1- What is the difference between OSI and TCP-IP layered models-Soluti.docx

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1. What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP layered models? Solution 1. OSI which stands for Open Systems Interconnection is a conceptual model which define standards on how two systems can communicate on a network. TCP/IP which stands forÂ Â Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) is protocol suite which defines different protocols for communication between two systems on the internet. 3. OSI model has 7 layers which include Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Later Physical Layer 3. TCP.IP has 4 layers Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Link Layer or .

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guidance tool. implemntation of OSI model
3. OSI model has 7 layers which include
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Later
Physical Layer
3. TCP.IP has 4 layers
Application Layer
Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Link Layer or

TCP/IP and OSI Modal OSI Reference Model:- The seven layers of the OSI model are as follows: · Physical layer: Converts the data into the stream of electric or analog pulses that will actually cross the transmission medium and oversees the transmission of the data · Data Link layer: Provides an interface with the network adapter; maintains logical links for the subnet · Network layer: Supports logical addressing and routing · Transport layer: Provides error control and flow control for the internetwork · Session layer: Establishes sessions between communicating applications on the communicating computers · Presentation layer: Translates data to a standard format; manages encryption and data compression · Application layer: Provides a network interface for applications; supports network applications for file transfer, communications, and so forth TCP/IP Protocol Architecture TCP/IP protocols map to a four-layer conceptual model. The four layers of model are: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface. Each layer in model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The APRANET initially started with four Internet message processors (IMPs), located at the UCLA, UCSA, Stanford research institute and the University of Utah. In the early years, the purpose and usage of the APRANET network was widely discussed, leading to many enhancements and modifications as the users steady increased and requested demanded more from the network. As time passed many enhancements were made to the existing protocol but by 1973 it was clear that NCP (Network Control Protocol) was unable to handle the volume of traffic passing through it network and proposed a new functionality. A new protocol TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol was developed over time to replace NCP. Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model TCP/IP modal OSI modal 1. The TCP/IP model doesn’t clearly distinguish between service, interval and protocol. 1. The OSI model originally distinguishes between service, interval and protocols. 2. The TCP/IP model is an implementation of the OSI model. 2. The OSI model is a reference model. 3. In TCP/TP model, the protocols came first, and the model was really just a description of the existing protocols. 3. In OSI model, the protocols came after the model was described. 4. In TCP/IP model , the protocols are not hidden. 4. In OSI model, the protocols are better hidden. 5. The TCP/IP model has only 4 layers. 5. The OSI model has 7 layers. 6. The TCP/IP model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the transport layer. giving users the choice. 6. The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the network layer, but only connection -oriented communication in transport layer. Reference · Where Wizards Stay Up Late - Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyons Inside the PC - Pe ...

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Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer TCP/IP OSI It has 4 layers. It has 7 layers. TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards around which the internet has developed. OSI Model however is a "generic, protocolindependent standard." Follows Vertical Approach Follows Horizontal Approach In TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer does not Guarantees delivery of packets. In OSI Model, Transport Layer Guarantees delivery of packets.

A star is 17.2 ly (light-years) from Earth. HINT (a) At what constant speed (in m/s) must a spacecraft travel on its journey to the star so that the Earth-star distance measured by an astronaut onboard the spacecraft is 4.06 ly? X m/s (b) What is the journey\'s travel time in years as measured by a person on Earth? yr (c) What is the journey\'s travel time in years as measured by the astronaut? yr Solution a)let Lo = 17.2 ly L = 4.6 ly let v is the speed of the spacecraft L = Lo*sqrt(1 - (v/c)^2) L/Lo = sqrt(1 - (v/c)^2 (L/Lo)^2 = 1 - (v/c)^2 (v/c)^2 = 1 - (L/Lo)^2 v = c*sqrt(1 - (L/Lo)^2) = 3*10^8*sqrt(1 - (4.05/17.2)^2) = 2.92*10^8 m/s b) T = Lo/v = 17.2*3*10^8/(2.92*10^8) = 17.67 years c) To = 4.06*3*10^8/(2.92*10^8) years = 4.17 years .

A true statement about atoms is that they can emit radiation at freque.docx

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A true statement about atoms is that they can emit radiation at frequencies only within the visible spectrum. can emit radiation only at specific frequencies. all have the same number of electrons. can emit radiation at any frequency. Solution Solution) option(D) Can emit radiation at any frequency The frequencies of light that an atom depends on states that an electron can be in.when electron is excited it moves to higher energy level.when electron falls back to ground level then light is emitted. .

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