Oral Communication in Context

1. Models of
Communication
By:
Teacher Donna G. Meneses

2. • Learning Competency
• At the end of the lesson, the students should
• Differentiates the various models of
(EN11/12OC-Ia-3)
• 1. explained each model;
• 2. compared and contrasted the models of
communication from theorists/proponents;

3. Let’s get
started!
4 Pics 1 Word

4. Rearrange the jumbled letters at the
bottom of each item to get the
answer.
SPEAKER

5. SPEECH

6. OCCASSION

7. EFFECT

8. AUDIENCE

9. Pre-Test
Match Column A with Column B. In your notebook, write your
answer before each item.
• COLUMN A
____1. speaker
____2. speech
____3. occasion
____4. audience
____5. effect
• COLUMN B
a. the message sent by the
sender to the receiver
b. the situation where the speech
happened
c. the influence created to the
receiver
d. prepares the speech and
analyzes his audience
e. they are passive and
influenced by the speech
d
a
b
e
c

10.  By this time, we should all be aware of
what communication is, its process,
functions, and nature.
 However, just like any other processes,
variations exist. These variations in
processes are where models are born.
It should be noted nevertheless that the
process may have different labels, but
the concept is just the same.

11. Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
 Oldest model of
communication, which
was proposed by
Aristotle before 300
B.C.
 It derived its name from
its proponent; hence,
Aristotle’s Model of
Communication.

12. Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
 Ancient Greek philosopher
Aristotle, together with Socrates
and Plato, laid much of the
groundwork for western
philosophy.
 Aristotle (c. 384 B.C. to 322
B.C.) was an Ancient Greek
philosopher and scientist who is
still considered one of the
greatest thinkers in politics,
psychology and ethics.

13. Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
• While exploring the human nature
scientifically, Aristotle developed a
linear model of communication for oral
communication
• Aristotle found the importance of
audience role in communication chain in
his communication model.
• This model is more focused on public
speaking than interpersonal
communication.

14. • Unlike the other models of communication, Aristotle’s model is
formed with five (5) elements: speaker, speech, occasion,
audience, and effect.
• Aristotle’s model is speaker-centered since the audience remains
passive.
• The audience’s role therefore is mere receiver of the speech.
• They are also influenced or persuaded by the speech.
• The speaker should then be prepared beforehand by analyzing
the audience and the situation (occasion) to where the speech
will be delivered to achieve the purpose (effect).
SPEAKE
R
Figure 1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
SPEECH AUDIENCE EFFECT
OCCASION

15. •This model is one-way, that is, from speaker to
receiver.
•There is no room for feedback.
•This is mostly applicable in public speaking such
as campaigns, State of the Nation Address
(SONA), and in television and radio commercials.
SPEAKE
R
Figure 1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
SPEECH AUDIENCE EFFECT
OCCASION

16. THE SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
OF
COMMUNICATION
Claude Elwood
Shannon (Photo
credit: www.history-
computer.com)
Warren Weaver
(Photo credit:
www.aip.org)

17. PICTURE A
PICTURE C
PICTURE B

18. No
.
Questions Picture A Picture B Picture C
1 Who is sending the
message?
2 What is the message of
the speaker?
3 How is the message sent?
4 To or for whom is the
message sent?
5 What distracts the
communication of the
speaker/s and the
listeners?
Teachers /
principal
Speech /
platform of
government
Public
speaking
Physical
noise
Constituen
ts /
residents
News /
music
Newscaster
/DJ
People on
the beach
Multimedia
/ radio
Politician
Teachers /
principal
Multimedia
Updates /
reminders
Physical
noise
Weather

19. Claude Elwood
Shannon (Photo
credit: www.history-
computer.com)
Warren Weaver
(Photo credit:
www.aip.org)
 In 1948 Claude
Elwood Shannon
wrote an article “A
Mathematical
Theory of
Communication” in
Bell System
Technical Journal
with Warren Weaver.
 Shannon was an
American
mathematician,
Electronic engineer
and Weaver was an
American scientist.

20. • Designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver.
• They find factor affecting the communication process called “Noise”.
• At first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in
the field of Communication.
• The Mathematical theory later came to be known as Shannon Weaver model of communication or
“mother of all models.”
• -more technological than other linear models.
Figure 3. Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication
(Photo Credit: www.communicationtheory.org)

21. •This model has five elements:
•1. source
•2. transmitter
•3. channel
•4. receiver
•5. destination

22. • The source is where the message originates.
• Messages in communication are sent in a form of sound waves or signals. This is the job of the
transmitter. It converts the message into signals to be transmitted or sent through cables or other
machines.
• Once the message has already been converted, it will pass through a channel, the medium used to
send a message.
Figure 3. Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication
(Photo Credit: www.communicationtheory.org)

23. • Since a message has been initiated, converted into a signal, and sent through a medium, it will now
reach its destination.
• But before that, the converted message should be decoded first. This is the job of the receiver. It is the
one that translates the message, in a form of a signal or sound wave, into a form that can be
understood by the destination or recipient of the message.
• The receiving end in this communication model is called destination. It receives the decoded message
from the source.
Figure 3. Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication
(Photo Credit: www.communicationtheory.org)

24. • We have to bear in mind, however, that not all communication is successful.
• There are times when there is what we call communication failure.
• There are a lot of factors we can attribute to it. One is noise. In this particular model of
communication, noise refers only to physical disturbance that distorts the sending of
message. One example is weak network connection.
Figure 3. Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication
(Photo Credit: www.communicationtheory.org)

25. Transactional Model
of
Communication.
Dean C. Barnlund

26. • Barnlund was born in Sharan,
Wisconsin - USA in 1920.
• Based on years of experience
in communications in 1970,
he created transactional
model of communication.
• The premise of this transaction
model of communication is that
individuals are simultaneously
involved in sending and
receiving messages.

27. • Transactional model of communication is the exchange of
messages between communicators where each take turns
to send or receive messages.
• It describes communication as a process in which
communicators generate social realities within social,
relational, and cultural contexts.
• This model includes participants who are simultaneously
senders and receivers and accounts for how
communication constructs our realities, relationships, and
communities.
• This model, unlike the first two that we discussed, considers
two other important elements that affect the communication
process: context and feedback.

28. Types of Contextual Influences
(Photo Credit: www.open.lib.umn.edu)
• It is believed that a successful
communication can be
achieved by considering not
only the communicators
themselves but also external
influences in a
communication encounter.
• These are called contextual
influences. The types are
social context, cultural
context, and relational
context.

29. •The rules or norms in a society that
influence the communication process
are what we call social context.
•This also includes those values, laws,
and other restrictions of a society to
communicate within a specific limit.
•Examples of these are ways to greet,
thank, or apologize to a person.

30. •Cultural context includes various aspects of
identities such as race, gender, nationality,
ethnicity, sexual orientation, class, and ability.
•If people communicating are within the same
cultural context, they will have better
communication, unlike those that do not belong
in the same context.
•This is where conflict arises, especially when
one views his race, nationality, or ethnicity as
dominant than the other’s.

31. •Lastly, based on our experience, would you
agree with me if I say that we talk differently with
someone we have known for a long period of
time than with a stranger or someone we just
met?
•This is what we call relational context, which
refers to the relationship between the sender
and the receiver(s) of a message (e.g. father-
son, friend-friend, etc.).
•Example: (student-teacher) Karl always shows
respect to his teacher that he follows his
teacher’s requests or commands.

32. Let’s Practice !
Group them according to type: social, cultural, or relational
context.
• attire
• expert-layman
• shaking of hands
• cheating
• Bikolano vs Bisaya
• plaintiff-defendant
• lying
• slaves vs freemen
• parents-teachers
• urban gang
• raising of voice
• tribes
Social Cultural Relational
lying
shaking of hands
cheating
raising of voice
Bikolano vs Bisaya
tribes
attire
urban gang
parents-teachers
plaintiff-defendant
expert-layman
slaves vs freemen

33. In your own opinion, how does
Contextual Influencies affect and
contribute to the communication
process?

34. • Receivers are not just passive absorbers of
messages; they receive the message and respond to
them.
• This response of a receiver to sender’s message is
called feedback.
• This feedback could be verbal like questions or
comments, or non-verbal like smiles, nods, etc.
• Feedback helps us to know whether the message
sent is understood; thus, there is success in
communication, otherwise it would result in failure.
Feedback

35. • Unlike the other two models we discussed earlier, the
transactional model suggests that we are simultaneously
senders and receivers.
• Hence, the term communicator is used in this model. For
example, when conversing with a close friend about your
crush, right after sharing your experience, your friend reacts
with excitement coupled with small pinches and punches.
And you just ignore those and continue to share your stories
while receiving these responses.
• This is how Transactional Model differs from other models.
The model displays how communication becomes more
difficult when communicators have less in common.
• There would be a simultaneous exchange of ideas (in a form
of both message and feedback), considering different
contexts we discussed above.

36. • As seen in the illustration, the
communicator’s field of experience,
which also includes context affects
how each of them sends a message
and receives a feedback. It can also
be noted that it’s not a one-way
process, as exhibited by the arrows
used.
• As Communicator A encodes a
message, to be decoded by
Communicator B, a feedback is sent,
and vice versa. Moreover, noise and
channel/s are also important elements
in this type of model.
The Transactional Model of Communication
(Photo Credit: https://i1.wp.com/www.doncrawley.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/01/transactional-
model_r2.png?fit=3997%2C2249&ssl=1)

37. Thank you for
listening 
I hope you learned
something today.
This has been your
Oral Communication in
Context Teacher! Ms.
Donna G. Meneses