HCAIs are a major safety concern for both health care providers and patients.

1. PRESENTED BY : SUPERVISED BY:
‫ى‬‫ه‬‫ن‬‫ض‬‫و‬‫ع‬
‫د‬.‫ة‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ن‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫رو‬‫د‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫رو‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫د‬‫و‬‫م‬‫ح‬‫م‬
‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫أ‬‫د‬‫م‬‫ح‬‫م‬
‫ل‬‫ي‬‫د‬‫ه‬‫ح‬‫ت‬‫ف‬
‫د‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ء‬‫ا‬‫ن‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫س‬‫ل‬‫ا‬
University of Benghazi
Family and Community Medicine Department
Health Care Associated Infections
HCAIs ))

2. HCAIs are a major safety concern for
both health care providers and patients.
They continue to escalate at an alarming
rate, especially in emerging economies,
with infection rates 3–20 times higher
than in high-income countries.
HCAIs increase morbidity, mortality,
length of hospital stays, and costs. Therefore, more research and
changes in practice are needed to
ensure hospital safety and prevent
HCAIs. For example the annual
costs for HCAIs alone in the USA
are between US$28 and US$45
billion, but with even this amount
of spending, 90,000 lives are still
lost per year. HCAIs are among
the top five killers in the USA

3. Definition:
Health care-associated infections (HCAIs) are those infections that
patients acquire while receiving health care .
The term HCAIs initially referred to those infections linked with
admission to an acute-care hospital (earlier called nosocomial
infections), but the term now includes infections developed in
various settings where patients obtain health care (eg, long-term
care, family medicine clinics, home care, and ambulatory care).
HCAIs : are infections that first appear 48 hours or more after
hospitalization or within 30 days after having received health care.

4. Type of infection
Endogenous : are caused by micro-organisms already present
in or on the patient's own body Such organisms only cause
problems when the body's defenses are weakened,
or breached by surgery or other medical procedures
Exogenous : such micro-organisms originating from another
patient either by direct contact or through a contaminated
hospital environment.
Healthcare-associated infections are caused by many micro-
organisms which include Bacteria , Viruses, Parasites, Fungi .
(most common Bactria )

9. Causes of HCAI :
1. Increase the number of patients with a contact between the
carriers of infection and those exposed to infection
2. Length of treatment with antibiotics
3. The lack of suitable architectural designs and the efficiency
of health facilities
4. Failure to follow procedures to ensure the quality of
services provided to patients
5. Failure to follow the proper and correct rules for the
disposal of waste in the proper manner
6. Pollution of machines and tools and not follow the principles
of proper sterilization
7. Increase the movement of patients within the hospital
8. Lack of adequate awareness of the health team about infection
and how it is transmitted and methods and methods of control

10. 9. Levels of staff experience and training inadequate
10. Absence of local and national guidelines and policies
11. Poor coordination of medications orders for transfer of
care
12. Lack of knowledge of injection and blood transfusion
safety

11. Risk factors of HCAI:
There are many risk factors associated with spread or
occurrence the health care associated infection include
Factor related to patient :
1. Patients are immunocompromised
2. Hospitalized patients undergo invasive examinations
and treatments.
3. The type and duration of ventilation.
4. The quality of respiratory care.
5. Severity of the patient’s condition (organ failure).
and previous use of antibiotics.
6. Level of asepsis at insertion.
7. Extreme of ages.
8. Surgery

12. Factor related to health care facilities environment:
1. Bad patient care practices (medical staff)
2. Contamination of hospital environment.
3. Prolonged hospital stay
4. Bad continuing catheter care
5. Absenteeism or non qualified infection control specialist
6. Defects in sterilization machines
7. Overcrowding

14. Standard Precautions
Standard precautions are a set of infection control
practices used to prevent transmission of diseases
that can be acquired by contact with blood, body
fluids, non-intact skin (including rashes), and mucous
membranes. These measures are to be used when
providing care to all individuals, whether or not they
appear infectious or symptomatic

15. • Hand Hygiene
• Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)
• Needlestick and Sharps Injury
Prevention
• Cleaning and Disinfection
• Respiratory Hygiene (Cough
Etiquette)
• Waste Disposal
• Safe Injection Practices

16. Hand Hygiene

29. Thank you