effort has been to clarify communication and its various models.

1. CommuniCationCommuniCation
modelsmodels
listening & Comm.listening & Comm.

2. introduCtion
• Communication, like most anything
else, can be studied in order to find out
exactly how it works.
• This can be done in real life situations
or it can be done on a more “academic”
level.
• This presentation will show you the
three most recognized and accepted
models of communication and how they
work.

3. model #1: Continuous
looP model
• This is the EARLIEST model of
communication that has been
presented and accepted by others who
study the field.
• It is also the SIMPLEST model (though
it might not look like it at first).
• It includes all of the basic parts/players
in the communication process.
• There are still a few problems, though!

4. Continuous
Loop Model

5. Continuous
Loop Model
CONTENT

6. Continuous
Loop Model
M
MESSAGE
CONTENT

7. Continuous
Loop Model
M
Channels
MESSAGE
CONTENT

8. Continuous
Loop Model
S
M
Channels
SENDER
MESSAGE
CONTENT

9. Continuous
Loop Model
S
M
Info
Source
Channels
SENDER
MESSAGE
CONTENT

10. Continuous
Loop Model
S
M
R
Info
Source
Channels
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVERCONTENT

11. Continuous
Loop Model
S
M
R
Info
Source
Channels
Break = diff. Message
received = confusion
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVERCONTENT

12. Continuous
Loop Model
S
M
R
F
Info
Source
Channels
Break = diff. Message
received = confusion
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
CONTENT

13. Continuous
Loop Model
S
M
R
F
Info
Source
Channels
Break = diff. Message
received = confusion
SENDER
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
FEEDBACK
Break = diff info sent to
Sender = improper reactions
CONTENT

14. CONTINUOUS LOOP
• This model is based upon the
concept that language is a
system or a machine.
• In this machine, communication
acts as the “gears” for the
machine to work properly.
• Any breakdowns hurt efficiency!

15. CONTINUOUS LOOP
• While this is the EARLIEST model
of communication, it is not
known who the developer or the
creator of the model was.
• The only thing we know for sure
is that it was most-likely
developed in the 1920s or
1930s.

16. CONTINUOUS LOOP
• One of the flaws of the model is
that it assumes “continuous”
communication.
• There are times when we choose
to stop communicating.
• In other words, this is good on
paper, but it does not fit all
situations.

17. MODEL #2: SHANNON &
WEAVER
• This model was created in 1949.
• It is not certain if this pair of
researchers had seen the
“Continuous Loop” model, but
they were probably at least
familiar with it.
• This model was designed to be
practical!

18. MODEL #2: SHANNON &
WEAVER
• Just as the “Loop” model was
more “academic,” the Shannon &
Weaver Model is more “down-to-
earth.”
• The basis for this model was a
study of telephone conversations
over a very lengthy 2-year time.

19. MODEL #2: SHANNON &
WEAVER
• The team studied only what they
deemed to be “important” or
“significant” calls of some length.
• Quick calls to a neighbor or a
store were not considered for the
study.
• The focus was on the
“mechanics” of the messages.

20. Shannon and Weaver Model
T
Transmitter = Phone

21. Shannon and Weaver Model
T R
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone

22. Shannon and Weaver Model
S T R
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone
Sender =
Info Source

23. Shannon and Weaver Model
S T R R
Sender = Info
Source
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone

24. Shannon and Weaver Model
S T R RN
Sender = Info
Source
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone
NOISE

25. Shannon and Weaver Model
S T R RN
Sender = Info
Source
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone
NOISE
Static or Connection

26. Shannon and Weaver Model
S T R RN
Sender = Info
Source
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone
NOISE
Static or Connection
Mental or Electronic

27. Shannon and Weaver Model
S T R RN
?
Sender = Info
Source
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone
NOISE
Static or Connection
Mental or Electronic

28. Shannon and Weaver Model
S T R RN
?
Sender = Info
Source
Transmitter =
Phone
Receiver = Phone
Altered Message =
Confusion
NOISE
Static or Connection
Mental or Electronic

29. MODEL #3: BERLO’S
“MODEL”
• This is the MOST RECENT model of
communication study.
• An exact date is not given for the
study, but it is believed to have been
completed in the late 1970s or the
early 1980s.
• This one is not designed to be
“academic” or “practical.” It is
designed to be “ALL-INCLUSIVE”

30. MODEL #3: BERLO’S
“MODEL”
•Even with all of the good
things that this “model”
illustrates and tries to
describe, there is still
one little issue to
remember…

31. MODEL #3: BERLO’S
“MODEL”
•IT’S NOT REALLY
EVEN A TRUE
MODEL IN THE
FIRST PLACE!

32. MODEL #3: BERLO’S
“MODEL”
• It is NOT a model because it was
never actually tested.
• Berlo designed what he thought
would be the ideal system to
describe communication, but
never had a chance to put it to
the test in real life.

33. MODEL #3: BERLO’S
“MODEL”
•Since it was never “field-
tested,” the “model” that
Berlo developed has to
take on a new title…

34. MODEL #3: BERLO’S
“MODEL”
•IT HAS TO
BE CALLED A
“THEORY”

35. BERLO’S LiStEning
thEORy

36. BERLO’S LiStEning
thEORy
CONTENT

37. BERLO’S LiStEning
thEORy
CONTENT
CODE

38. BERLO’S LiStEning
thEORy
CONTENT
CODE
Sender:
Emotions
Knowledge
Background
Biases
Ability

39. BERLO’S LiStEning
thEORy
CONTENT
CODE
Sender:
Emotions
Knowledge
Background
Biases
Ability
Receiver:
Emotions
Knowledge
Background
Biases
Ability