New Technology In Europe During The 15Th And 16Th Century

New Technology In Europe During The 15th And 16th Century
Throughout the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th century there were many new ideas and
technologies that became popular and helped Europe grow and expand. Some examples of new
technology that emerged during the 15th and 16 century are: the movable printing press created by
Johann Gutenberg. Another example is that during this time the Europeans began to make and
improve their maps. They also created the compass and made improvements to their boats which
made for safer and faster travels. If it were not for this new technology Europe would not have been
able to gain wealth and power as fast as it did.
First, the invention of the printing press helped to expand Europeans exploration. It allowed Europe
a way to mass produce books and other literature. This was very important for their exploration
because everyone soon became literate and everyone began to get more knowledgeable. The
printing press also allowed Europe to spread their new information and finding with other countries.
The printing press would expose some of Europe's findings and other countries would soon learn the
knowledge that Europe had, like their maps. When the word would get out everyone would put their
knowledge with this new knowledge and this is where the better maps would come from. If it were
not for the printing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their boats were now faster, stronger, and could hold more stuff. This was huge for the Europeans.
Since they were faster that means that they could do the same amount of exploration as before but in
less time which in the end means more exploring. Also the improvements made the boat easier to
control and navigate. The new and improved European ships could also hold more cargo which
allowed them to bring more stuff back with them, like crops and gold. If it were not for these
improvements made to their ships the Europeans would have been traveling at the same slow and
inefficient
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The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century...
The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery?
Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement.
The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along
with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the
Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957.
The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered
in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960's the map was bought and donated to Yale University where
it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of
medieval Africa, Asia, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these three methods is microscopy, used most notably by Walter C. McCrone. As
defined by McCrone, microscopy is "the use of any tool or technique that allows us to identify
microscopic objects." This includes the use of the light microscope as well as more advanced types
of microscopes such as the electron microscope and x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976, p. 676 A).
McCrone's methods using microscopy were desirable because they allow observations to be made
on small samples so that no visible damage is done to the item being tested. When testing the
Vinland Map, McCrone used a small needle with rubber cement on the tip to pick up ink particles.
Particles were then observed, first using an optical stereo microscope, and then observed more
closely with a series of more advanced microscopic techniques such as the electron microscope and
x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976).
The second method, used by Donahue, Olin, and Harbottle in their testing of the Vinland Map is
radiocarbon dating (Donahue, Olin, Harbottle, 2000). Radiocarbon dating is based on the decay of a
specific carbon isotope known as 14C. All organisms contain 14C and once an organism dies,
scientists are able to measure how much 14C has decayed in an organism. By measuring this rate of
decay, scientists are able to date the age of an organism (Higham). Since the Vinland Map is drawn
on

Start of The Renaissance in Italy During the 15th Century...
Start of The Renaissance in Italy During the 15th Century
The word Renaissance means rebirth. It was a period when people rediscoverd learning and looking
back to the classical civilizations of Rome and Greece for their inspiration. It was an exciting time
of new inventions and amazing discoveries, magnificent buildings and beutiful art. My aim in this
essay, is to explain why the Renaissance started in Italy during the 15 century. In this essay I will
talk about; The growing wealth of Italy, divided Italy, the classical period, humanists, trade and
exploration.
The main reasons of why the Renaissance started in Italy during the 15th century were the growing
wealth of italy because the history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ancient ideas about beuty– of mind, body and spirit, led on to a new philosophy, known as
humanism, which challenged the teachings of the medieval Church. Renaissance thinkers made
human beings, and human achivements, their main concern. They cared more about life in this
world, than about eternity. Most humanists did not reject altogether. But now they believed that, in
some ways, humans could be perfect, and almost equal to God. The discoveries by Renaissance
scholars in subjects as different as atonomy, music and maths all helped humanists. Scholars
considered shapes, such as squares and circles, to be mathematically perfect. They were delighted
that Roman architect Vitruvius had suggested that a perfect human body was naturally in harmony
with these perfect mathematical forms. They took this harmony as evidenve of a 'grand design', by
which the univese had been formed. Michaelangelo intended his painting to be more than just a
picture: it is a statement of humanist beliefs in the power and beuty of humankind. Michaelangelo
believed that without God, Adam could not live. Even so, he has portrayed him as strong, relaxed
and unafraid. Michaelangelo's painting shows us that, for some Renaissance artists,

15th Century BCE Phoenicia
Communication is the imparting or exchanging of information or news, whether it is orally or
written. In 15th century BCE Phoenicia, Phoenicians created their alphabet from the Proto–
Canaanite alphabet after straying from their original cuneiform script. The Phoenician alphabet was
the first alphabet widely–used as it spread beyond the Mediterranean. Many other languages' origin
can be traced back to this very alphabet. Another example of communication is the postal service
installed in 540 BCE by Cyrus of the Persian Empire. At this point in time the Persian Empire
stretched 3,000 kilometers east to west and 1,500 kilometers north to south, so Cyrus had to find a
way to keep in touch with his large empire. By the time Darius took over the

15th Century Research Paper
ndia's Religion in the 15th Century India is a land of different religions which are characterized by
various religious practices and beliefs. The spiritual land of India has given birth to many religions.
These religions together form a subgroup and are known as Eastern religions. The people of India
have a strong belief in religion as they believe that they add meaning and purpose to their lives.
India practiced several religions during the 15th century. Hinduism is one type of religion in India
that exist in many forms and is not formally organized. The majority of the population in India
practice Hinduism which is the most ancient religion in the country. Some practitioners of this
religion call it Sanatan Dharam, a term popularized by Mahatma Gandhi. Ramayana and the
Bhagavad Gita are the holy books of the Hindus. The Hindus believe and practice the ... Show more
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It was believed to have been developed in the 6th century around the same time as Jainism.
Buddhism was founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama also known as 'Buddha'. The Buddhists
constitute only a small portion of the population of the country. They believe in the concepts of
Samsara, Karma and Rebirth, and practice the teachings of Buddha. Buddhism believes in attaining
enlightenment through love, kindness and wisdom. The Buddhists believe in devotion which is also
an important part of their practice of this religion. Pilgrimage, bowing, chanting and offerings are
some of the devotional practices followed by the Buddhists. Buddhism also consist of the four noble
truths; suffering is an ingrained part of existence, the origin of suffering is craving for sensuality,
acquisition of identity and annihilation, suffering can be ended and following the Noble Eightfold
Path is the means to end suffering. The Noble Eightfold Path is right view, right intention, right
speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right

Art From The 15th-18th Century
Throughout the vast history of art, historians can find connections throughout the centuries. Artists
from the beginning of humankind have been inspired by the world around them. From the Apollo 11
stones to present day, history and culture have provided inspiration and have been the focus of
various pieces. Examining artwork from the 15th–18th century, viewers can be shown a whole
world that would be unknown to us without these artist's contributions. History, religion, and
cultural events have sculpted the art world, and we can observe this through many pieces during the
15th–18th centuries. Observing art from the earlier periods of time, religion and culture were the
driving forces behind the creation of art. Ancient African artwork shows humans using their
surroundings and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The artist, Robert Campin and his disciples, incorporated the patrons of this piece, on the left panel.
The two figures pictured were the patron and his wife, which was supposed to connect the viewers
with the piece and Christianity as well. The trend of making the artwork more realistic appears
frequently, and artists did so through making the holy figures more humanly. Looking at earlier
pieces created in the Middle Ages, the Virgin Mary, Saints, and other holy figures were depicted as
on a higher, more heavenly level. Artists would elevate the feet, have them facing away from the
viewer, and be depicted as highly stylized. However, as shown in The Annunciation Triptych,
Campin and his workshop aspired for the viewers and the general public to feel more connected to
their religion. Altarpieces were used commonly in early European's homes, leading the artist to
create a typical household scene in the second panel where Mary and the angel were pictured. Thus
adding to the connection between the viewer and the Christian religion. Another altarpiece, the
Isenheim Altarpiece, shares similar

15th And 16th Century American Exploration Essay
The major motive behind 15th and 16th century exploration was trade, "European countries craved
easy access to African and Asian goods–silk, dyes, perfumes, jewels, sugar, gold, and especially
spices" (12). Europeans wanted to develop a transoceanic trade route to can better more direct
access to African and Asian goods. Spices were incredibly desirable and exotic in Europe at the time
and so very valuable. Spreading Christianity was a secondary motive for many explorations.
Explorers and colonizers hoped that converting non–Christians would help further, "increase their
nation's wealth via direct trade with Africa, China, India, and the Moluccas" (12).
Contact with Europeans had profound impact on the culture of the native peoples they encountered.
Nearly every outcome of the European encounters was bad for the native people, "The initial impact
of Europeans on the Americas proved devastating in just decades" (25). Europeans brought with
them diseases and new plants and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Europeans, Africans and Americans all traded livestock and crops. American crops were stronger
and higher yielding than European crops. Americans were able to obtain livestock from the
Europeans and Africans. Overtime all peoples were able to learn to grow, raise, and eat each others
crops and livestock, and eventually "The diets of all three peoples were enriched, helping the
world's population to double over the next three hundred years" (19). The European introduction of
horses also brought about a change in some American cultures, particularly those which inhabited
the great plains. The Americans of the great plains, "from hunting combined with some farming and
gathering, to almost exclusively hunting buffalo as their primary form of subsistence" (27). This
trade was not all good for the native culture as some Americans "abandoned their traditional
economies and became partially dependent on others for

Motivation For European Exploration In The 15th And 16th...
Exploration Essay European exploration wasn't only entirely based of one motivation in the 15th
and 16th century. Although many voyages of discovery were started in search of wealth, religion
was also a big reason for exploring other continents. Religion wasn't the main motivation for
European exploration in the 15th and 16th century. Instead, the main motivation was economic
motives, which was closely followed by religion, and to a lesser extent was technological
developments. The main motivation of European exploration was economic motives. People were
beginning to become more interested in traveling by sea to reach Asia and Africa and all their
riches(Duiker,494). The spice trade was what linked Europe to Asia, and the gold trade linked
Europe to Africa. Furthermore, in the 15th and 16th centuries, as the economy and purchasing
power of Europe developed and increased, the spice demand grew at a steady rate(Arnold,12).
Therefore, spices were one of the few things that made overseas trade possible. Europe did not have
very much gold to begin with, so ultimately the gold mines that they did possess were emptied.
After 1400, Europe started trading with the areas that produced gold, increasing their amount of
gold. Gold was very important to Europe, because not only was it used for decorations, but also
their currency. In 1500, Portugal was controlling the flow of gold to Europe, making Portugal much
wealthier(Buckler,500). Eventually, slaves were included in the gold

The Rise Of Witch-Hunting In 15th And 16th Century Europe
The Rise of Witch–Hunting in 15th and 16th Century Europe Following the Middle Ages, as the
Renaissance and Reformation began across Europe, an intense fear of witches was provoked among
citizens. Witches were characterized as individuals who were possessed by the Devil, and were
believed to be threats to the order and wellbeing of society. Individuals accused of witchcraft
endured trials that typically resulted in execution. Satanic worshipping was considered heresy, thus
was these executions were considered justified. While witch–hunting occurred throughout Europe,
the most prevalent areas were regions of Germany, as well as other Protestant areas such as
Switzerland, England, and Denmark. Although individuals were often persecuted as witches out of a
fear of the unknown that sparked mass hysteria in the Renaissance, the desire for religious
conformity to Christianity throughout the Reformation and the exploitation of fear as a means of
political control also lead to an increase in persecutions throughout the 15th and 16th centuries.
Ultimately, the witch trials throughout Europe were the result of hysteria following shifting social
ideals within the Renaissance. Following the Black Plague, Europeans began questioning existing
social structures, specifically religious standings. People sought new answers and began exploring
through science and the humanities. This period, known as the Renaissance, lead to an increase in
worldly knowledge, yet for some, threatened the

The Role Of Witchcraft In The 15th And 16th Century
During the 15th and 16th century, the term 'witchcraft' was common and spread all around Europe.
Witchcraft was believed to be a supernatural phenomenon that dictated many people's fears of the
world around them. Supernatural phenomena were the people's attempts to explain the good and bad
things that were happening around their towns. Due to their lack of knowledge in the medical field
and of the outside world, people used magic and witchcraft as a justification for disease or growing
crops (cite). Witches were believed to help the devil, using their powers to harm others. When the
witch scare spread around, people were afraid of their friends and neighbors who could potentially
be witches. The thought of not knowing who was a witch caused hysteria throughout many regions
in Europe (cite). Witches were commonly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Demonology and witchcraft have often been associated together, because people believed that
witches had ties with demons and the devil. Witches were believed to be servants that carry out the
duties of the devil. Witchcraft originally connected to demonology through the inherent belief that
humans were naturally wicked and weak. Around the 17th century, it was a popular belief that
humans could be manipulated by supernatural means such as demons and witches. Witches were
said to be identified by a certain mark on their bodies (Cornell University Library). Other tactics
used to find a witch were throwing her in water and seeing if she would drown, and pricking them
and seeing if she would flinch or not. Witch trials often were tried in secular or ecclesiastical courts
during the 15th to 17th centuries. The majority of the tried witches were women, and unfortunately,
people believed "witchcraft was also thought to run in families...[of] in those of lower domestic
servants" (cite). Witchcraft, especially the branch of demonology, was seen as a threat to the
Catholic

15th Century Rafts Research Paper
"Remember: Stay in the raft!" Louis, a medium–built man reminded our tour group as his matted
mane swept across his chiseled face. The tour group consisted of my family of five (from a small
town in northwest Minnesota) who were up in southwest Idaho for a sun–drenched summer family
vacation and an engaged couple who lived just a quarter tank away from the area. Although the
1,000–mile–plus distance, we appeared to be part of the same family tree, all with our sweet latte
hair glistening in the sun. The branches especially extended when we had our picture taken in our
black, ridiculous wetsuits and our blaze–orange helmets. Finally. It was finally time for us to
venture this water–rushing obstacle.
Earlier that day we arrived one hour before our planned departure. A beaten–up boxed bus, rustier
than an old tetanus nail, picked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bumps and bruises emerged from these 15th–century rafts (probably the same ones Christopher
Columbus owned). While looking like a sixth–grade project, the black patches worked like Band–
Aids patching up the mustard rubber base. The rafts comfortably held eight people, even with the
extra luxuries. The Lays Sour Cream & Onion chips, the 12–pack of Dr. Pepper, and the first aid kit
were stored in the waterproof compartments with netting (acting as a security blanket) to prevent
items from falling out just in case the raft tipped upside down. This rarely happens though, our
instructor frequently reminded us. The rafts will remain sturdy enough to ride across the jagged
rocks, yet flexible to maneuver through the rocky maze as flawlessly as an Olympic gymnast. The
sturdy structure was meant to keep our white–water adventure as safe as possible.
After about 45 minutes of intriguing instructions, we finally departed. I hopped into the raft as I felt
the cold water seep through my water shoes. Once everyone was secured into the raft and life vests
bolted on, we headed down

The Causes Of The Witch Craze In The 15th Century
A woman was once looked upon as a healer, ancient persist, mid wife, therapist, cook, sever of
goddess, a positive figure, etc. As time went on, women were not seen as they were originally
portrayed. Women were eventually viewed as a witch. Each culture had a different perception on
what a witch looked like, but each represented the same thing. In essence, the witch craze brought
about the "dark side" of a female. Some causes of "witch craze" in the fifteenth century would
include hallucinations, people not wanting to be tortured and people needing something to blame
misfortune on. Firstly, hallucinations occur as a result of the induction of hallucinogens into the
blood stream. Some people have always wondered how witches got the stigma of being able to fly.
During the witch craze, drugs were popular. With the hot topic of witch's, people who used drugs,
hallucinated witches being able to fly. When there is a lot of pressure and tension is high around a
person, some people use drugs to find an escape. By finding an escape, people made up being able
to see witches fly or, just wanted to be known by telling others a fib to bring attention to ones' self.
For those who don't use drugs, they are highly influenced by the people who do use them, making
them paranoid and susceptible to believe anything they hear. In the 1600's, the deception was how
people saw witches flying around on a broomstick. Because drugs and witches were a popular trend,
people added on to the lie of

Five Kingdoms In The 15th Century
During the 15th century, there were five kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula, but eventually became
two by the early 16th century. Since the 12th century, Portugal had been an independent kingdom;
the turning point in the kingdom was in the 15th century when Isabella of Castile tied the knot with
Ferdinand of Aragon and resulted in uniting Castile and Aragon. Isabella and Ferdinand's first target
was Granada; the only Islamic state left from the once powerful Al–Andalus. This step was a
necessary for consolidating their power and for religious uniformity. By 1492, Granada was under
their control; their objective was to have a kingdom with only Christians. They gave the Jews four
months to accept Christianity and if they did not they would be

Discipline In Medieval Age: 5th To 15th Century
Discipline is obeying the superior authority, accepting what is normal in family, society, country,
and even the world. The world works the way they do because of the discipline. There are two types
of discipline, internal and external. Internal discipline comes from oneself, for example, when a
person wants to discipline their self to respect everyone they meet. Internal discipline is when a
person accepts to control their self, and refrain from certain things. External discipline is often
enforced by the superior authority, usually by the governments. To better illustrate discipline I will
be using these words; Medieval Age: 5th to 15th century; deviate: to go against the normal; sodomy:
an act of having anal or oral sex.
The United States

Machu Picchu: A 15th-Century Inca Site
Machu Picchu is a 15th–century Inca site located in the Cusco Region, Urubamba Province,
Machupicchu District in Peru. It is situated on a mountain ridge at 7,970 ft above sea level, over the
Sacred Valley, where the Urubamba River flows. It is believed that the palaces, temples, plazas and
homes may have been built as a ceremonial site or a royal estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti. The
Incas built the site around 1450, but abandoned it in 1572 due to the Spanish Conquest. It is possible
that most of the inhabitants died from smallpox brought by travelers before the Spanish
conquistadors arrived in the area. The conquistadors had notes of a place called "Piccho" but there is
no evidence of the Spanish ever visited the city. Even though Machu ... Show more content on
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The more than 700 terraces preserved soil, promoted agriculture, and served as part of an extensive
water distribution system that conserved water and limited erosion on the steep slopes. Additionally,
Machu Picchu seems to lie at the center of a network of related sites, and many landmarks both
man–made and natural appear to align with astronomical events like the solstice sunset. Some
experts say that fewer than a thousand individuals lived here, which means that this accomplishment
benefited few people. (2) Archaeologists have identified several distinct sections that make up the
city, including a farming area, a residential neighborhood, a royal district and a sacred area. Machu
Picchu's most iconic structures include the Temple of the Sun and the Intihuatana stone, a sculpted
granite rock that is believed to have functioned as a solar clock or calendar. (3)
Machu Picchu is a very important site in archaeological history. The site is a impressive feat for the
time, especially considering how few people probably benefited from it. Its also impressive because
it was left alone for so long, meaning the artifacts and site itself wasn't tampered with too much over
time, giving researchers a better chance of collecting accurate data. And finally, the site is a sign of
how socially complex and organized the Incas were at this

Authors Rights In The 15th Century
n the early 15th century, authors received minimal recognition for their original works. Authors
received no compensation for the reproduction of their original works, and publication companies
gathered all of the fruits of the author's labor. In 1710, The British parliament enacted the Statute of
Anne which granted exclusive protection to the original author of any given work, in addition to
granting them the power to control reproduction of their work. This was monumental for authors
because up until this point, British authors were all subject to piracy, where publication companies
would copy work that did not belong to them, and often times change the meanings of what the
author intended. For the first time, authors had legal protection and the power to stop others from
copying their work. This became known as copyright. Following this, the drafters of the US
Constitution mirrored the statue of Anne and established authors' rights in Article 1, Section 8, ...
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The Copyright Act of 1909, which would eventually be outdated by the Copyright Act of 1976
protected all published works between 1909 and 1978. Unpublished works were protected under
common law which meant that the rights would be determined by previous court cases. Under
copyright law, a work is published if copies or phonorecords are distributed to the public by sale or
other transfer of ownership or by rental, lease or lending. This was primarily based on the printing
press and its distribution of works which at the time was unfair to the original author. Due to
groundbreaking developments in technology in the next 60 years such as radio, television,
communication satellites, cable television, computers, photocopying machines, videotape recorders
etc., there was a dire need to reform the law to secure works now, and in the

Iberians And Indigenous People In The 15th To 16th Century
Death. Rape. Torture. Enslavement. These were some of the horrific tragedies Indigenous peoples
endured as Iberians during the 15th to 16th century entered and ravaged their world. As the Spanish
empire spread their colonies into the Americas, many Indigenous peoples suffered the wake of the
Spanish thirst for power and profit. Iberians depicted the Indigenous peoples as naïve and inferior
because Iberians believed they were religiously and socially superior on the account of Christianity
and their assessment of a "civilized" culture. Caused by this superiority complex, the Indigenous
peoples were subjected to many hardships. Iberians had many preconceived ideas of the Indigenous
peoples but had accepted them as likewise subjects of the crown if they accepted Christianity.
Iberians had new found respect for the Indigenous peoples as they had established advanced
societies and ways of life, blaming "bad" religion as their only hamartia. Many Iberians, specifically
Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer who is falsely credited with the discovery of the
Americas, believed, "...they would easily be made Christians [because]...they had no creed" (RR, p.
11). Hence, they presumed Indigenous peoples needed guidance as they were capable of redemption
and conversion. As a result of the arrival of the Portuguese in Brazil, Iberians went as far as to paint
one of the first appearances of an Indigenous person in a European painting. In the painting, "Magi
in Brazil" by Vasco Fernandes

Reformation In 15th Century Europe
Reformation
In the 15th century Europe was controlled by the religious faction of the papacy. Anything done
against the papacy, more importantly the Pope, ended with the person, or country, being
excommunicated. Excommunication was an act of condemning or forsaking an individual to hell.
Only the Pope could forgive and allow them to be redeemed. Selling of indulgences was also
another common practice that the papacy used during the time. They required all Catholics pay
tribute to the papacy and in return they were granted salvation. During this time there were little to
no free thinkers, due to the fear brought about by the papacy. Only a few individuals dared to
question the Church. Individuals like Martin Luther.
Martin Luther was a Catholic

Essay on Global History from the 15th Century
July 24, 2012
Global History from the 15th Century (HS–242114)
Ron Davis: ID 483865
Events which occurred in the 1500s that began a new era in global connections are, Vasco da Gama
sailed across the Arabian Sea and found a cosmopolitan society in Calicut in southern India. Da
Gama's expedition also opened the door to direct maritime trade between European and Asian
peoples and helped to establish permanent links between the worlds's various regions. Ming
emperors sponsored expeditions that visited all parts of the Indian Ocean basin. Merchant and
military vessels established an Ottoman presence throughout the Indian Ocean. Between 1400 and
1800, European mariners launched exploratory voyages to nearly all of the earth's waters. ... Show
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John Locke (1632–1704), Adam Smith and Francois–Marie Arouet (1694–1778) were major
historical Enlightenment thinkers. Francis–Marie Arouet writing under the pen name Voltaire
championed individual freedom and attacked institutions sponsoring intolerant or oppressive
politics.
Classic liberalism is a political ideology that advocates limited government constitutionalism, rule
of law, due process, individual liberties including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and
free markets. The Age of Enlightenment was a cultural movement of intellectuals in Europe and the
United States, whose purpose was to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted science
and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition, intolerance and abuses by church and state.
European states ended the Thirty Years' War with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which laid the
foundations for a system of independent, competing states. They also mutually recognized their
rights to organize their domestic and religious affairs and agreed that political and diplomatic affairs
were to be conducted by states acting in their own interests.
Nationalism can be traced to the nineteenth century, European peoples came to identify strongly
with communities they called nations. Members of a nation considered themselves a distinctive
people that spoke a common language, observed common customs, inherited common cultural
conditions, held common values, and shared common

Development And Evolution Of Ballet In The 15th And 16th...
Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries. Court musicians
and dancers collaborated to make flowy dances. These were just the roots, if you were to watch a
tape of this early form of ballet (which you can't) you would notice that it looks absolutely nothing
like anything that you see today. Every ballet of the time was not choreographed and often had the
audience partake in the festivities. As the 15th century went on Ballet evolved into choreographed
steps and the dance was more often being used at aristocrats weddings and anniversaries. One of the
most famous choreographers and dancers of the time was a man by the name of Domenico da
Piacenza, he with his students created some of the first recognizable ballet numbers. There were
others after him who had similar roles in the development and evolution of Ballet. The dance had
then moved with the Aristocrats of the time to France where another big stage of evolution occurred.
As it moved to France it made a jump from wedding performances to large theatre shows. The king
at the time; Louis the 14th developed a true passion towards the art and set aside ministers and other
officials solely in charge of Ballet. Many Italian choreographers had traveled to France to follow
their passion and had trouble mixing in with the French appointed choreographers and dancers. At
the time many of the Italian choreographer's shows would not sell well and the dancers would often
go on strike. This

15th And 16th Century: Chapter Summary And Analysis
In the 15th and 16th century, the motives behind the European explorations was that as chapter 1
"Three Old Worlds Create a New" explains that the "European countries craved the easy access to
the African and Asian goods like silks, dyes, perfumes, jewels, golds, and especially spices for
cooking and possibly medicine for the sick." There was the possible concern for the spreading of the
religion of Christianity in the world, which supplemented economic motives. In the 15th century,
the Europeans were establishing a trade with Africa, Asia, and the Natives. While doing this the
Europeans were trying to convert the "heathens" to Christianity, their dominant religion.
The motives that the European exploration reflected an advanced civilization than their Native
Americans counterparts is that the Europeans were not isolated like the Native Americans. The
Native Americans were cut off from the world and were not exposed to a European lifestyle.
Europeans owned or leased separate landholding, but worked in the fields as a community. The
Native Americans didn't own their own land, they would travel, until they started to grow their own
food, then some would stay in one place, while other Natives would travel to a different ... Show
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The Europeans would trade with Africa since it was under the control of Portugal. Africans had both
men and women that were in control. Africans also practiced Polygyny. Polygyny is one man to
several wives. The Europeans had the same kind of Kingdoms that Africans had, but they notably
had a queen that would have power by birthright. Africans had enslavement, which would be used to
punish criminal, but also it would be used keep their enemy's captive. The Europeans would buy the
slaves and use them in

Witchcraft in the 15th century Essay
In this paper, I will explore many aspects of the outbreaks of the witch accusations and witch trials
which plagued England and the rest of Europe from approximately 1450 to 1750. Though numerous
theories have been provided as to the reasons for these hunts and trials, there are three which are the
most prevalent, and able to support themselves. These three theories are the topics of: gender, as a
stepping stone towards the oppression of women; social class, as a relief of tension and stress
formed by the socio–economic gaps between the wealthy and the poor; and finally religion, as a
result of the encouragement to conform more steadily towards one religion. I chose to argue towards
the third theory I have stated, that of the religious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Leaving the gender issue for a moment, and addressing the possible relevancy of social class as a
means for the witchcraft, one must appreciate the fact that this is a heavily politicized theory as
well, though I do find that it has more backbone than the gender theory. Those theorists who wished
to solidify the reasons behind this craze, and not leave them floating in the heavens, attempted to
ground their beliefs by transferring the blame to the socio–economic gaps between the villagers.
They blamed the increasingly widening bridge that separated the poor from the rich, and the
peasants from the noblemen. Unfortunately, this theory, or at least the most groundbreaking strides
towards it, emerged in the 1970s as well. The two leading theorists on this approach were Alan
Macfarlane and Keith Thomas. They believe these acts to be as much a purging of unwanted
vagabonds and other drainages on the economy as a genuine fear of witchcraft. As Sharpe states on
pages 43 to 44, "elderly women were more likely than men to be economically, and socially
marginalized within the village community." This expanding of the boundaries of a caste system
which Macfarlane and Thomas theorized has occurred numerous times throughout history. The
1960s were a period, not strictly in

History And History Of The Renaissance In The 15th Century
15th Century Without the 15th century the world would look majorly different than it does today.
The King and Queens, explorers, and strong religious followers made decisions that they never even
knew were going to change the world and how people would live on earth in the future. The 15th
Century was a century of discoveries, political, and social changes. It would be a century that would
make the world a smaller place. The 15th Century would go from the Middle Ages to the early
Renaissance. Massive events happened in the 15th century that changed the world in many ways. It
was the century of internal squabbles amongst countries to the exploring of the unknowns. The 15th
Century was a very exciting period of history, like when Spain discovered North America, Europe
discovered new trade routes to China, and England rose to power. In 1492 Christopher Columbus
from Spain would discover North America and because of that he changed the world (Heilbrunn
Timeline of Art History). The culture of North America at the time when he discovered was very
rural and basic very different from Spain. There were many different tribes of Indians in North
America and many different languages (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). The Indian tribes were
led by Chiefs and councils and Spain was ruled by kings. Christopher Columbus was sent on his
journey by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain ( Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). A
monarch type government, typical of the rest of the

Machiavellian Monarchies Of The 15th Century
Machiavellian Monarchies of the 15the Century To be "Machiavellian" means to follow the theories
of Machiavelli on what makes an effective sovereign. These were principles such as being feared by
the people, using military to gain power and diplomacy. Additionally that virtues and vices are only
a means to an end. I agree with the statement that the 15th century kingdoms of Europe such as
England, France were Machiavellian in action. The monarch in the 15th century under Henry VII, a
Machiavellian King established the Tudor dynasty in England. He used war to take control at the
end of the War of Roses. This was very Machiavellian of him because of how Machiavelli believed
that all great states are formed from war. In a ruthless

15th Century England Parliament
Development of the English Parliament from the 12th through 15th Centuries
Quinton Hawkins
HIST 1613, WESTERN CIVIL TO 1500
November 16, 2015
The 12th through 15th centuries in England were times of constant internal strife and tyrannical
rulings of kings. The kings of England were known for creating new taxes to fund their military
conquests, unjustly taking people's property, and imprisoning innocent people. To prevent this the
barons of England would join together to try adivse the King; these groups of nobles would later
form the second body of the English government known as parliament. The parliament in its early
stages was ill–prepared and caused more problems than it actually fixed. From over taxation and the
starting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
English Parliament. Magna Carta Spielvogel Western Civilization Volume A:To 1500 eighth edition
(2012), 277.
2. Jean Froissart. "The Hundred Years' War," Spielvogel Western Civilization Volume A: To 1500
eighth edition (2012), 317.
Secondary Literature
1. Goodman, Anthony. The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97.
London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul (1981).
2. Harris, G.L. "War and the emergence of the English Parliament" Journal of Medieval History
2(1976). 321–341. Elsevier Ltd
3. Hicks, Michael. Richard III and His Rivals: Magnates and Their Motives in the Wars of the
Roses. The Hambledon Press 1991.
4. Hudson, John. The Formation of English Common Law: Law and Society in England from the
Norman Conquest to the Magna Carta. New York: Routledge (2014).
5. Maddicott, J.R. "The Origins of the English Parliament," English Historical Review CXXVI
(520) (2011), 636–638. Oxford University Press.
6. Simpkin, David. "The English 'Proto–Gentry' in the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II," History
Compass Vol. 10 Issue 12 (2012), 918–929. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
7. Gillespie, David S. "The Black Death and the Peasants' Revolt: A Reassessment" Humboldt
Journal of Social Relations (1975).4–13. Department of Sociology, Humboldt State

15th Century Chapter Summaries
I have been aware of the Chinese voyages in the 15th Century for several years, I read a book
written by a British Naval Officer on the Chinese cross ocean voyages of the 15th Century.
Although I now find that some people find the above mentioned book to be fiction, I find that
description fits in with my current thinking on history in general. This story and history as a whole
can be more about the story teller than the story. Historians not only find themselves recording,
discovering, and interpreting history, but they must guard against judging what they decide to pass
on to society.
History is written in the context of a given time, it can be helpful to compare history to other times
and cultures in order to find some balance of thinking. However coercion is also at play whenever
history is told. Those that win wars, whether on the battlefield, oceans, or the minds of people, are
the ones that write history. The Confucian scholars of Zheng He's time chose ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
From Kristof's point of view, 500 years after the facts very little was left of the written or visual
record as the Chinese destroyed the records of He's voyages, and time wore away any evidence of a
wrecked Chinese ship of the coast of Pate. Kristof was left with his visual interpretations of how he
thought the locals of Pate resembled Oreintal peoples, it would seem that a DNA test would have
spoke to the historical record in determining the connection between the African people of pate and
China. Kristof, decided that the Chinese missed an opportunity to control the world, had a culture of
complacency and were beset by economic stagnation. It may be that the Chinese took the
opportunity to be at relative peace with the world, and not viewed as oppressors. It may be that the
Chinese in power of Zheng He's time decided not only to not to follow in the path of world
conquest, but they may have had the foresight to see the obstacles on that

Reasons Of The European Expansion In The 15th Century
The European Expansion was motivated purely by the religious rivalries among the European
powers. European nations in the 15th century began exploring new lands with three motives:
religion, wealth, and glory. It was made possible by advances in naval fleet building and navigation,
first pioneered by the Portuguese. Europeans began to be involved in extensive exploration, coming
in contact with Africa, Americas and their prime target Asia. The main targets of the pioneering
Portugese and Spanish was to find and alternate trade route for the Indies trade and also promote
Christianity to the new lands. As the century unfolded, the search for newer territories to colonize
and shortern routes to the exotic land of spices and silk became the initial driving force for the
intensive early exploration by the Europeans . Religious motives of the 'Old Land' of Europe's
exploration can be traced back to the days of the Crusades down to the 11th and 15th century, where
the European Christians tried to invade and claim the city of Jerusalem from its Muslim control. The
struggle between the Islamic rule and the European Christians planted the ideology of 'Reconquista'
in the latter's religion. It influenced the Christian religion with an air of religious intolerance. With
the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, European Catholic's interests in colonizing newer
lands and declare global dominance earned a new momentum. And strong Catholic nations of Spain
and Portugal were the

Spanish Expansion: During The 15th And 16th Century
Unit 2
Terms:
Spanish Expansion – During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Spanish heavily expanded into North
and South America, beginning with the conquests of the Aztec and the Inca. Christopher Columbus
began this great expansion, when he landed on the Bahamas and claimed it for Spain. The
expansions were led by Spanish Conquistadores. Spain was becoming a dominant power, and
therefore the motive was their expansion was for even more wealth, trade, and spread of
Christianity. To do this, they set up missionaries to further expand their religion and to develop a
work force of American Indians.
Christopher Columbus – An Italian who, with the backing of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
sailed across the Atlantic and landed on the Bahamas,

Essay On 15th Century American Education
When we mention the 15th century personally, I look at that particular part of history as the bridge
between the previous middle ages and the early Renaissance. A physician by the name Cardano
insisted that people with hearing differences can nevertheless; be provided with education. The
hearing impaired is capable of thinking as well. Being that the 15th century, only has two parts of
Europe, that's a small example how what we know today as simple minds, our ancestors was about
the time, being that the rule of the government was so simple.It brought an ordinance and sometimes
structure irrational, leaving people whom aren't "normal" to go without at time and education. For
the hearing or visually impaired one of those unfortunate mishaps was understood they were
incapable of learning so for Cardano to oppose the natural state of being was appreciated highly for
those in need.Not very much liked by superiors who classified the government so they opposed by
all means to not look weak until Cardano's method proved itself. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Back, then people brought in assumptions that left Deaf children without education.Being different
in todays society can be considered a crime to some people. It's nothing wrong with being different
we are all created different in some way. As to modern–day society, people often proven upon
people that aren't in their normal or just like them, There looked at to be less than "special" or a
waste of time because of the amount of extra effort they require.People now–a–days don't hesitate to
belittle a person because a situation that beyond that person control.Come to find out, in some cases,
people arent mentally intelligent enough to comprehend how to compassionate or when to be
kindhearted. So, if it comes off misleading as if its some sort of humorous

Conditions In 15th Century Europe
At the turn of the 15th century, the conditions in Europe went from plague, a smaller population, a
lack of knowledge, and provincial learning to economic prosperity, enlightenment, and centralized
power that was brought about by the renaissance and the new monarchs. The first condition in
Europe that led to exploration was the Renaissance. The Renaissance was the revival of classical art
and studies of Ancient Greece and Rome. What began first in Italy spread throughout Europe, and
inspired creative thinking. This was a push factor because the maps of ancient geographers and
work of Arab scholars motivated Europeans to learn more about the world and lands that existed
besides Europe.
As the Renaissance inspired new thinking and a greater focus in science, many great advancements
were made in technology that pushed them toward exploration. One major improvement was
maritime technology. For example, the Portuguese had crafted a new ship that used the European
hull with triangle sails from the Middle East. This made sailing easier in strong winds and currents.
Another advancement was the invention of the printing press. This allowed explorers to share
information about their travels. It also inspired other explorers to try to travel to the same or new
places. Due to all of the advancements in science, math, and geography the condition of Europe ...
The New Monarchs replaced the power of nobles who would tax peasants and start war as desired.
The New Monarchs were able to ends these wars and secure nation states. For instance, the Tudors
of England ended the War of Roses. In addition, they were also able to set up national taxes and
form armies. The centralization of power was a push factor because it allowed Europe to produce
the financial resources and military power needed to explore. European rulers also relied on trade to
finance their spending and maintain their

Johannes Gutenberg: Printing In Europe In The 15th Century
Johannes Gutenberg a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher as well as the man that
introduced printing in Europe in the 15th century. Before the use of the printing press, books in
Europe were typically handwritten while paper money, playing cards, posters etc. were made from
hand–carved wooden blocks, covered in ink and transferred to paper. Gutenberg's printing press
involved metal letters at the end of a metal shaft that could be produced in quantity, arranged, and
moved around so that mistakes could be corrected easily, and the type could be reused for the next
project. Both of the earlier methods of reproduction were expensive and time–consuming. The
combination of movable type, oil–based inks, and a workable press revolutionized European
bookmaking and spread rapidly across the continent and later the world. Today we know the
printing press as a modern day printer only more compact. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Of course we would most like figure out how making printing faster and I would assume that we
would care little metal letters and use something similar as they use in candy factories in which they
stamp chocolates with logos only more complex. I would also make the assumption that the price
for paper books would increase substantially making books double the

Exploration During The 15th And 16th Century
Exploration during the 15th and 16th century was mainly explorers trying to find a Direct route to
India and the Far East by sailing west from Europe in order to obtain spices such as pepper,
cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger and cloves they needed to do this because the Muslims had blocked the
regular eastern trade routes. One of the most important of the Spanish explores was Christopher
Columbus it is because of his voyages that Europeans arrived in the Americas. Columbus always
believed he had reached Asia but because he miscalculated he was only in the Caribbean islands and
the coast of Central America. Columbus made four voyages to this area on the third he was arrested
for false charges by Francisco de Bobadilla and sent home in chains.
Explorers

What Is The Most Important Invention Of The 15th Century?
The printing revolution of the 15th century was ignited by Johannes Gutenberg's invention that is
widely regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium. Printing enabled the
manufacturing of many books in a short time and at low cost, generating an enormous impact on
education, religion and mass media (Manchester, 2011). The first consequence to the novelty of
printing was its considerable contribution to the general public's literacy and education, including
the establishment of many universities. It brought major progress in book manufacturing, thus
satisfying a growing demand for information and knowledge. The increasing consumption of books
led to the emergence of a new form of reading: private and silent reading. Accordingly, a significant
rise in the adult literacy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the spread of printing machines in Europe, a new branch of media was born: "the printing
press", deriving its name from the actual enterprise of printing. Cutting the costs of books, it rapidly
expanded, within several decades, in a dozen European countries. By the end of the 15th century, it
circulated more than 20 million copies in Western Europe and rocketed up to 200 million copies in
the 16th century (Boundless, 2016). The relative low cost of newspapers allowed the mass media to
enter an industrial phase. With the abundance of readers and advertisers who gained access to large
crowds and rapid spread of information, newspaper costs were reduced and their owners became
less dependent on political parties (Environmental history, 2013). The claim that printing is the most
important invention of the second millennium might be an arguable one, nevertheless the consensus
is that it has been one of the most powerful inventions of the modern era. The spread of knowledge
and advances in science it brought laid the foundation for our way of

European Development Between The 5th And The 15th Century
Between the 5th and the 15th century, European development had dramatically changed. The middle
ages had sparked political, social, and economic growth. It created the foundation and change in
European development that can still be seen in this day and age. Economic growth was greatly
impacted by the influences of different nations and city states interactions. Expansion had grown
tremendously as people started spreading out throughout Europe. People were able to go into
craftsmanship and sell other good besides food. One major foundation that changed lives forever
was the domestication of plants and animals. This lead to people being able to control their
environment around them and create agriculture surplus through advances like crop rotation.

The Act Of Trading In The 15th Century
The act of trading has been a continuous thing throughout time, yet the way of trading has changed
because of technology. It is something that happened from the foundational era even to now. In the
early 15th century, trading became a big thing that was globalized. This was a time where you had
an object made in Russia in the Americas or a vase from India was in Europe. The chapter covers
the aspects of commerce in Afro–Eurasia and the Americas. The Americas began trade with Afro–
Eurasia because of Columbus' "discovery." This so–called discovery was made in order to change
with India. Things such as objects, ideas, and even diseases were traded in a way. When those from
parts of Asia came to Europe, the Black Plague was spread, killing Europe's

Mercantilism In The 15th Century
The 15th century saw a revolution in the history of the world. What we now know as the "Old
World" changed in every facet, from politics to economics to culture to the very fabric of society.
Though great change happened in abundance, each change was different for the multitude of
continents present. The greatest changes possibly occurred in respect to Europe, West Africa, and
the Americas. Europe experienced a complete overhaul of society. They moved away from societies
based on protection and moved more towards being ruled over by monarchs. They moved away
from services dependent on others and tried to focus more on mercantilism. Contrarily, West Africa
had stayed the same for many centuries. Slowly, empowering themselves over time they were ...
Nonetheless, trade played the most vital role. Trade was crucially important to the empire; there
could be no empires without it. Many goods used by the different civilizations present were not
produced locally. Two types of trading were important to the civilizations present in the Americas:
the local, regional markets where the goods that sustain daily life were traded and long–distance
luxury trades. Each was vital to the empire, but served different purposes. With most regional
markets, all kinds of utilitarian goods were sold, such as cloth, garden produce, food animals,
obsidian knives and tools, medicines, wood, leather, furs and animal skins, precious metals, gems
and pottery. Professional merchants, traveling long distances to obtain the luxury goods desired by
the nobility: feathers from tropical birds, rare gems or jewelry and pottery created by other
Mesoamerican cultures. Both were vital to the economies of Mesoamerican

Ruffles Go Way Back To The 15th Century
Ruffles, or "ruffs" go way back to the 15th century. The ruff was a wide pleated collar which was
meant to protect the outer garments from excessive wear and washing. Gradually, it grew larger and
became it's own independent garment. Those who wore ruffles were expected to be well privileged.
It was a symbol of status and wealth as not everyone could not afford it. Ruffs were highly luxurious
garments. Despite the fact that they started as a pattern for men's and women's apparel, starting with
Queen Elizabeth, they started to exaggerate ruffles to enhance their femininity and to represent their
powerful status. In time, the ruffle became less expensive and made way to modern day female
embellishments. Even though the voluminous skirts became

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