Running head: Surgery 1 Surgery 4 Introduction. Surgery refers to a medical specialty that involves the usage of instrumental techniques and operative manual on an ailing person to investigate or instead deliver treatment to a pathological circumstance for instance; an injury, disease. This is done relatively to improve the function of body mechanisms or to repair any ruptured area. Every form of surgery involves risks and this is a pertinent issue that must be disclosed to the patient before the surgical procedure as it may include the worst scenario such as death. Thus it is highly recommended that the patient must undergo informed consent process to get acquainted with the possible risk complications. This will enhance the decision making of the patient. Classification of Surgery Risks. There are five classes risks involved in surgery. Grade I is a minor risk which is any deviance from the standard operating procedure but does not necessitate the intervention of any surgical, Radiological or endoscopic procedure. Usage of drugs or physiotherapy treatment is preferred. Grade II involves potentially life-threatening impediments which require invention or more extended hospitalization to mitigate the situation at hand. This may include procedure such as blood transfusion or parenteral nutrition. Grade III refers to major complications that require surgical, radiological and endoscopic intervention. In this group, some intervention is administered under general anesthetic whereas the rest is done without consideration of the anesthetic. Grade IV involves life-threatening complications such as CNS complications which necessitates intensive care but excludes transient ischaemic attacks. A disability which is defined as body function impairment is also another risk involved. Lastly, Grade V is the death of the patient. This is one of the worst threats involved in surgery. (Dindo, Demartines & Clavien, 2004) Risks associated with patients can be classified into two groups, that is, risks engaged during surgery and those after the surgical procedure. Most common risks involved include the anesthesia complication which is concerning intubation process or use of the breathing tube especially when a patient reacts to the anesthesia drugs. Another risk involved during surgery is bleeding problems and blood clots. When bleeding is beyond the reasonably expected rate, then transfusion is necessary. The surgery can be terminated if the bleeding is more severe causing a crisis. Blood clotting is a significant surgery risk and in most cases, medications such as heparin are administered. Other risks involved after surgery could be death due to the procedure, infections after the surgery, paralysis, scaring and delayed healing primarily to patients with problems with the immune system or chronic illness. (Fenoy & Simpsons, 2014) Healthcare professionals’ environment is always complicated, governed by many laws, standards of practice and health re ...

1. Running head: Surgery 1
Surgery 4
Introduction.
Surgery refers to a medical specialty that involves the usage of
instrumental techniques and operative manual on an ailing
person to investigate or instead deliver treatment to a
pathological circumstance for instance; an injury, disease. This
is done relatively to improve the function of body mechanisms
or to repair any ruptured area. Every form of surgery involves
risks and this is a pertinent issue that must be disclosed to the
patient before the surgical procedure as it may include the worst
scenario such as death. Thus it is highly recommended that the
patient must undergo informed consent process to get
acquainted with the possible risk complications. This will
enhance the decision making of the patient.
Classification of Surgery Risks.
There are five classes risks involved in surgery. Grade I is a
minor risk which is any deviance from the standard operating
procedure but does not necessitate the intervention of any
surgical, Radiological or endoscopic procedure. Usage of drugs
or physiotherapy treatment is preferred. Grade II involves
potentially life-threatening impediments which require
invention or more extended hospitalization to mitigate the
situation at hand. This may include procedure such as blood
transfusion or parenteral nutrition. Grade III refers to major
complications that require surgical, radiological and endoscopic
intervention. In this group, some intervention is administered
under general anesthetic whereas the rest is done without
consideration of the anesthetic. Grade IV involves life-
threatening complications such as CNS complications which
necessitates intensive care but excludes transient ischaemic
attacks. A disability which is defined as body function
impairment is also another risk involved. Lastly, Grade V is the

2. death of the patient. This is one of the worst threats involved in
surgery. (Dindo, Demartines & Clavien, 2004)
Risks associated with patients can be classified into two groups,
that is, risks engaged during surgery and those after the surgical
procedure. Most common risks involved include the anesthesia
complication which is concerning intubation process or use of
the breathing tube especially when a patient reacts to the
anesthesia drugs. Another risk involved during surgery is
bleeding problems and blood clots. When bleeding is beyond
the reasonably expected rate, then transfusion is necessary. The
surgery can be terminated if the bleeding is more severe causing
a crisis. Blood clotting is a significant surgery risk and in most
cases, medications such as heparin are administered. Other risks
involved after surgery could be death due to the procedure,
infections after the surgery, paralysis, scaring and delayed
healing primarily to patients with problems with the immune
system or chronic illness. (Fenoy & Simpsons, 2014)
Healthcare professionals’ environment is always complicated,
governed by many laws, standards of practice and health
regulations. Risks involved could be related to any form of
malpractice. Surgery injury, use of defective equipment or
medical products, an omission of care or causing harm to the
patient deliberate could result to suing the professional
involved. The practitioners may incur risks such as fatigue,
injuries caused by continual usage of machines, psychological
trauma and physical assault from the patient or relative. There
is also a significant risk of acquiring an illness in the course of
practice. He or she may conduct infectious diseases such as HIV
or airborne infections. (Treanor, 2000)
Risks linked to the health facilities is hardly eliminated and in
some instances, some patients are vulnerable in contacting
infections more than others. During the patients stay at the
hospital one may contact healthcare-associated infections such
bloodstream, urinary tract infections. These diseases are caused
by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or
bacteria. When surgical objects are left in the patient's body

3. during an operation could result in impairment of their public
image which leads to losing of confidentiality and trust with the
particular organization.
References.
Dindo, D., Demartines, N., & Clavien, P. (2004). Classification
of Surgical Complications. Annals of Surgery, 240(2), 205-213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000133083.54934.ae
Treanor, H. (2000). Health risks and the health care
professional. Pubmed.
Fenoy, A. & Simpson, R. (2014). Risks of common
complications in deep brain stimulation surgery: management
and avoidance. Journal of Neurosurgery, 132-139.