A typical LED allows current to flow in only one direction (from anode.docx

•Download as DOCX, PDF•

0 likes•2 views

The document discusses LED characteristics and how to calculate the resistor value for an op-amp circuit to drive an LED. A typical LED has a forward voltage drop of 2V and requires 10mA of current to emit light. The op-amp output can swing between +/-14V with +/-15V supplies. The resistor value for Rlim should be (14V - 2V)/10mA = 1.2kΩ to provide 10mA through the LED when the op-amp output is saturated.

Education

A typical LED allows current to flow in only one direction (from anode to cathode - see Figure 1
below), has a voltage drop of around 2V when forward biased, and requires approximately 10mA
of forward bias current to emit light (less current and it will be dim, more current risks damage).
Consider the op-amp circuit of Figure 2 in the lab. If the output of the op-amp is saturated near
either its positive supply voltage (+15V) or negative supply voltage (-15V), what resistor value
should be chosen for R lim such that the current through the LED is near 10mA? Hint: does R lim
= (14V - 2V)/10mA make sense? . Note the +-14V output voltage swing is given in the op-amp's
data sheet when supply voltages of +-15V are used.
Figure 1: LED diagrams
A typical LED allows current to flow in only one direction (from anode to cathode - see Figure 1
below), has a voltage drop of around 2V when forward biased, and requires approximately 10mA
of forward bias current to emit light (less current and it will be dim, more current risks damage).
Consider the op-amp circuit of Figure 2 in the lab. If the output of the op-amp is saturated near
either its positive supply voltage (+15V) or negative supply voltage (-15V), what resistor value
should be chosen for Rlim such that the current through the LED is near 10mA? Hint: does Rlim
= (14V - 2V)/10mA make sense?. Note the +-14V output voltage swing is given in the op-amp's
data sheet when supply voltages of +-15V are used. Figure 1: LED diagrams
Solution
fIG 2 is not given

Similar to A typical LED allows current to flow in only one direction (from anode.docx

Operational Amplifiers Basic

sahed dewan

Operational amplifiers

vshalsheth

Operational amplifiers

Op amp

Sig con

UNIT-3 OPAMP.pptx

Op amps explained

ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

Sripati Mahapatra

Analog IC Application

Tamilarasan N

Operational%20 amplifier

Sourabh Bhattacharya

Chapter 7: Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

JeremyLauKarHei

Physics chapter 22 & 23

shaffelder

Operation amplifier

Djukarna Djapri

DrivingCircuitExamplesofLaserDiodes.pdf

ssuser73694b

EC3451 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNIT 1 .pdf

VanithaR25

Operationamplifier

Ahmad Al-Jmal

Applied electronics-outcome-2

doovood

Circuit theory 1 finals

jerbor

Circuit theory 1 finals

jerbor

Instrumentation amplifier

mohdabuzar5

Similar to A typical LED allows current to flow in only one direction (from anode.docx (20)

Operational Amplifiers Basic

Operational amplifiers

Op amp

Sig con

UNIT-3 OPAMP.pptx

Op amps explained

ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

Analog IC Application

Operational%20 amplifier

Chapter 7: Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)

Physics chapter 22 & 23

Operation amplifier

DrivingCircuitExamplesofLaserDiodes.pdf

EC3451 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS UNIT 1 .pdf

Operationamplifier

Applied electronics-outcome-2

Circuit theory 1 finals

Instrumentation amplifier

More from tjames442

A star is 17.2 ly (light-years) from Earth. HINT (a) At what constant speed (in m/s) must a spacecraft travel on its journey to the star so that the Earth-star distance measured by an astronaut onboard the spacecraft is 4.06 ly? X m/s (b) What is the journey\'s travel time in years as measured by a person on Earth? yr (c) What is the journey\'s travel time in years as measured by the astronaut? yr Solution a)let Lo = 17.2 ly L = 4.6 ly let v is the speed of the spacecraft L = Lo*sqrt(1 - (v/c)^2) L/Lo = sqrt(1 - (v/c)^2 (L/Lo)^2 = 1 - (v/c)^2 (v/c)^2 = 1 - (L/Lo)^2 v = c*sqrt(1 - (L/Lo)^2) = 3*10^8*sqrt(1 - (4.05/17.2)^2) = 2.92*10^8 m/s b) T = Lo/v = 17.2*3*10^8/(2.92*10^8) = 17.67 years c) To = 4.06*3*10^8/(2.92*10^8) years = 4.17 years .

A star is 17-2 ly (light-years) from Earth- HINT (a) At what constant.docx

tjames442

A true statement about atoms is that they can emit radiation at frequencies only within the visible spectrum. can emit radiation only at specific frequencies. all have the same number of electrons. can emit radiation at any frequency. Solution Solution) option(D) Can emit radiation at any frequency The frequencies of light that an atom depends on states that an electron can be in.when electron is excited it moves to higher energy level.when electron falls back to ground level then light is emitted. .

A true statement about atoms is that they can emit radiation at freque.docx

tjames442

A TDR price of a length of 60 centimeters was installed vertically into a soil profile before seeding wheat in the spring. The growing season precipitation was 30 cm. TDR reading on May 15th was L0=2.900 meters; L1=5.114 m. On the day of harvesting (September 8th), the reading was L0=2.900 m and L1=4.331 m. Assuming there were negligible drainage and runoff during the crop growing period, what war the average evapotranspiration rate firing the growing season? If the wheat yield was 2000 kg/hectare, what was the crop water use, and crop water use efficiency? (L0 is the initial peak reading and L1 is the end of valley reading from the TDR screen). Solution total use of water = 5.114 - 4.331 + 0.3=1.083 m = 108.3 cm depth in 115 days avg evapotranspiration = 108.3/115= 0.939 cm/day crop water use = 1.083*10 4 m 3 /hectare = 1.083 *10 7 kg /hectare efficiency = 2000/( 1.083 *10 7 ) = 1.093 *10 -4 .

A TDR price of a length of 60 centimeters was installed vertically int.docx

tjames442

1. The real interest rate is defined as: A. inflation minus the nominal interest rate. B. the nominal interest rate plus inflation. C. the nominal interest rate divided by inflation. D. the nominal interest rate minus inflation. 2. The loanable funds theory states that ________ is(are) determined by the ________ for loans. A. real interest rates; demand B. nominal interest rates; supply and demand C. real interest rates; supply and demand D. inflation; supply 3. In the loanable funds theory, ________ is the ________ of a loan. A. the nominal interest rate; price B. inflation; cost C. the price; interest rate D. the real interest rate; price 4. Which of the following are assumptions of the loanable funds theory? I. There is only one type of loan. II. The interest rate is zero. III. Banks are the intermediary between savers and investors. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III 5. Which of the following are assumptions of the loanable funds theory? I. There are many types of loans. II. There is only one interest rate. III. Savers loan to investors via banks. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III Solution 1) A 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) D .

1- The real interest rate is defined as- A- inflation minus the nomina.docx

tjames442

1. The intNumbers array is a one dimensional array. Write the statement to multiply the number stored in the first array element by 3. 2. The intNumbers array is a one dimensional array. Write the statement to add together the numbers stored in the first and second array elements, display the sum in the lblSum control. ( visual basic ) Solution 1. The intNumbers array is a one dimensional array. Write the statement to multiply the number stored in the first array element by 3. statement: Dim IntNumbers() As Integers={12,16,20,24,28} IntNumbers(0)=IntNumbers(0)*3 2. The intNumbers array is a one dimensional array. Write the statement to add together the numbers stored in the first and second array elements, display the sum in the lblSum control. statement: Dim IntNumbers() As Integers={12,16,20,24,28} Dim NewElement As Integer NewElement=IntNumber(0)+IntNumber(1) lblSum.Text=Cstr(NewElement) .

1- The intNumbers array is a one dimensional array- Write the statemen.docx

tjames442

1- The following data were reported by a corporation: Authorized shares 20,000 Issued shares 15,000 Treasury shares 3,000 ______________What is the number of outstanding shares? 2- Purchasing 500 shares of treasury stock would be A. An asset source B. An asset use C. An asset exchange D. A claims exchange Solution 1. The number of outstanding shares = 15,000 - 3,000 = 12,000 shares 2. This is an Asset use transaction since it decrease cash and decrease paid up capital. .

1- The following data were reported by a corporation- Authorized share.docx

tjames442

1. The following change is physical or chemical. Explain why? Water boils in a kettle 2 Balance the following reaction. C3 H6+ 02 CO2+ H20 3. Distinguish between the two terms. Provide an example for each of them. Solute and solvent 4. The following solution is an acidic or basic? Why? Soap (PEH-8) 5. Write the following chemical formulas: a. sodium chloride b. calcium nitrate 6. Draw a Condensed structural diagram for the following compound. 2-pentene 7.. Calculate the molar mass for this compound Fe 203 8. 3. Sodiun Floride is added to toothpaste and tap water to belp prevent tooth decay. Calculate the mass of2.00 mol of sodium loride. Na F(s). Solution 1. Boiling of water in a kettle is physical change since there is no change in composition(H2O) and it is reversible. 2. C3H6 + 9/2 O2 - - - - - - >3 CO2 + 3 H2O 3. Solute is the one which is in minor quantity and soluble in excess of solvent while solvent is the one which dissolves the solute and is in excess. 4. Basic since pH is greater than 7 PH =7 - neutral, <7-acidic, >7- basic 5. Sodium Chloride - NaCl, Calcium Nitrate - Ca(NO3)2 6.CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 7. Fe2O3 =2x56+3x16=112+48=160 (approximately) 8. Mass = Moles x molar mass of NaF = 2x42 = 84 g .

1- The following change is physical or chemical- Explain why- Water bo.docx

tjames442

1- Which of the following is a situation in which an involuntary trans.docx

tjames442

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of a firewall? a. Blocks or forwards packets based on source and destination address and TCP port b. Blocks or forwards packets based on source and destination address and UDP port c. Examines packet data for worms, viruses, malware, etc. and blocks a stream if it contains malicious content d. Converts Ethernet packets to Token Ring or ARCnet packets e. Allows a computer inside the firewall to initiate a TCP connection to an outbound system, and then transmit data to and from that system, while preventing an outbound system from initiating a TCP connection to an internal host. Solution The correct option is d. Converts Ethernet packets to Token Ring or ARCnet packets Since Ethernet is one network and another is token ring then to communicate between these two work stattions is possible by using bridge or gateway. Ethernet with a speed of 100Mbps and Token ring with a speed of 10Mbps. Here firewall has done nothing to work to get it working between two different networks. The firewall is either software program or hardware like Router which monitors the incoming packets for malicious code or virus or worms to infect the computer.The firewall examines packet data for unauthorized access to get control over the computer system. .

1- Which of the following is NOT a function of a firewall- a- Blocks o.docx

tjames442

1. What soil characteristics influence compressibility 2. Why is consolidation a time-dependent process? Solution the following are the charecteristics of soil which influence compressibility they are 1. expulsion of pore air from void spaces which leads to reduce in its void ration and soil gets compressed 2. expulsion of pore water from the void spaces of the soil mass 3. a soil mass with honey comb structure is more compresible than soil have dense structure 4. a soil which is composed of flat grains in its structure is more compressible than one with spherical grains 5. a soil in remoulded state is more compressible than same soil in its natural state. 2)answer: consolidation is time dependent why beacuse the effective void ratio ( not void ratio ) is less so the water present in the pore spaces is unable to expulse fastly. and the water which is present around the soil grain called adsorbed water drags the pore water and slow doen the process of expulsion of water.. so consolidation leads lot of time and sustained loads .

1- What soil characteristics influence compressibility 2- Why is conso.docx

tjames442

1- What type of encryption does PKI use? Symmetric Asymmetric DES AES 2- The upper layers of the OSI model are, in correct order. Session, application, presentation Session, presentation, application Session, application, presentation, physical Application, presentation, session, physical Solution 1. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) uses asymmetric key encryption between parties. Asymmetric Encryption : It is a form of Encryption , in this pair of keys are coming. Here one key encrypts, while the other key can decrypt. Option b is correct choice. 2. The upper layers of the OSI model are, in correct order is 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Data Link 1. Physical These are the Layers in OSI model. Option d is correct choice. .

1- What type of encryption does PKI use- Symmetric Asymmetric DES AES.docx

tjames442

1. What kind of contract did Lulene and Ellen have? What kinds of issues may arise with their contract? 2. Suppose the Mississippi legislature passes a law, one day after Lulene and Ellen make their contract, that the sale of lemon pies is prohibited in the state because lemons have been found to cause cancer. How would that affect the contract? 3. Assume that when Lulene and Ellen entered into the agreement Ellen was an enterprising 16-year-old. Would the contract be enforceable? Why or why not? 4. Instead of meeting to discuss the deal, Lulene had sent Ellen a letter offering to sell her lemon pies for $5.00 per pie for as long as Ellen likes. Lulene says she must receive Ellen Solution Instead of meeting to discuss the deal, Lulene had sent Ellen a letter offering to sell her lemon pies for $5.00 per pie for as long as Ellen likes. Lulene says she must receive Ellen\'s answer by May 10. On May 8 Ellen signs a letter accepting the offer and mails it. On May 9 Lulene calls to withdraw her offer. Ellen says it\'s too late, she has accepted. Who wins? Ellen wins, because it was effective when sent. Assume that Ellen doesn\'t call the deal off when she is told the price is now $7.00, but wants to hold Lulene to the deal to supply pies at $5.00. If Lulene fails to supply the pies, and if Ellen then sues her for a breach of contract, what is Lulene most likely to argue to avoid liability? Lulene is most likely to argue with impossibility. .

1- What kind of contract did Lulene and Ellen have- What kinds of issu.docx

tjames442

1. what is the net ionic equation for the neutralization of HBr with KOH 2. what is the net ionic equation for the neutralization of HF with KOH Solution Solution:- (1) HBr is a strong acid and KOH is a strong base. Both are like completely dissociated and also KBr is water soluble. The molecular equation is... HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) -----> KBr(aq) + H 2 O(l) Ionic equation is..... H + (aq) + Br - (aq) + K + (aq) + OH - (aq) ----> K + (aq) + Br - (aq) + H 2 O(l) Here, K + and Br - are the common ions so they are canceled out while write the net ionic equation. The net ionic equation is... H + (aq) + OH - (aq) -----> H 2 O(l) (2) HF is a weak acid and so it is not completely dissociated. For the ionic equations we don\'t show the dissociation of weak acid or base. HF(aq) + KOH(aq) -----> KF(aq) + H 2 O(l) Ionic equation is... HF(aq) + K + (aq) + OH - (aq) ----> K + (aq) + F - (aq) + H 2 O(l) K + is the common ion. The net ionic equation would be... HF(aq) + OH - (aq) ----> F - (aq) + H 2 O(l) .

1- what is the net ionic equation for the neutralization of HBr with K.docx

tjames442

1. What is outsourcing? What are advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing? 2. Define Social Media Information System (SMIS)? List some of the individual and organizational risks associated with use of social media and how they can be prevented. 3. Describe business intelligence application and give at least two examples Solution 1. Some companies source their materials or work processes from outsider firms, this process is known as outsourcing . Competitive advantages of outsourcing are listed below: Despite of the above advantages, outsourcing involves the following risks: Thus, it can be concluded that a company should analyze the outcomes of outsourcing strategy, before its implementation. 2. Social media information system (SMIS) utilizes the social media channels to share some news and information with the network of users. Risks associated with social media information system are listed below: Organizations can prevent these risks with the help of given strategies: 3. Business intelligence application includes those applications that help an organization in collecting, analyzing and disseminating the data for effective decision making process. Examples of business intelligence application are given below: .

1- What is outsourcing- What are advantages and disadvantages of outso.docx

tjames442

1. What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP layered models? Solution 1. OSI which stands for Open Systems Interconnection is a conceptual model which define standards on how two systems can communicate on a network. TCP/IP which stands forÂ Â Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) is protocol suite which defines different protocols for communication between two systems on the internet. 3. OSI model has 7 layers which include Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Later Physical Layer 3. TCP.IP has 4 layers Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Link Layer or .

1- What is the difference between OSI and TCP-IP layered models-Soluti.docx

tjames442

1. What is a database? Give some examples. 2. What is a database management system? Give some examples 3. How a database is structured? What is a primary key? 4. An application runs on specific operating system that stores and retrieves data on a database yo produce information. Explain with a diagram. 5. Explain the basic database applications in CRUD. Solution 1) Database : Its basically collection of information or say data which we want to store so that we can access or update it as and when required. Like storing data about employee in an organisation 2) Database Management System : The system which handles database. It provides user/programmers a systematic way of storing , accessing, retrieving and managing data. Eg : Oracle 3) Database is structured in form of tables which stores relevanty data like employee table wich can have colums to store employee name, address, contact details , salary etc. Primary key : its the attribute to uniquely identify a row and for eg in Employee table uniquely identify a employee. 5) CRUD : basically the four major operations in database to handle the data C: Create , the operation to create table/store data in table R : Retrieve - the operation to access the stored data U : Update : the operation to update the already stored data D : Delete : the operation to delete the stored data .

1- What is a database- Give some examples- 2- What is a database manag.docx

tjames442

1. What are the functional sources of power? 2. Distinguish between personal and social power? What are the 4 power-oriented characteristics of the best managers Solution Making organizations more innovative, responsive and responsible requires focusing on a number of leadership, power and influence issues. These issues are critical in coping with the strategic environment with all its VUCA characteristics, and strategic leader performance requirements in that environment. The issues influence developing teams at the strategic level, as well as managing organizational processes linked to values and ethics, organizational culture, visioning and the management of change. Such issues include: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Although trait, behavioral, and contingency approaches have each contributed to the understanding of leadership, none of the approaches have provided a completely satisfactory explanation of leadership and leadership effectiveness. Since the 1970s, several alternative theoretical frameworks for the study of leadership have been advanced. Among the more important of these are leader-member exchange theory, transformational leadership theory, the substitutes for leadership approach, and the philosophy of servant leadership. .

1- What are the functional sources of power- 2- Distinguish between pe.docx

tjames442

1. What are phonons? What information can be obtained by studying the phonon spectrum of solids? Solution A phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, like solids and some liquids. It is a quantized mode of vibration occurring in a rigid crystal lattice, such as the atomic lattice of a solid. Solids with one or more atoms exhibit two types of phonons. They are (1) acoustic phonons and (2) optical phonons. When a solid absorbs energy, the number of phonons changes. Macroscopic properties like thermal energy can be described by suitable statistical models. If a solid is viewed as a collection of distinguishable oscillating atoms, they would obey Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Since phonons are indistinguishable particles like photons, they follow Bose-Einstein distribution. There is no limit on the number of particles a boson state can occupy. In solid-state physics, the study of phonons is important because phonons play an important role in many of the physical properties of solids, such as the specific heat, melting point, thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity, and superconductivity.Â Â The electrons are responsible for the majority of heat conduction in metal, while the phonons are the dominant carriers in the semiconductors and insulators, e.g. silicon, germanium and silica-based materials. In some cases, the phonon contribution to the specific heat or resistivity can be easily separated from other contributions and can provide important information about the lattice dynamical properties of a solid. There are studies made on the measurements of sound velocities using spectroscopic techniques which is quite useful since they provide the slopes of the acoustic phonon branches. .

1- What are phonons- What information can be obtained by studying the.docx

tjames442

1. void fun(int &j) { j++; } int main() { int i = 20; fun(i); printf(\"i = %d\ \", i); return 0; } 2. void fun(int *j) { (*j)++; } int main() { int i = 20; int *p = &i; fun(p); printf(\"i = %d\ \", i); return 0; } 3. #include<stdio.h> void square(int); main() { int num = 3; square(num); printf(â€œnum: %d\ â€, num); } void square (int num) { num = num * num; } 4. #include<stdio.h> int square(int); main() { int num = 3; square(num); printf(â€œnum: %d\ â€, num); num = square(num); printf(â€œnum: %d\ â€, num); } int square (int num) { num = num * num; return num; } Solution 1))))))))))))) the address of i is passed in the fuinction in this case then in the function the address is incremented and print in the main block 2))))))))))))))) p is a pointer as a pointer it stores the address of another variable here p stores the address of variable i rather than the value of a variable 3)))))))))))))) function with arguement and no return type the fun ction here declared as void so it doesnot return the value 4)))))))))) function with arguement and return type it returns the value to the called function. .

1- void fun(int &j) { j++- } int main() { int i - 20- fun(i)- printf(-.docx

tjames442

1. Single convex lenses can be used to make images of far away objects. Will these images be real or imaginary? Where does the image occur relative to the focus? (Specify which side of the lens) 2. Lenses in combination are used in the making of microscopes and telescopes. When observing with the human eye, should the device create real or virtual images? Why? 3. Microscopes often have very bright lights to illuminate the object. If you were to look at the light without the microscope it appears so bright it may \"hurt\" to look at it. If the microscope magnifies the object to create a larger image, why is it safe to look through microscope at the very bright object? (This is the same concept as why projector bulbs are very bright.) Please explain in detail, not just with a one sentence answer for each and I will rate. Thank you! Solution 1) The image will be real because it is formed by the actual meeting of the rays converging. The image is formed at the focal point behind the lens, i.e. on the other side of the lens. This is when the rays coming from the distant object are parallel to the principal axis. Otherwise the image is formed on a line perpendicular and passing through the focal point. 2) When observing with the human eye, the device should create virtual image. The reason is that when we view an image we want the image to be clear and upright and not inverted. An upright image is formed only when it is virtual. 3) When we look directly, we view it with its original intensity; therefore it may hurt our eyes. On the other hand when viewing through the microscope the light is reflected a few times and so its intensity decreases, thereby making it safe to view at. .

1- Single convex lenses can be used to make images of far away objects.docx

tjames442

More from tjames442 (20)