself as a "marker" by

Reaction Journal 4 : Structuralism And Edward Titchener
Reaction Journal Four: Structuralism and Edward Bradford Titchener
This weeks reading was over the life and research of Edward Bradford Titchener, the founder of
structuralism. Titchener was a student and friend of Wilhelm Wundt. Even though he supposedly
was a self–proclaimed follower of Wundt, his form of psychology was quite different than that of
his teacher. As we learned in chapter four, Wundt's theory about the human mind was based on the
view that people could not focus on more than one thing at a time with precision, that the mind had
a self organizing capability, and also that only sensation and perception could be studied
experimentally via apperception. Wundt was interested in the whole experience, Titchener was
interested in the components of the experience. Also, Titchener, believed the opposite of Wundt, that
mental processes could be studied through introspection by trained "reagents."
One of the things that I found to be interesting in the chapter about Titchener was that even though
he would not allow women to attend or present papers for his research group, the Titchener
Experimentalists (because they were too "pure to smoke," (Schultz, p. 89)), he favored allowing
women into his graduate programs, hiring women as professors and faculty, and recommended them
for membership to prestigious organizations such as the American Psychological Association and
the National Academy of Sciences. This was very progressive at this time in history when women
were

The Role Of Justice In Jacob And Wilhelm Grimm's Little...
In Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Little Snow–White, justice is represented through the development
of Snow–White's character, and can be portrayed by the pronounced attributes that contribute to her
transition, such as purity, gullibility, and beauty. The Grimm brothers explore how the bounds of
justice are empowered by the specific characteristics of an individual. Throughout the short story, it
becomes evident that Snow–White is portrayed as pure. She beholds the innocence of youth, which
can be seen on multiple occasions. This purity is first exemplified when the narrative notes, "There
was a little table with a white tablecloth and seven little plates, and each plate had a spoon, and there
were seven knives and forks and seven mugs as well...Because ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She remained lying in it, entrusted herself to God, and fell asleep" (Grimm 2). Snow–White is
unable to identify, that seeking shelter and falling asleep in an unknown home, is not an appropriate
course of action. Her main focus is her exhaustion, and which bed will allow her to have the most
comfortable sleep. This series of events are set up to show the increase of severity with each
situation she encounters. By this, it is meant that she only continues to act naive and pure. This
evidently, helps build up the power behind her character when she decides to end her stepmother's
life. Her decision to fall asleep in the home in the woods only further contributes to the concept of
purity; as it is understandable that Snow–White has not reached the point of maturity to which she
can comprehend the severity of her safety. This passage allows the overall amplification of justice to
be seen, through the contrast of her change in character. Leading up to her wedding, Snow–White
continues to make decisions that present her as

Lightner Witmer Helped Shape The World Of Psychology The
Lightner Witmer helped shape the world of psychology the way it is today by creating the field of
clinical psychology (McReynolds, 1987). His early importance of wanting to focus on individuality
became the basis of his clinical method and using a one–to–one approach (Fagan, Witmer 's
Contribution to School Psychological Services, 1996).
After he received his BA he took a teaching position at Rugby Academy. During his second year at
Rugby, James Cattell entered the faculty and influenced Witmer to transfer to the field of
psychology. Witmer assisted Cattell on gathering data reaction times on individual with differences.
Witmer traveled to Leipzig and studied under Wilhelm Wundt, where the two often disagreed on
issues regarding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In his speech, he described of an expert who could treat complex cases, as well as assist children
academically. He urged for a variety of different professionals to help from other areas, but for a
psychological approach to be the foundation of what was being looked at in the children (Fagan,
Compulsory Schooling, Child Study, Clinical Psychology, and Special Education, 1992). In 1907,
Witmer founded the journal The Psychological Clinic, which included research, case studies, and
news items. He published the article Clinical Psychology, which talked about the individuality of
children and how they could reach their full potential. While evaluating children at the clinic,
Witmer realized that he needed to observe the children extensively, and the clinic was too small. In
1908, he built a hospital school for treating mentally ill children. This school is the idea that he
presented to the APA back in 1896 (McReynolds, 1987). Witmer constantly stressed the importance
of the individual human being and made sure that the hospital school was a home for the children
where they were treated as human beings. When an individual came to the hospital, four exams
were done: family and developmental history, general history, a mental exam, and an evaluation to
see what services they would need. From that exam, the child would be labeled curable or incurable.
When trying to make the children's diagnosis, Witmer realized that the different people he needed
for his

Forensic Psychology
Discussion Question One Hugo Münsterberg was a pioneer in applying psychology to many areas
outside of a laboratory. In his clinical work, Münsterberg sought to treat the symptoms of abnormal
behavior, rather than discover what may have created the reasons for the symptoms (Hergenhahn &
Henley, 2014). In this way he differed from others in this time period, such as Freud, which he did
not seem to agree with. Münsterberg was the first that we know about to apply methods and
principles of psychology to dealings of law, thereby bringing about forensic psychology
(Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014). He used psychology in many aspects of legal matters, including
interrogation by police, the fallibility of eyewitnesses, and even detailed a machine to detect ...
Behavior that is harmful, unrealistic thoughts and awareness, emotions that are incongruous to a
situation, and behavior that is erratic or unpredictable are persistent characteristics of mental illness
(Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014). Acts that harm either an individual, or another person, and which do
not conform to cultural or societal values are generally seen deviating from normal behavior. This is
also true of emotions that do not fit with a certain setting or cultural venue. An example would be
public executions, since at various times in history such an event would sometimes be viewed as a
time for frivolity or at least a superficial interpretation of death. In many current societies this would
be seen as departing from normal behavior. The main factor of whether or not unpredictable
behaviors or improbable beliefs and observations will be seen as abnormal largely depend on the
degree to which they are displayed. At times, leaders and visionaries are seen as unpredictable or
have a belief that is not supported by the rest of society, but how much these thoughts or behaviors
are seen as deviate will

The Psychodynamic Approach
With Wilhelm Wundt opening the first experimental psychology lab in 1879, psychology could
emerge as its own discipline. From being a branch of philosophy understood as 'Experimental
Philosophy' Wundt enabled psychology to become what we know of it today being the scientific
study of the human mind's functions, especially those affecting behaviours. Following Wundt's lab
opening different approaches and perspectives began to arise as psychology developed. Sigmund
Freud published 'The Interpretation of Dreams' in the 1900s; establishing the psychodynamic
approach, John B. Watson writing 'Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It' and BF Skinner
establishing the behaviourist approach in 1913, Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow developing the
humanistic approach in the 1950s, the cognitive approach came with the cognitive revolution ...
The Psychodynamic Approach describes the different forces (most being unconscious) that operate
on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience. This approach is closely associated with
the work of Freud as he suggested that we are only aware of the conscious mind which is only the
'tip of the iceberg' with the unconscious making up most of the mind. Freud claimed that childhood
experiences effect how we are as adults. Freud states that we pass through five stages (the
psychosexual stages) and if we experience trauma or excessive pleasure in any of these it will reflect
in

The Cognitive Revolution In The 1950s And 1960s
The changes in how different psychological processes were identified and understood in the 1950s
and 1960s is what many refer to as the "cognitive revolution." The introduction of research in
problems that have already been met – for instance, studying problems of memory and decision
making – led to the new approach of theorizing. The cognitive revolution focused on just a couple
of key concepts. One idea that stemmed during the cognitive revolution is that the science of
psychology cannot direct study the mental world. Another idea that grew during the cognitive
revolution was that in order to understand behavior, the science of psychology has to study the
mental world (Cognition, pg. 8). Research performed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
concluded that the only way to study thoughts is to introspect, or examine one's own thoughts and
feelings, to observe and record content of their personal minds and understand the sequence of their
own experiences. This proved to be a difficult task, nonetheless. Wundt and Titchener believed that
introspectors would need to be carefully trained. The training included being given a vocabulary to
describe what they observed, taught to be as careful and complete as possible – reporting solely on
their experiences, with as little personal interpretation as possible. Concerns grew with this style of
research over the years. Investigators were forced to acknowledge that some thoughts are
unconscious, which would mean that

The Behavioral Perspective Of Psychology

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