Nicotine Limitation

Nicotine Limitation
1) Cigarette smoking produces a strong dependence because of the drug nicotine. Nicotine is
responsible for producing the physical and mood–altering effects in one's brain that cause cigarette
smoking to be pleasing. These effects are the reasons individuals choose to continue to smoke more,
thus resulting in dependence. Furthermore, nicotine acts as a mild stimulant, which helps individuals
stay awake, focused, and relaxed. Nicotine is habit forming and causes unpleasant symptoms when
the body is lacking nicotine. "One can theoretically choose to stop using a drug, but one has a very
difficult time doing so because of the potent reinforcing properties of the substance. That is the case
with nicotine" (Hart & Ksir, 2015, p. 244).
2) The regulation
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Cigarettes And Nicotine
Tobacco's effects on the human body have been studied thoroughly for years. Both smokeless and
cigarettes cause all different kind of cancers.They also kill many family members and loved
ones.Nicotine is a drug that is used to get people to buy cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. The
companies that make the stuff try any way possible to get people to buy it . They advertise it to be
the most glamorous thing ever, but it is really deadly. Nicotine is highly poisonous chemical. As it
states in nicotine and cigarettes by Gina De Angelis in quantities smaller

Smoking And Nicotine Addiction
Smoking is addictive both physically and psychologically. The physical addiction can traced to the
nicotine in each cigarette. The psychological addiction is, in its own way, just as bad. Smoking
becomes second nature, like breathing. It seems hard to quit.
Stress is the main factor which trigger the smoking in the beginning and after when person addictive
to it.
In the central nervous system, nicotine causes apparent and immediate relief of anxiety through
neurochemical changes. When tobacco inhaled, nicotine enters the brain within ten seconds to
stimulate dopamine, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine. Through these actions, nicotine quickly
induces pleasure, improves mood, and enhances concentration and focus. Each cigarette provides
hundreds of rapidly fleeting nicotine hits that in turn cause short bursts of euphoria. The subjective
psychological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure all increase after nicotine use.Nicotine effect on
the HPA builds a trigger smoking continues; The levels of cortisol and epinephrine in the body
remain high with chronic HPA activation. The result is a blunted natural stress reaction that prevents
the body from responding appropriately to other stressors.
Although smokers generally believe that nicotine reduces their stress, the repeated dopamine
stimulation provides negative reinforcement of cigarette use. Chronic smoking leads to the
compulsion of greater use to try to minimize the anxiety that results from lower dopamine levels
when the nicotine effect wears off between cigarettes.
Smoking and nicotine addiction are aggravated by additional, outside sources of stress, higher
cigarette use during times of known external stressors. In addition, the body of a smoker develops
chronic physical health problems from nicotine damage that facilitate stress

Nicotine Effects On Health
Nicotine Effects on Health Smoking is the most avoidable cause of death. The drug nicotine is found
in tobacco, and the most common use of nicotine is in cigarettes. Filter cigarettes are the popular
form of nictoine in todays society, controlling over ninety percent of the U.S. cigarette market (Hart,
Carl L., et al., 2013). Nicotine can be absorbed through the mucous membranes. Additionally it can
cause, "lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive lung diseases (including
emphysema) (Hart, Carl L., et al.,2013). Nicotine can cause dependence, and often leads to smokers
modify smoking patterns to acqire more nicotine. However, smokers are not the only people who
suffer the consequences of smoke. Second handsmoke can cause lung

Nicotine Essay
In the world today, Nicotine is one of the most frequently used addictive drugs. The impact it has on
society is like no other. It is one of more than 4,000 chemicals found in the smoke of tobacco
products such as cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. This addictive drug is the primary component in
tobacco that acts on the brain.
Tobacco can be found two ways, it can be dried brown leaves of various sizes or it can be a grown
form of tobacco. When extracted from the leaves, nicotine is colorless, but quickly turns brown
when exposed to air. It then becomes a poisonous, pale yellow, oily liquid with a pungent odor and
acrid taste. The amount of nicotine contained in tobacco leaves ranges ... Show more content on
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When using the wet snuff it would be held either between your lips or between your gums and
cheek. The dried snuff is snorted up the nose and the chewing tobacco is chewed.
Nicotine has many various effects on the body. In small doses nicotine can serves as a stimulant,
entering the bloodstream and promoting the flow of adrenaline, a stimulating hormone. It also raises
the blood pressure and reduces the appetite, and it may cause nausea and vomiting.
Nicotine is addictive! Most smokers use tobacco regularly because they are addicted to the nicotine.
You can be addicted to the nicotine in a physical and physological addiction. Addiction is
characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, even if they are in the risk of health problems. It
is well documented that most smokers identify tobacco as harmful and express a desire to reduce or
stop using it, and nearly 35 million of them make a serious attempt to quit. Unfortunately, 7% of
those who try to quit in their own achieve more than 1 year of abstinence; most relapse within a few
days of trying to quit. Some of the other factors besides nicotine addictive properties include its high
level of availability, the small number of legal consequences of using the tobacco, and the
advertising methods used by companies. What most people do not realize is that the

Nicotine And Tobacco
Many people can have an increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease if exposed to other people's
smoke for extended periods of time; for example, the risk of developing lung cancer is increased by
about 20–30% in people who are regularly exposed to other people's cigarette smoke (Tidy).
Although many people want to have the right to do what they want, it may not be in everyones
consideration. Cigarettes contain nicotine, a highly addictive substance found naturally in tobacco. It
travels quickly to the brain when it is inhaled and can cause a feeling of temporary relaxation and/or
stress relief. Nicotine can also elevate your mood and your heart rate. But this feeling is only
temporary. After your body rids itself of the drug, you start ... Show more content on
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It's a mixture of 2 forms of smoke that come from burning tobacco, mainstream smoke which is the
smoke exhaled by a smoker and sidestream smoke which is smoke from the lighted end of a
cigarette, pipe, or cigar, or tobacco burning in a hookah. This type of smoke has higher
concentrations of cancer–causing agents (carcinogens) and is more toxic than mainstream smoke. It
also has smaller particles than mainstream smoke. These smaller particles make their way into the
lungs and the body's cells more easily. When non–smokers are exposed to SHS it's called
involuntary smoking or passive smoking. Non–smokers who breathe in SHS take in nicotine and
toxic chemicals the same way smokers do. The more SHS you breathe, the higher the levels of these
harmful chemicals enter your body ("Health Risks of Secondhand Smoke"). Secondhand smoke
contains more than 7,000 chemicals, 100 that are toxic and 70 are known to cause cancer. In the US
approximately 3,000 adults die each year due to lung cancer from secondhand smoke. Living with a
smoker increases a non smoker's chances of getting lung cancer by 20–30%. SHS can cause
coronary heart disease, negative effects on blood and blood vessels, and increases risk of heart
attacks. Heart disease by secondhand smoke kills approximately 46,000 nonsmokers a year. Having
heart disease you are at high risk from breathing smoke and should avoid exposure of it. Women
who are pregnant and

Nicotine Research Paper
Nicotine Nicotine is terrible for everyone, because it causes all kinds of sicknesses, it is
inconsiderate and selfish to use nicotine, and it gives your body, clothes, breath, and anything else
you own a smoky smell.
To start off, nicotine causes many different sicknesses and diseases, similar to gingivitis, lung
cancer, heart disease, asthma, and diabetes. Gingivitis will inflame, and irritate your gums.
Gingivitis can also cause tooth loss. Heart disease can cause narrowed or blocked blood vessels, and
can lead to heart attack, chest pain, or stroke. Nicotine can cause even more health problems, and
some of them can be even more harmful.
Secondly, It does not just have bad effects on yourself when you smoke nicotine, but

Nicotine Essay
Positive and Negative Aspects of the Chemical Nicotine
Nicotine, one of the most unusual psychoactive drugs known, and the primary pharmacological
agent of addiction in cigarettes, triggers powerful physical and psychological reactions in species as
diverse as cockroaches and humans.
Nicotine has been proven to boost concentration, improve memory and control body weight, as well
as alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease sufferers. However, research
has also established that nicotine adversely affects babies in utero and may explain the link between
smoking and problems such as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Attention Deficit Disorder.
The hope for the future is that scientists will be able to separate ... Show more content on
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Nicotine has a powerful addicting effect because it is absorbed rapidly into the pulmonary
circulation following inhalation from which it passes through the left side of the heart and into the
cerebral circulation. It rapidly crosses the blood–brain barrier and binds to specific receptors in
various parts of the brain. Stimulation of receptors by nicotine results in the activation of a number
of neurohumoral pathways leading to release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin,
vasopressin and various hormones. Nicotine causes the release of the substance b–endorphin, an
endogenous peptide that also binds to opiate receptors. This indicates a link between addiction to
opiates, such as morphine and heroin, and addiction to nicotine.
Nicotine affects nearly all components of the endocrine and neuroendocrine systems, including
catecholamines, serotonin, corticosteroids and pituitary hormones.
Some of these endocrine effects are mediated by actions of nicotine on brain neurotransmitter
systems. In addition, nicotine causes skeletal muscle relaxation and has cardiovascular effects.
Nicotine is a powerful substance in controlling brain function. It interacts with specific receptors in
brain tissue, and initiates metabolic and electrical activity in the brain.
The individual cells within the brain, the neurons, release a whole array of chemical signals in
communication with one

Nicotine Swot Analysis
Unless you've been living under a rock, you know that vaping is rapidly rising in popularity. Why
this sudden spike in interest? For one thing, it allows people to enjoy nicotine without the harmful
effects of smoking itself, and it leaves no odor when smoked. What's more, according to the folks at
Hobbs, NM based purveyor of tobacco and e–cigarette products, Smokes 4 Less, there is not only a
huge range of e–juice flavors out there, but you can also customize your own, unique juice.
What kind of e–juice options are out there? Let's take look:
Different Strengths: Much like conventional smokes, e–cigarettes come in different strengths; you
can select lighter juices, which contain the equivalent of an ultra–light cigarette or about 6mg of
nicotine, heavier ones that get up to 36mg and practically everything in between. In fact, there are
even varieties that have no nicotine at all. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While some types mimic the flavor of tobacco smokes, other juices might taste like strawberry,
mocha or mint. Sampling is fun and there's no doubt that there's a flavor for you.
Complete Customization: What makes Smokes 4 Less an especially wonderful place to go for your
e–liquid needs is that you can work with the staff there to create completely customized flavors for
your e–cigs. Mix and match to your heart's desire and truly revolutionize your vaping experience.
So if you're looking to make the switch to vaping or would like to upgrade your experience, come
on in to Smokes 4 Less and talk to the folks there. To learn more about the kinds of e–cigarette and
tobacco products offered here, visit the website or simply call (575)

Nicotine Smoking
Nicotine is a substance that can be addictive, both physical and psychological. The smoker develops
tolerance to nicotine and, consequently, requires a greater amount of cigarettes and a more frequent
use. Typical is the case of a smoker who craves to smoke the first cigarette in the morning, just
awaken, because he's coming from a withdrawal night. But in the Josephine's case, who smokes
only a few cigarettes a day, the dependence seems mainly related to psychological aspects: smoking
has become a way to manage stress and to enjoy celebration and fun with friends.
If Josephine suddenly decided to stop smoking, she probably wouldn't experienced severe
withdrawal symptoms, since her daily dosage of nicotine appears to be limited. However her history
tells us that she already tried other times to stop and always relapsed into smoking. Therefore to gain
success in an attempt to quit smoking, Josephine should address the physical withdrawal from
nicotine in the best way (eg. by drinking plenty of water), but it seems to me much more important
that Josephine effectively address the underlying aspects to his habit about smoking, experimenting
alternative ways to deal with stress, for example, or by strengthening her motivation to quit
smoking, recognizing risk situations (the entertainment evenings with friends that make you be more
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The smoke, whit the inhalation of tars and carbon monoxide, is a significant health risk for
developing cardiovascular, respiratory diseases and cancer, so Josephine could explore the
possibility of promoting her attempt to quit and to reduce rapidly the smoking associated risks,
through nicotine patches

Nicotine Vs Nicotine
The two worst ingredients cigarettes contain are nicotine and tar. Nicotine acts as a drug and is
highly addictive. According to the book How Tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and
behavioral basis for smoking nicotine are compared to as heroin and cocaine because it has a similar
effect on the human brain. Also, the way tobacco is being grown, mixed and processed today has
made cigarettes more addictive. When smoking the nicotine causes irritation and burning sensation
in the mouth and throat. People like the way it feels and keeps smoking which leads them to be
addicts and are in need of the sensations for them to be satisfied. Smokers are physically addicted
they like to feel the satisfaction it causes them. To smokers, it feels

Nicotine Addictions Summary
In "Warning: Vaping Teens Becoming a New Generation of Nicotine Addicts" an author from
USAToday.com describes the new way teenagres are becoming hooked to nicotie. More specifically
he argues that Teenagers are becoming addicted to nicotine through e–cigarettes. He writes
"Nicotine, contained in varying amounts in e–cigarettes, can rival the addictiveness of heroin and
cocaine." Additionally, It using e–cigarettes damages the teenagers mental state "For young people,
whose brains are not fully developed, it can be particularly dangerous, leading to reduced impulse
control, deficits in attention and cognition, and mood disorders." In the passage, the author is
suggesting that these e–cigarettes are just as harmful as normal cigarettes are.

Nicotine Addiction
The smoking habit is the principal cause of illness, disability and death around the world. More than
five million of people in the world die due to smoking habit every year. If we don't take care of this
in 2030 the amount will be ten million. Seven million of these deaths would be in poor countries.
It is estimated that half of all smokers die from diseases related to the consumption of tobacco and
live an average of ten to fifteen years less than non–smokers.
The consumption of cigarettes negatively impact the health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed. In
this section we will focus in the negative heath effects of consumption in smokers. The
consequences of tobacco consumption to the health appeared in the early twentieth century. there are
published thousands of articles and reviews of this theme and show us that smoking is related with
alterations in all organs and systems. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end we'll arrive to a conclusion about this important harmful habit.
Addiction Mechanism
In 1988, the Ministry of Health in the United States defined the nicotine as an addictive substance.
Cigarettes and other derivatives substances generate tobacco dependence. The addictive mechanisms
are similar to the addiction mechanisms to drugs such as cocaine and heroin. Cigarettes are highly
efficient at delivering nicotine and other addictive substances. The average smoker takes in 1 to 2
mg of nicotine per cigarette each time they inhale. Nicotine reaches the brain within 10 seconds
which contributes to its great power of addiction.
The definition of addiction involves among others: the existence of tolerance (must gradually
increase the dose to get the same effect); withdrawal in its absence and the compulsive use of a drug
despite knowing the negative consequences on

Nicotine Vs Nicotine Essay
The popularity of e–cigarettes and vapes has grown exponentially within the last couple of years.
These two alternatives offer a "safe" way to consume nicotine or just a substitute to regular cigarette
smoking. These products omit water vapor instead of tobacco smoke, constructing it as less of a
health risk. Nicotine can be added to the mixture to help quit smoking or offer a healthier option to
those with nicotine dependence. There has not been widespread research on conventional e–
cigarettes, in addition to data on vapes been relatively premature. These smoking devices have not
be regulated by the FDA yet, but the FDA has looked into e–cigarettes and its contents (FDA, 2015).
Many e–cigarettes that are thought to be free of nicotine, have ... Show more content on
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It is the most common addiction throughout the world with 1.1 trillion people smoking currently,
consisting about a third of the population over 15 years old. While nicotine is the addictive
substance in the tobacco that causes addiction, tobacco will increase health risks of heart attack and
vascular diseases. Nicotine dependency is a complex brain disease, and we need to start thinking of
it as such. New ways of ingesting this substance have been created, that try to lure and appeal to
demographic, particularly younger, to consume nicotine. Regardless of how many years someone
has smoked, stopping at any point will valuable and improve your quality of life. Changing the
public's view on addiction is a subject of importance, so many of others can view this as a brain
disease more than a personal decision. To fight this addiction, you have to rewire your behaviors in
your brain and have a drive to overcome this horrific addiction. The brain can luckily keep changing
and be trained to stop cravings with a multitude of different strategies. Anyone can be affected by
addiction, we need start treating addicts with evidence–based practices rather than jailing them.
Through more education and laws enforced, we can only hope that the number of tobacco users can
decrease more and everyone can learn to live a healthier, full life without addiction and the painful
diseases that derive from

Nicotine Addicts
Addiction is fact of being to do thing or activity every time. These days many people addicts smoke
and this is a big problem for people. Smoke is not health and must people do not smoke to keep
them healthy. In this essay, I will discussion about why smoke makes people addictive and why
some people able to quit and other people not. There are many reasons that make people addict
smoke. For example, they may smoke for a long time, so that makes it habits and they smoke every
time. Smoke has Nicotine, so when they smoke for a long time, they must smoke because they feel
tired and they need Nicotine. After they smoke, they feel relaxed and get more energy with hard
time. Moreover, some people see other friends smoke and they smoke with them.

Nicotine is a dangerous biological substance found in tobacco that influences addiction and
tobacco's prolonged use (Stolerman and Shoaib 1991; Belfour and Fagerstrom 1996; Benowita
1996; Rose and Corrigall 1997). Markou (2008) reported that destructive smoking habits are derived
from nicotine, one of the major psychoactive elements in tobacco (Stolerman & Jarvis 1995; Royal
College of Physicians of London 2000) that results in an elevated occurrence of disease and death
all over the world Murray & Lopez 1997).
Mao and McGehee (2010) stated that the complicated behavioral occurrence of drug addiction is
fundamentally a biological progression, where recurring exposure to a drug changes the activity and
metabolism of neurons that are responsive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicotine is an antagonistic to the heart, reproductive system, lung, kidney (Mishra et al. 2015).
Numerous studies have reliably shown nicotine's carcinogenic possibilities (Mishra et al 2015).
Numerous results of nicotine consist of variations in respiration, blood pressure, constriction of
arteries, and alertness (Mishra et al. 2005). Mishra et al. (2015) explained that most of these
consequences are formed through nicotine's action on both the central and peripheral nervous

Nicotine is an addictive drug, as addictive as heroin and cocaine. It is found in small amounts in
certain plants, but mostly found in the tobacco plant. A per– son gets nicotine into his or her system
through either smoking or smokeless tobacco.
Cigarettes are made of finely shredded tobacco wrapped in a narrow tube of paper. Smoking ages
your skin faster. It's second to only the sun exposure for giving you wrinkles. Smoking makes you
smell bad, your hair, breath, and clothes as well. People who smoke cigarettes are 20 times more
likely to develop lung cancer than non smokers.
Smoking is a major killer. Every hour, more than 50 Americans die from ciga– rettes, that's about
440,000 people each year. Smoking even kills babies. Every year in

The Negative Effects Of Nicotine
According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, 2010), smoking is the act
of in–taking smoke from burned tobacco into the body by inhaling. Tobacco is an herbaceous plant
typically grown in South America (Health and Human Services [H&HS], 2016). This plant contains
a stimulant called Nicotine. The use of tobacco is the cause of many preventable health problems
according to the National Institution of Health (NIH, 2015).Tobacco products are used by every
ethnicity, gender, and most age groups.
The most potent ingredient in tobacco products is Nicotine (NIH, 2015). Nicotine is highly addictive
and commonly found in potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and tobacco. Although nicotine is
found in other plants; much higher level are found in tobacco. Nicotine can be used as a stimulant or
a relaxant (NIH, 2015). The effects vary based upon the choice of intake. Once nicotine enters the
bloodstream it causes the body to release a hormone; adrenalin. Adrenalin then causes an
accelerated heart rate, increase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of tobacco been proven to causes and contributes to health problems. Making this drug will
illegal will make it less convenient for individual of all ethnicities to purchase. I would also
recommend that African American public health officials go out into the African American
communities and explain the dangers of smoking to individuals face to face.
The herbaceous plant tobacco is grown in South America, but today it can be found all around the
world. This plant contains a significant amount of Nicotine, which stimulants the human body when
ingested. Tobacco is a legalized drug with miner distribution regulations. Tobacco largest sales
market is females, the youth, and African Americans. The use of tobacco is the cause of many
preventable health problems. Tobacco products affect not only the people of African American
ethnicity, but every

Essay On Nicotine Addiction
In the modern world, drugs and alcohol have become a form of coping mechanism for many
individuals either seeking to relive physical, emotional or psychological pain. With easy
accessibility of legal substances such as nicotine and alcohol as well as illicit drugs like cannibis,
substance users may develop dependencies. Additionally, certain substances such as alcohol and
cannabis have become more socially acceptable leading to repetitive use and use is social situations.
When consuming alcohol, individuals experiences the depression of the sympathetic nervous system
resulting in a relax feeling. However, habitual consumption of alcohol can result in nerve cell death,
impaired reactions and organ damage. After a year of alcohol use, individuals ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, nicotine is the most addictive, followed by alcohol and lastly cannabis.
Among psychologists, the standard for diagnosing addiction is to determine if a user exhibits three
of the seven criteria widely associated with drug dependancy within a 12 month period (Samet,
Waxman, Hartzenbuehler & Hasin, 2007). According to Samet, Waxman, Hartzenbuehler & Hasin
(2007), these criteria include exhibiting the need to increase drug doses over time (tolerance),
experiencing withdrawal symptoms and the desire but inability to quit using the substance.
Psychologists may also use family history of addiction to diagnose and explore an individuals
dependancy to a certain substance.
In closing, drugs and alcohol can have ameliorating properties when initially ingested, however
individuals risk the chance of becoming dependent. While cannabis is not nearly as addictive as
nicotine or alcohol, it's use still leaves damaging repercussions on the

Nicotine Informative Speech
Hi class today we are going to talk about recognizing the dangers of nicotine. Nicotine is a stimulant
found in tobacco products such as cigarettes. Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people
this is why it's important that students become aware of the dangers of nicotine. Nicotine causes the
release of chemicals in the brain that makes tobacco users crave tobacco. Since nicotine is addictive
it makes quitting difficult. Nicotine not only affects the brain but it affects the user's whole body.
Nicotine makes the heart work harder to pump blood this extra stress on the heart can lead to high
blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. Smoking can damage the lungs by blocking the airways and
can lead to lung cancer and other repository diseases. Smoking not only harms the inside of your
body but also damages your skin causing wrinkles, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result the body does not get all the oxygen it needs. Some of the symptoms of Emphysema are
shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing. Although Emphysema has no cure, quitting smoking
reduces the speed at which the disease gets worse. Over 2 million people have Emphysema in the
United States, Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the third–leading cause of death in the U.S.
Today we are going to do an activity where everyone will experience what it feels like to have
Emphysema. Everyone in class will receive a straw. When I say go everyone should run in place as
fast as they can for one minute until I say stop. After I say stop everyone should hold their nose and
put the straw in their mouth and try to breathe through the straw. This will stimulate how a person
with emphysema breathes. After the activity please write down how you felt like doing this activity.
Now that we have gone over the dangers of nicotine we are going to look at some statistics about
cigarettes and some of the reasons why people might start

Nicotine Persuasive Speech
The other day I was sitting on my balcony, enjoying a cup of green tea, and taking in the ocean air
when my neighbour stepped out onto his balcony and ruined my zen with his chain smoking. One
cigarette isn't completely finished and he's lighting up a new one. This one time I witnessed him
smoking a cigarette while eating a sandwich. Before I became a neurofeedback therapy specialist, I
could never understand why some of my family and friends couldn't just stop smoking, knowing the
many health risks that come with it, like cancer (anywhere in your body), coronary disease, stroke,
blood vessel damage and so on. According to the CDC, Cigarette smoking causes more than
480,000 deaths each year in the United States. This is nearly one in five ... Show more content on
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He confided in me that he has a very demanding job, doesn't really have many friends and cares for
his sick mother who's in a nursing home. Smoking seemed to be therapeutic for him, even though he
knew how terribly unhealthy it was. My heart went out to him so I offered him my help, Pro Buono.
The great news is, after just a few sessions, he's able to eat a meal without smoking a cigarette. He's
got a long road ahead of him, being a smoker for over thirty years, but he's dedicated to his therapy
sessions and after each one he shows magnificent signs of

The negative health effects of tobacco use have been well established. Tobacco use has been shown
to cause acute and chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, many types of cancer, and is the
leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States, causing an estimated
443,000 deaths per year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2004). As the dangers of
smoking have become better understood, reducing the number of people who smoke has become a
major focus for those interested in public health. Efforts to restrict the advertisement and sale of
tobacco, implement public smoking bans, and educate citizens through public service
announcements have all had a sizeable effect on smoking rates in the U.S. In Fact, over ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The crux of this proposed relationship is simple; if one is in a state of chronic stress, anxiety, or
agitation, a brief respite from these negative feelings is more psychologically rewarding than it
would be to someone who is not. This could also lead people with a mental illness to be more
negatively affected by nicotine withdrawal. People who suffer from panic attacks, for instance,
might find it harder to quit smoking because some of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal (such as
racing thoughts and increased heart rate) could trigger a panic attack (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention 2013). Understanding the powerful combination of these biological, social, and
psychological factors has caused some to wonder if it is even possible to lower the rate of tobacco
use among people with a mental illness. Interestingly, many behavioral health and medical
professionals actually question whether they should even advise their patients with psychiatric
disorders to quit at all, fearing that quitting might make their psychiatric symptoms worse. These
concerns seem to be almost entirely contradicted by growing body of research investigating
smoking and mental

Nicotine is classified as a stimulant due to its ability to imitate acetylcholine. This particular
function allows nicotine to both stimulate and block various nicotinic subtypes of cholinergic
receptor sites. The blocking prevents information from being transported to the synapse, which
prevents stimulation. It is also known that nicotine causes adrenaline to be discharged from both
sympathetic sites and the adrenal glands. Ultimately causing nicotine to impact the body in a
sympathomimetic manner. When inhaled the drug is capable of being absorbed rapidly, which is the
reason why it is currently considered as one of the most toxic drugs. Symptoms associated with this
drug include its ability to cause an individual's heart rate and blood pressure to increase while
reducing the amount of oxygen that is being delivered to the heart. The drug also stops hunger
sensations by suppressing hunger contractions and damaging the taste buds.
Nicotine significantly impacts society because use of the drug can contribute to dangerous health
consequences. The drug itself can cause poisoning which will lead to symptoms such as tremors,
weakness, and nausea. In tobacco products the element that leads to addiction is nicotine. These ...
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There are positive associations with this drug because of its numerous medical uses. These include
its ability to treat depression because it causes the advancement of mood leading to an experience of
positive emotions. The drug also has a small impact on weight loss, but a significant impact on
reducing the symptoms narcolepsy and attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pills such as
Adderall are commonly used by students and truck drivers used to promote wakefulness. There is a
Stimulant Use Disorder that DSM–V established which includes amphetamine. This shows that the
drug has the ability to cause dependence, withdrawal systems, and prevent individuals from
completing everyday

Nicotine Addiction
Abstract
This paper discusses substance abuse with the main focus on tobacco and nicotine addiction and
touches on the counseling processes involved. The continued overuse of tobacco products all over
the world is one of the leading causes of preventable health issues and deaths. The addictive
substance found in tobacco is called nicotine. Nicotine is chemical agent that is dispensed in very
large doses through the usage tobacco products, such as cigarette smoking or chewing tobacco.
Dependence or addiction is commonplace among users of tobacco products. Due to high levels of
discrimination, racial, ethnic, and cultural minorities are susceptible to substance. Applicable
treatments leading to cessation of tobacco product usage include ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nicotine is a psychoactive drug that messes with the chemical makeup of a smoker's brain resulting
in addiction. Nicotine is considered the main addictive component in tobacco products that inspires
the continued usage. The rapidity at which nicotine is absorbed into the reward area of the
mesolimbic system causes addiction (Bodie, 2014, pg. 318) where is activates the dopamine system
generating pleasing effects on mood and behavior (De Biasi and Dani, 2011). The dopamine that is
released within the brain then speeds up the break down process of the chemical monoamine oxide
β. Monoamine oxide β supports the rapid break down of dopamine (Doweiko, 2012, pg. 221).
Dopamine is main element for the false feelings of reward associated with smoking a cigarette
(Benowitz, 2009). Nicotine binds to the acetylcholine receptors in the brain, which is responsible for
the release of endorphins and epinephrine as a smoker draws a lung full of smoke from a cigarette.
Endorphins and epinephrine are associated to the calming affects that many smokers claim to feel
during times of stress, as well as being linked to the reduction of fatigue, and increased alertness
(Doweiko, 2012, pg. 221–222). The gratifying feelings that are associated with smoking a cigarette
or through the use of other tobacco products, combined with the rewarding impressions caused by
nicotine are considered possible causes of nicotine dependence and

"Nicotine is the leading avoidable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States."
(Psychology Today) People who take different forms of nicotine know that it can be harmful, but
they choose to do it anyway. Nicotine is highly addictive, which means that people will do just
about anything to get nicotine. "Being addicted to nicotine is distinguished by irresistible drug
seeking and use, even at the risk of negative health results." (Psychology Today) "When nicotine
hits the bloodstream, it can circulate around the whole body until it reaches the brain." (Nicotine
Effects) This process can happen in just seconds. The nicotine in people's bodies does not last very
long, causing them to repeat their drug use more often throughout

Describe major physiological and pharmacological effects of nicotine.
Nicotine is a substance that is easy to become addicted to and extremely difficult to be independent
of. Naturally, the rate that it takes nicotine to enter a person's system is reliant upon their pH level
(Scollo et al., 2015). The physiological effects that nicotine has on the human body can be observed
within seconds after it has reached the bloodstream. A person's heart rate and blood pressure tend to
increase and the blood flow in the skin decreases leading to a drop in body temperature. When this
happens however, the level of blood in the skeletal muscles increases. Additionally, brain waves
become altered, the coronary arteries become narrowed, and the skeletal

To many individuals simply quitting smoking proves to be a bit more difficult that they might think.
It is a weak mindset of the individual or is it something more than just going cold turkey. Looking a
little deeper to the content of what cigarettes contain, one of its ingredients might have a better
explanation as to why it might be so challenging to just give up smoking tobacco. Nicotine is an
alkaloid that in its natural state it has a clear liquid appearance with a characteristic odor. When it is
expose to air it changes its coloration to a brown color. Nicotine can be absorbed via oral mucosa as
it is found on dipping and chewing products, as well as through the lungs as cigarettes, cigars,
vaping devices and second–hand smoke. Nicotine can also be absorbed via the skin in a form of
nicotine patches. Once nicotine is ingested, it's absorbed and metabolized by the liver. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the affects deal a lot with the main organs in the body such as the heart, lungs, and kidney.
Pretty much all the organs Vidal to survival. According to the world health organization Tobacco is
the leading cause of preventable cancers. The WHO estimates that around 1.27 billion of the worlds
populations are tobacco users. Tobacco consumption alone accounts for nearly 5.4 million deaths
per year and one billion people may die in this century if global tobacco consumption remained at
the current levels. An international treaty spearheaded by WHO in 2003 and signed by 170
countries, aims to encourage governments to reduce the production, sales, distribution advertisement
and promotion of tobacco products. Despite strong opposition from the Industry, the treaty has been
making steady progress in achieving its goal of comprehensive tobacco control around the

Along with the benefits listed above, nicotine is a substance that can be harmful when it is abused.
An overdose of nicotine will cause harmful reactions to serious, potentially lethal, or fatal
symptoms. This often happens to people who smoke several times in a short period of time. The
nicotine in all types of cigarettes is easily absorbed into the blood of the person who smokes. When
it enters the bloodstream, it stimulates the adrenal glands to release a hormone called epinephrine.
This hormone stimulates the nervous system to increase blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate.
As with drugs such as cocaine and heroin, nicotine increases levels of the chemical messenger
dopamine, which affects parts of the brain that control reward and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"The cost of bronchodilator medication has gone through the roof" (Brody D7). First, smoking
restrains economic development. Because of the taxes, tobacco is not cheap. According to The
Congressional Office of Technology Assessment estimated in its 1993 report that the total financial
cost of smoking to society in 1990 was $2.59 per pack of cigarettes. Now 2017, this cost is actually
much higher. What is the true cost of smoking? Smoking is not a cheap venture in any way, shape or
form. It seems that the price tag on a pack of tobacco hardly deters many from partaking in the
activity, even in the face of harsh economic times. Today a pack of cigarettes costs about $6. The
price varies based on location and taxes. Now, let's use a calculator, with $6/pack, if somebody
smokes a pack for a day every day. The annual expenditure on tobacco is about $2200 per year.
However, in fact, this may be much more money because some kinds of cigarette have a higher
price and with some addicted people, a pack of cigarettes a day is not enough. Married people, waste
a lot of money on smoking

Nicotine Annotated Bibliography
An Annotated Bibliography
Wagner, Heather Lehr. "The Health Effects of Nicotine and Smoking." Nicotine,
Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia, 2003, pp. 44–59, Print.
As reported by Heather's, Nicotine contains a large amount of toxic substance which can lead to
several causes and effects to health. The substances in nicotine effects on the brain and its addicted.
When a person smokes, the nicotine substance travels to the brain within 10 seconds and changes
the function of the brain. "Blood that enters the lungs to picks up oxygen also pickup something else
– the nicotine". It also rises the blood pressure by five to ten points and heart rate by ten to twenty
beats per minute. However, nicotine also performs as a sense of feeling of pleasure. Nicotine reaches
to brain within a speedy rate and disperses soon conversely, its increases use of cigarettes.
"Smoking a Pack a Day for a Year Causes 150 Mutations in Lung Cells.
Genetic Damage Caused by Smoking Measured in Different Organs of the
Body." ScienceDaily News, ScienceDaily, 3 Nov. 2016.3
As stated in the report published in ScienceDaily news, researchers have found out tobacco smoking
causes ruinous genetic damage in various body parts, and causes mutations in DNA. The Los
Alamos National Laboratory added smoking a day one packet ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The NIOSH study reveals that working women's i.e., reproductive age involved in smoking has
adverse effects on their pregnancy and the health of their infant. The evaluation of data of 2009–
2013 from the National Health Interview Survey discovered there were 17% of working women
who were smokers at their reproductive age and 76% were daily smokers. Further, the study shows
the women working in certain industries and businesses have higher smoking

Nicotine Addiction Paper
This paper seeks to question rather than answer our understanding of the motivation to use and
abuse of substances. Within this paper the author challenges the reader to critically contemplate why
a person would continue to use a substance that is known and proven to be detrimental to life, both
quality and quantity. In exploring the issues of substance use and abuse, the prevalence of Mental
Health Disorders stands out like a sore thumb. It seems to be so prevalent that the author feels a
need to explore that notion that the answer may well be within the question; Why do individuals
with chemically imbalanced disorders have such a high level of using, abusing, and becoming
addicted to chemicals they have access to.
According to the lecture and corroborating literature, nicotine addiction is one of the strongest
addictions. Nicotine has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Realizing that people with MHD's have been identified as having a higher rate of nicotine use and
that MHD's range in severity (both between disorders as well as within a disorder) from mild to
extreme. Using The Clinical Global Impression – Severity Scale, to rate the severity of the patient's
illness at the time of assessment, a patient is assessed on severity of mental illness rating 1, normal,
not at all ill too 7, extremely ill. That being said, I wonder, of the remaining smokers, how many
have symptoms of a MHD, but whose symptoms do not rise to a diagnostic level, are high
functioning and have never been identified, or have simply fallen through the cracks. Does chemical
imbalance account for an even higher rate of smoking than is currently known or reported? Is there a
connection between MHD's and other chemical dependencies that correlate to specific chemical
imbalances within specific disorders and patients? Are cigarettes, as a gateway drug, an initial drug
of choice due to accessibility, acceptability, legality, and lack of overt adverse societal

Nicotine Dependence
Nicotine dependence remains a significant public health concern (Rep., 2011). Cigarette smoking is
the leading preventable cause of mortality in the United States, accounting for approximately 1 out
of every 5 deaths. On average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers. Additionally the
estimates for average annual smoking–attributable productivity losses are $96.8 billion and the total
economic burden of smoking is approximately $193 billion per year (USDoHaH, 2000). Despite the
availability of therapeutic options for smoking cessation, relapse rates remain high (Piasecki, 2006;
Pollak et al., 2007). Therefore, there is a need for new, effective, strategies to assist cigarette
smokers achieve abstinence.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As has been shown in task activation studies (Hartwell et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013a), chronic
nicotine exposure leads to disordered functional connectivity in specific circuits (Sutherland et al.,
2013) and large–scale networks (Weiland et al., 2015). The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC) is thought to be essential in the exertion of executive control over emotions of craving and
limbic reward circuits associated with smoking (da Silva et al., 2013; Goldstein and Volkow, 2011).
Structural MRI studies have found that smokers have decreased gray matter volume in the DLPFC
(Brody et al., 2004; Gallinat et al., 2006). In fMRI studies, researchers reported that smokers had
hypo–activation of the DLPFC and hyper–activation of subcortical areas as compared to both
controls and former smokers (Nestor et al., 2011). Recently another study demonstrated that
decreased left DLPFC and increased PCC percent BOLD signal change and increased withdrawal
symptoms predicted subsequent relapse (Loughead et al., 2015). These findings suggest that a
disruption of prefrontal cortex and subcortical reward circuits accompany nicotine dependence,
which may lead to the

Quit smoking without using patches or nicotine gum? Once the impossible dream, today's quitters
are using a high–tech replacement for the tobacco–stuffed paper tubes now banned in work places
and shared spaces. Nicotine bearing gums and patches help many end a dangerous and increasingly
expensive habit. Many quitters find success using traditional smoking cessation products, but those
products only replace nicotine. Unfortunately, they completely fail to replace an important element
of the smoking experience; they do not feel the same. Quitting smokers miss that sensation of smoke
hitting the back of the throat. They miss the deep inhale; they miss blowing smoke through pursed
lips. Enter the electronic cigarette, a nearly complete substitute for the smokers' ritual. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comprised of a battery, heating element, wick and tank, users fill their e–cigs with flavored
solutions of propylene glycol and nicotine. Often cheaper than cigarettes, and more satisfying than
nicotine gums and patches, e–cigs are quickly replacing cigarettes. E–cig stores, like The Vaporium,
may soon out number traditional Smoke Shops, both the brick and mortar variety and internet based
outlets.
The e–cig fluids sold at vape shops, called juice, e–juice, e–liquid or e–fluid, come in several
nicotine strengths but there are nicotine–free options as well. Flavors range from those mimicking
the taste of cigarette smoke – both regular and menthol – to more exotic options approximating the
flavors of fruit blends and liqueurs. With user safety in mind, stores like The Vaporium only sell e–
liquids crafted by U.S.companies. Unlike the nicotine of cigarette smoke, nicotine from the flavored
fluid's vapor enters the blood stream through the mouth's mucous membranes, instead of the lungs.
E–cig users, called vapers, are a growing community and some have developed a new

Nicotine Essay
Nicotine
Cigarette smoking has been known for years to impair health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed
to smoke in various ways such as by damaging the lungs and circulatory system. Nicotine, present in
mainstream and sidestream smoke, is believed to be one of the most toxic components of tobacco. In
1994, David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA, launched an attack on tobacco companies, claiming
they deliberately increased nicotine levels in cigarettes. Nicotine has been shown in various
experiments to induce tolerance in smokers by its effects on the CNS and dopaminergic receptors.
David Kessler believes nicotine to be addictive and desires the FDA to regulate nicotine as any drug
such as cocaine. If the agency can prove that nicotine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cleavage of the 2 N or 5 bond yields NNK. These nitrosamines are among the most toxic and are
present in both mainstream and sidestream smoke. (F2) They are converted to unstable electrophiles
that react with DNA to form mutations which can lead to cancer. More than 300 nitrosamines have
been shown to be carcinogenic in one or more of 40 animal species. (F3) It has been shown that a
smoker has a greater chance of endogenously forming nitrosamines than a nonsmoker. (F4)
ADDICTIVE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE AND TOLERANCE TO NICOTINE
There is much experimental evidence that nicotine is an addictive drug and that it causes a level of
tolerance in lab animals and humans, through its effect on the CNS. For a drug to produce
dependence, it must rapidly enter in to the blood steam, must be psychoactive, must readily cross the
blood brain barrier and the psychosomatic effects must be related to levels of drug in the brain. All
of the above is true for nicotine. Tolerance is when, after repeated doses, a given dose of a

Have you ever smoked before? No? Yes? Well don't. There is a high chance there will be a want to
do it again and this is because of addiction. "Addiction is the fact or condition of being addicted to a
particular substance, thing, or activity." The addiction to drugs comes from nicotine. Tobacco is
where nicotine addiction originally came from. Nicotine is an addictive and vigorous substance
inside of drugs that triggers the reward and pleasure feeling inside of the brain; levels of dopamine
(a chemical involved in influencing the desire to consume drugs) will increase, as the intake of
nicotine to the body also increases. What nicotine does while inside a person's body is what makes it
addictive. Nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lots of people want to quit smoking but are too addicted to just simply stop. Ending an addiction is
not easy and cannot be done in one step. It is a process and it is never too late to quit. For starters,
people have to just tell themselves that they can live without smoking because a positive mindset
leads to positive actions. There needs to be focus on where they are and the time of day; this helps to
take the mind off of it. There are symptoms like anxiety, food cravings, and cravings for the drug but
this is apart of the recovery process. It also helps to let others know they will be quitting so they can
stop them from doing it when around the person as well as another way to keep the mind off of it.
Therapy is also always an option if necessary. There is something called nicotine replacement
therapy. This is the idea of giving an addict nicotine without the tobacco and other substances that
are there when smoking. With this therapy, someone might be given a nicotine patch or nicotine
gum. All that is inside is literally just nicotine. Once the other harmful chemicals are out of the body,
the nicotine is the only problem and the only thing that needs to leave the body

Cause And Effect Of Nicotine
In 2014, 16.8% of all adults in the United States smoke cigarettes on a daily bases, and every day,
roughly 2,100 minors and young adults become addicted to smoking (Fast Facts, 2015). Those
addicts will burn an average of 1.5 million dollars on smoking throughout their life (Tuttle, 2015).
Unfortunately, tobacco is single handedly responsible for almost 6 million deaths per year
worldwide (Fast Facts, 2015). So, even though society knows the risks and costs, why is smoking
such a popular addiction, and why is it so difficult to drop? When people smoke tobacco, they are
also taking in a toxic oily liquid found in the plant called nicotine (Nordqvist, 2015). Nicotine is a
nitrogen–containing base chemical found in the alkaloid group (Mandal, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For frequent nicotine users, the body adapts to its addiction, so smoking a cigarette becomes a
normal routine (Understanding Addiction, n.d.). Those who try to withdrawal from nicotine will
immediately feel symptoms like cravings for nicotine, tingling, sweating, headaches, depression,
and anxiety because they are removing the substance that creates a guaranteed feeling of
contentment and relaxation (Gilbert, 2014). The body believes that the only way it will feel pleasure
is through the stimulus that initially caused those feelings, which is nicotine, so doctors will
occasionally prescribe victims of smoking with nicotine gum or skin patches to help slowly reduce
the cravings and amount of nicotine consumed each day (Russell, Stapleton, 1983). The most
important aspect to remember when quitting an addiction like smoking is that there will be relapses
because the hippocampus and the amygdala store information in the brain that will trigger intense
cravings when one encounters an object or scene that relates to smoking (Understanding Addiction,
n.d.). This sudden remembrance of an addiction from the outside environment is called a
conditioned response (Understanding Addiction, n.d.). Avoiding frequent smokers, chewing gum,
and holding a toothpick or pencil are all simple ways to prevent relapses. Thankfully, an addiction is
not completely permanent

Nicotine Effects
The Effects of Nicotine
Nicotine is a distinctly addictive substance. Which can be found in Tobacco. Which Tobacco is the
main ingredient to chewing Tobacco, cigarettes, and more. For any user of Tobacco, it relaxes them
and acts like a depressant. The users are relaxed because the relief of their own nicotine craving.
Follow this further, due to this addiction, the more frequent a user uses Tobacco, it can affect their
body negativity.
As the early stages of smoking began, the nicotine will affect the user's body. The user´s
neurotransmitter would be affected during first stages of smoking. A neurotransmitter is a nerve cell
that carries messages to another nerve cell. Soon enough, as smoking progresses, the
neurotransmitters in

Nicotine Receptors
For over a long period of time nicotine contained in tobacco has been documented as substances that
develops health problems in the body if used, continuous research on this alkaloid have shown that
the substance have certain beneficial effects of the body. What made it a potential drug target is
following the identification of a family of genes coding for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors also known as (nAChRs) and more knowledge of their expression and function in the
brain central nervous system (Suto & Zacharias, 2005). nAChRs are receptor proteins that can
respond to neurotransmitter acetylcholine and drugs in the body. In human beings they are located in
the brain central nervous system and they play a significant role in peripheral ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
When nAChRs are activated, they enhance the release of many neurotransmitters that are involved
in focus, attention and executive memory. It is also believed that the substance has a direct role in
information storage in the brain through modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission (Lloyd &
Williams, 2000). Studies have shown that it can be used in treatment Neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This has been shown by a situation in which smokers
who survive the negative effects of smoking have a low incidence of being attacked by
neurodegenerative diseases (Lloyd & Williams, 2000). It has been proven that acute administration
of α4β2 selective agonist or nicotine on a person suffering from Alzheimer diseases improves recall
behavior. There are findings from the biological psychiatry that many unmedicated depressed
patients exhibit hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA) hyperactivity (Shytle et al., 2002). So far the
available evidence have shown that nAChR have played a significant role in mediating stress related
and more likely depression–inducing neuroendocrine effects of Ach (Shytle et al., 2002). An
example is that in rat experiment, it has been proven that nAChR antagonist block the
physostigmine induced rise in plasma corticosterone levels of rats, furthermore, ACh–induced CRF
release from the brain hypothalamus is repressed by nAChR

Essay On Nicotine Exposure
Fourth, e–cigarettes emit secondary exposure of nicotine within their range. In the study by Dr.
Cheryl, e–cigarettes can cause secondhand smokers around the areas of e–cigarette users. The
sample study showed that the e–cigarettes emitted 0.725 to 8.77μg/m3 of nicotine into the
surrounding. Although the nicotine level of smoke from the conventional cigarettes has a higher
number, e–cigarettes can still cause secondhand smokers (Marcham and Springston 7). The experts
prepared a smoking machine that connects with the e–cigarette and a sample bag for measurement
to conduct this specific study. These results were conducted by a group of experts to prove the harm
of e–cigarettes usage in the indoor environment, supported by the American Industrial Hygiene
Association (Marcham and Springston 24–25).
While many e–cigarette ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schaller et al, they had different results of nicotine exposures. The results of e–cigarettes' nicotine
exposure were similar, the average nicotine exposure being 13.56% of the conventional cigarette.
However, they identified some metals with higher, lower, and same level. Four metals like sodium,
iron, aluminum, and nickels were detected higher. While other two metals, potassium, and zinc were
at a lower level than the conventional cigarettes (GCRC 10–11). The experts used the number of
substances in the mist of vapor from e–cigarettes as a measurement to conduct this study. While
being supported by the German Cancer Research Center, a group of experts performed the sample
study to measure the secondary exposure by the e–cigarettes (GCRC 1–2).
Although the result of nicotine exposure from e–cigarettes is only 13.56% of the conventional
cigarette, there were other substances having a higher level. The result showed that metals were at a
higher level than the conventional cigarettes. Therefore, e–cigarettes can emit secondary exposure of
nicotine to the surroundings; users need to be cautious when using the e–cigarettes in

Nicotine Limitation

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