The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools. The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers. The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.

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TECHVILLA
www.techvilla.org.in

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DAY 1
OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating systems in embedded industry,
introduction to Unix/linux

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Introduction to operating systems.
 Operating system is an interface between user and the physical
machine.
User application
Operating system
Hardware

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Features of an OS
Service provider:
• File system
• Standard libraries
• Window system
Coordinator:
• Protection: prevent jobs from interfering with each other.
• Communication: enable jobs to interact with each other.
• Resource management: facilitate sharing of resources across jobs.
Operating systems are everywhere:
• Single function devices(embedded controllers,robots…)
 OS provides a collection of standard services.
 Sometimes OS/middleware distinction is blurry.
• Multi-fuction/application devices(workstations and servers)
 OS manages application interactions.

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Why do we need operating
systems?
 Provide higher level of abstraction to physical resources.
 Enable construction of complex software systems.
 Enable portable code.
 Share limited or expensive physical resources.
 Provide protection

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Abstract View of System
System and Application Programs
Operating System
Computer
Hardware
User
1
User
2
User
3
... User
n
Database
system
Text editorassemblercompiler

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Embedded Systems
 One of the most important and widely used categories of operating
systems
 Hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function
 Tightly coupled to their environment
 Often, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product,
 E.G. antilock braking system in a car.
 This imposes real-time constraints by the need to interact with the
environment.
 required speeds of motion,
 required precision of measurement,
 required time durations.

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Example:- Refrigerator

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Embedded Systems design
 Typical embedded software components:
 Embedded Application Code
 Device Drivers
 A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
 Hardware abstraction layer(s)
 System initialization routines

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CPU
Data
Memory
Program
Memory
Analog
Front End
Digital
i/p Ports
Comms:
ASC, SSC,
USB, IIC,
IrDA, etc.
User Interface
Modules
D/A,
Isolation..
Digital
o/p Ports
Support:
Timers
Watchdo
g
Data Bus
Address Bus
interrupts
OUTPUTS
Links to Other Systems
INPUTS
User Interface
Digital i/p
Analog i/p

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Industry applications

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Introduction to Linux
1. Personal Workstation
2. File and Print Server
3. Internet Service Provider
4. Three-tier Client/Server
5. Turnkey System

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Using Linux on Personal Computers
 Linux kernel for free
 Kernel is central component
 Kernel can be customized to user’s needs

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Linux Distributions
• Corel Linux
• Debian GNU/Linux
• OpenLinux (Caldera)
• Red Hat
• Slackware
• SuSE
• TurboLinux

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Linux vs. Windows
 OS does not have to use a graphical interface.
 The OS itself (the kernel) is incredibly small.
 The GUI just another application (or set of applications) that can be
installed and run on top the existing text-based OS.
 File system differences.
 Windows typically uses FAT32 or NTFS file systems.
 Linux typically uses the ext2 or ext3 file systems
 In much larger research and university environments, where file access is
necessary across the network, something like Network File System (NFS) or
the Andrew File System (AFS) is used. We use AFS here on GL at UMBC.
 Windows lists all drives separately (A:,C:,D:, etc…), with “My Computer”
at the highest level.
 UNIX starts its highest level at “/” and drives can be mounted anywhere
underneath it.