Lyme Disease Caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi Bacteria

Borrelia Burgdorferi
Abstract: Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus are the two species of blacklegged ticks that act as vectors of transmission of the spirochete
bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi to small mammals or human host, which cause Lyme disease in humans, also known as Lyme borreliosis (cdc.gov
2016; Qiu et al. 2002). After the pathogen's initial entry through the skin, it proliferates in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid; Borrelia burgdorferi has
also been seen in much smaller quantities in the following locations: 'myocardium, retina, muscle, bone, spleen, liver, meninges, and brain', which is
the primary cause of more severe secondary symptoms of untreated infection (cdc.gov 2016; Steere 2004).
What are the requirements for survival and reproduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
burgdorferi populations in the Mid–West and Northeast share a fairly recent common evolutionary ancestor despite geographic separation. The previous
inference is supported by several contributing factors: both tick–borne populations of B. burgdorferi have very little genetic variation due to the
minimal number of observed polymorphic sites present in each population, and both populations have similar linked allele combinations. More than
likely, the above information suggests small population sizes and a recent common ancestor for both Northeast and Mid–Western populations of B.
burgdorferi. However, Brisson et al. also noted that the independent populations have begun to minimally diverge from one another. The small
evolutionary divergence between the two populations is not responsible for the higher rate of infection in the Northeast. Host populations in the
Northeast encounter a different set of circumstances than hosts in the Mid–Western populations such as: host life–style and environmental factors,
including closer proximity and different pathogen reservoirs, causing more frequent host–pathogen interactions, and thus a larger percentage of
infected individuals in the Northeast than Mid–West
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The Effects Of Lyme Disease On The Geographical...
Introduction
Statistics obtained from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention show that there are approximately 300,000 cases of Lyme Disease reported in
the United States annually (CDC, 2016). The above data categorizes Lyme Disease as the number one animal carried and vector–borne disease. Vector
is a term used to describe a living organism able to carry and spread an infectious disease from either animal to human or human to human (WHO,
2016). Surprisingly, it was not until 1982 that the CDC placed Lyme as an official disease category. Even though the awareness of theLyme disease
increased throughout the years, many people are still unaware of the symptoms, transmission methods as well as the underlying cause of the disease ...
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14).
Yale scientist Allen Steere is credited as being the first to recognize, name, characterize and treat the affliction that became known as Lyme Disease.
The disease was named after the town of Old Lyme, Connecticut, where an outbreak of arthritis and juvenile arthritis led two women to seek assistance
of medical professionals. Steere was particularly interested in rheumatology. Once he learned about multiple cases of affected patients displaying
similar symptoms to those of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, he immediately questioned the diagnosis. He decided to conduct a phone survey among
other young affected patients. Upon collecting data, he noticed that these symptoms were also accompanied by a red circular rash. He concluded that
the above health issue was caused by an infectious agent (Yannielli & Alcamo, 2004, p. 18). Since the city of Old Lyme was established near the
Connecticut River, Steere, along with other scientists, initially suspected that the drinking water might have contained an infectious agent. However,
he soon realized that his hypothesis was not true, since not every member of a family was experiencing the symptoms. Further research found that most
cases occurred between spring and summer. He later recalled that some patients reported a tick attachment prior to the

Lyme Disease Research Paper
Lyme disease is an infection produced by bacteria called Borrelia Burgdorferi. This bacteria or germ is ordinarily found in shrews, deer, mice, and
squirrels. Ixodes bugs, normally called deer ticks, often feed on the blood from an infected animal. When this happens, the tick then becomes a carrier
of the bacteria that causes Lyme disease and can infect you with this germ through your skin. Infected deer ticks are normally found in the northeast
and upper Midwest United States because of the climate and humidity levels, and become more active in the late spring and early summer months
after the birth of new larvae. Lyme disease is known to cause a skin rash called erythema migrans and can leave you problems with your joints, brain,
heart, and nerves. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease may occur within a couple days after being bitten, but it can also take up to a month before symptoms develop.
Your family caregiver should diagnose you Lyme disease, they will begin by asking you about your signs and symptoms. They will then check your
skin for any unusual rashes and or attached ticks. During this you should make sure you tell your caregiver if you have removed a tick or have been in
an area that ticks may live, such as sagebrush or wooded areas. Your caregiver may diagnose you with Lyme disease on the spot, but chances are you
will have to be put through further testing. Testing can range from blood tests, lumbar puncture commonly known as spinal taps, and synovial fluid
tests, which is the fluid that surrounds your joints. After being diagnosed, treatment for Lyme disease can be simple as taking medicine. Medicines can
include antibiotics that kill the germs that causes the disease, anti–inflammatories that decrease pain and swelling, or steroids that can also reduce pain,
redness, and swelling in your joints and or

Imagine someone who loves the outdoors and loves life. While they are out and about doing what they love, they are unknowingly bitten by a deer
tick. They start to develop a few symptoms and get diagnosed with Lyme disease some time later. Their whole life will be different forever. How does
this happen? What is Lyme disease? Lyme disease is classified as a zoonosis, a disease that is spread from animals to humans. Humans acquire this
disease through the bite of contaminated deer ticks. The tick contracts different kinds of Borrelia bacteria by feeding on deer and mice. Any human
that the tick bites afterwards may be at risk for developing the disease. Once the Borrelia enters the human bloodstream, the bacteria begins attacking
body systems. Some of the organs include the brain, heart, and joints, but all organs are at risk. Symptoms include aches anywhere on your body;
joints, head, stomach, heart. Some people have also experienced memory loss or confusion, shaking, and flu–like symptoms. Different people have
different symptoms. It's crazy to think that one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What we eat affects how our body works. When it comes to diet, there is no specific diet that has been scientifically proven to completely diminish the
symptoms of Lyme disease. However, there are a few dietary restrictions that have been known to reduce severity or prevent certain symptoms. These
dietary restrictions include avoiding sugar, gluten, and dairy. Sugar weakens the immune system, and those who have Lyme disease are not strong
enough to handle this weakness which leads to new symptoms such as shakiness. "Gluten is the protein found in wheat and is directly responsible for
causing inflammation in the body...Dairy contains a protein known as casein which is also responsible for causing inflammation in the body"(Lyme
Disease Diet). Gluten and dairy induce inflammation which will add to the aches and pains already associated with Lyme

Essay On Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that can be found in Deer ticks.
The disease starts after an infected tick expels its salivary gland and abdominal contents into the skin of a human. In about 60–70% of cases, a rash may
develop at the site of the tick bite. This rash is most often circular with a clear edge, but oblong and other shaped rashes may occur as well in response
to the tick bite. This rash is known as erythema migrans or EM. This rash usually starts about 3–30 days after the tick bite. Sometimes this rash is
mistaken as a "spider bite". It is called "migrans" because it grows in size, gradually expanding over several days to greater than 2 inches across; some
rashes can cover very large areas, such as an entire back. If the center of the rash clears, the rash may take on a bull's–eye appearance. The rash is
usually not itchy or painful. Sometimes, other rashes occur in other parts of the body far away from the initial tick bite. This is because ... Show more
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a bacterial infection transmitted by a tick. Without prompt treatment, Rocky Mountain spotted fever can cause serious
damage to internal organs, such as kidneys and heart. Initial signs and symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever often are nonspecific and can be
difficult to distinguish. High fever, Chills, Severe headache Muscle aches, Nausea, Restlessness and insomnia are the common symptoms patient
present with. Rocky Mountain spotted fever have rash to that varies greatly from person to person in appearance, location, and time of onset. Most
often, the rash begins 2–5 days after the onset of fever as small, flat, pink, non–itchy spots (macules) on the wrists, forearms, and ankles and spreads to
the trunk. It sometimes involves the palms and soles. (Mayo

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Research Paper
What's going on? In recent news, there have been a large number of cases associated to Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) which have impacted a
number of American Indian communities in Arizona. (CDC/IHS, Newsweek). According to conducted studies, those at greatest risk due to this
emerging public health issue are American Indians within the US population. What is RMSF RMSF is caused by a bacterium called, Rickettsia
rickettsiiand, which is transmitted through tick bites (CDC). After being bitten by a tick infected with this bacterium it is estimated that the incubation
period can be between 5 to 10 days (CDC) Symptoms A number of symptoms are associated to RSMF Early onset symptoms such as rash, vomiting,
muscle pain, headache, and fever can occur (CDC) Symptoms may progress to diarrhea,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Average cost per death related from RMSF was an estimated $775,467 in comparison to pneumococcal disease which cost an estimated $140,862
(CDC) and compared to West Nile Virus at $293,960 per death (ATJMH). Health administration impact The impact on that of health administrators is
in the understanding that the time that it takes for the patient to visit a healthcare facility is critical. The complication is that many of the symptoms
associated to this illness can be confused with a number of other conditions early on. The complication associated to RMSF diagnosis and treatment
is as follows: Progressed symptoms may not be present until the first 7 to 10 days. It was noted that 85% of patients did not test positive for RMSF
antibodies during the first week which is needed in order to confirm the diagnosis (CDC). Diagnostic tests which test for antibodies to confirm
presence of RMSF may appear negative within 7 to 10 days of initial contraction of illness though the condition may be fatal within the first 7 days

Black Legged Tick Research Paper
Species Profile of the Black Legged Tick (Ixodes scapularis)
Introduction One of the more common pests located in the Northeastern United States is the Black Legged Tick (Ixodes scapularis). More commonly
known as the "Deer Tick" this animal primarily inhabits wooded areas populated by warm–blooded wildlife. Specifically the temperate Pine Barrens in
Southern New Jersey, which hosts the 2nd largest tick population in the country (CDC, 2010), the black legged tick is a common pest that spreads lyme
disease. This disease is a bacterial infection caused by the tick latching onto a host and feeding for an extended period of time. These ticks attach to
most warm blooded woodland creatures and any human beings unfortunate enough to get close enough. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(CDC, 2015) Female ticks will die in the spring when her eggs burst from her body. These eggs will litter the forest floor and eventually hatch into
6 legged larvae in the summer. These larva then attach to much smaller mammals, such as field mice or small birds. Ticks spend as long as it
takes, usually a few days at most, finding the perfect spot to latch on and begin feeding. The larva feed for a few days or until they are full and
eventually drop off the host. With their appetite sated, larval ticks will now prepare for their next stage of life. This occurs over the course of the
fall and winter time period as ticks burrow underground to retain warmth. They emerge in the spring, this time as 8 legged nymphs and the
feeding cycle begins anew. This is also the period where lyme disease becomes an issue. While feeding on smaller animals, ticks contract the
disease and they become carriers. They will transmit the disease as nymphs. Like the larvae, a nymph attaches to a larger mammal ranging from
squirrels to human beings. Over the course of a few days, the nymph finds a spot to attach and feed. This happens over Spring and Summer. If
they wait too long, the nymph will die of starvation. When sated once again, the nymph falls to the forest floor and prepares one more to proceed
to the next stage of life. By Autumn, nymphs will have grown into adults. This is one of the more important stages simply because reproduction
can now occur. Females will find a host in order to feed. Males find a host and a suitable mate. The male, once a mate is found, will fertilize as
many females as it possibly can before dying. The females will continue to feed until they are full and eventually drop off. Once she is ready to lay
eggs in the spring, her body will burst and the eggs distribute along the forest floor as the cycle begins

A Research Study On Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
1. My name is Thomas Porter and I am a rising senior at Hilliard Davidson High School. In the near future, I hope to attend Ohio State University,
Johns Hopkins University, or University of Pennsylvania and study neuroscience or biomedical engineering. Currently, I am trying to build my
background in biomedical sciences and meet people with similar interests as me through the Mechanisms of Human Health and Disease class. I hope to
someday become a physician–scientist researching neuroplasticity.
I chose to study Lyme disease because it is a disease that is on the rise in the United States, despite being somewhat easily preventable. In addition, the
disease is very expensive, costing the United States an estimated 1.3 billion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper will discuss the causes and symptoms of Lyme disease, as well as the molecular pathway of its progression through three phases: the early
localized stage, the early disseminated stage, and the late disseminated stage.
3. In order to teach young kids about Lyme disease, I would use many visuals (such as pictures and diagrams) and relatable comparisons.
For the disease background, I would start with a map of the United States and circle the most common areas for Lyme disease occurrence, as well
as Lyme, Connecticut, where the disease was first discovered. I would then draw out a group of people who appear to be in pain, with swollen joints
and large rashes. These people would be examined by a doctor named Willy Burgdorfer, who discovers a specific bacterium,Borrelia burgdorferi, that
is causing their suffering (bayarealyme.org). To conclude the background discussion, I would show the students maps that indicate the prevalence of
Lyme disease, and how they have changed from the 1980s to the present to reflect an increase in cases.
In order to show how the disease is contracted, I would reference a map of the United States and review the most common areas for Lyme disease
occurrence. I would proceed to discuss various outdoor activities, which would allow the students to understand that Lyme disease can be picked up
during virtually any activity at the most

Part of being a good parent is not only administering love, discipline and providing for the physical needs of a child, but also being alert to anything
that may negatively affect their child's welfare.
Typically caused by the bite of a tick in a grassy area, or perhaps lurking in a pet's fur, Lyme Disease is very difficult to deal with and recover from.
This disease, which is similar to other illnesses with the same symptoms, can be dormant in a host body until it is properly diagnosed by medical
authorities. However, this is not always the case. Many times, victims suffer for years before a proper diagnosis is made.
Lyme Disease bacteria is transmitted by infected black–legged ticks. However, not all ticks are infected. Rodents, small

Papers On Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is a tick–borne illness, a disease caused by a bacterium borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia mayonii, borrelia afzelii, and or borrelia garinii. The
bacterium borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent in the United States. There are fifty–two known types of borrelia and twenty–one of those are the
lyme disease group. Borrelia is from an infected tick bite by a blacklegged tick. The infection from the bite will enter through the skin through that bite
and it will make its way to and through the bloodstream. To get the infection, the tick must be attached to you for thirty–six to forty–eight hours. The
disease will spread through an infected blacklegged or also known as a deer tick bite. They are brown or red and it has a hard body. ... Show more
The symptoms of lyme disease is normally a fever, headache, chills, fatigue, and a rash. Early symptoms might include a rash that is an expanding
red area, it forms center of a bulls eye pattern type. Sometimes it is called 'erythema migrans', which refers to a rash. The later symptoms will include
joint pain, swelling, vomiting and nausea. It might also cause some neurological problems like inflammation surrounding the brain. There is a
treatment for lyme disease. Normally it is antibiotics for two to six weeks or oral antibiotics with a course of fourteen to twenty–one days. If the
disease gets into your nervous system, you would have to get intravenous, or IV, antibiotics for fourteen to twenty–eight days. The type of antibiotic
you are prescribes depends on what you are allergic to, your age, the stage of the disease, and the symptoms you have. If you are not treated for
having lyme disease, the infection may cause some wild symptoms depending on the stage of the disease. The infection can spread to your heart, joints,
and nervous system. The complications of lyme disease can be chronic. It will cause joint inflammation, normally in the knee. It can aso cause
neurological problems like facial palsy, neuropathy, impaired memory, and can cause your heart rhythm to

Summary Of The Ixodes Ricinus Tick
Spatial distribution of the ixodes ricinus tick was studied over three different habitats; woodland, woodland edge and grassland of Dolebury Warren
Hill Fort. This species of tick carry the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease and therefore transmit this disease to numerous vertebrate hosts which
they choose to feed on. Ticks were sampled using a blanket drag method for 10 metres over three different habitats and the results were collected and
recorded in a table, then used for statistical analysis to aid the understanding of the distribution of the I.ricinus tick species. All life stages of ticks were
counted, including larvae, nymphs and adult ticks. As many of ticks as possible were collected using tweezers and then placed into collecting

Lyme Disease Essay
A disease caused by the bacterium which is belongs to the class of Spirochaetes which implies cockscrew–shaped. This bacterial infection is caused by
four species. Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii cause the disease in the United States, while in Europe and Asia it is Borrelia afzelii and
Borrelia garinii.
A person can acquire Lyme disease by the bite of an infected tick. This disease is transmitted by deer ticks or black–legged ticks. Ticks are tiny in size
and as their bite is painless, people might not even realize that they have been bitten. Once an infected tick attaches itself to the skin, it is able to
transmit the bacteria. This bacteria eventually ends up in the bloodstream. The duration of attachment necessary to transfer ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, anti–infections treatment is given for a duration of 14–21 days. Adults and children above 8 are
recommended doxycycline, while cefuuroxime and amoxicillin are given to younger children and breast–feeding women. The infection can be totally
eliminated if a person is treated at the early stage. If Lyme disease is persistent in a patient, then they will be treated with intravenous antibiotics. When
the disease is treated at a later stage, the infection will be stopped, but the curing of the symptoms will happen at a slower rate. A patient left untreated
could face problems with the nervous system, muscle and joints and the digestive system.
Prevention of Lyme disease lies in avoiding contact with ticks and removing ticks that attach to the skin. Avoiding grassy and woody areas is one
way. Dressing defensively to cover up the skin available for the tick to attach is another way prevents the disease. Using repellants on exposed skin or
checking for ticks regularly are other methods.
A decade long research that ended in earlier months of this year has sequenced the genome of the tick that causes Lyme disease. This allows researchers
to understand how ticks acquire and transmit pathogens allowing them to design a strategy to control

Lyme disease is also called Lyme borreliosis. It is caused by a bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi, and transmitted by the black–legged tick, Ixodes
scapularis, in the nymph stage (J.F. & Magnarelli, 1993). Therefore, the infected nymph's density is the most specific ecological indicator of the risk of
Lyme disease (J.F. & Magnarelli, 1993). It is an enzootic disease, although humans have been infected as accidental hosts, making it a zoonotic disease
(G. & Fish, 1993).
The Peromyscus leucopus, the white– footed mice, is the principle reservoir for the disease transmission to the black–legged tick (Krohne, D.T., &
Hoch, 1999). Where the disease originates from, why it has emerged so rapidly and what can be done to reduce the risk of exposure ... Show more
Nymph density was 0.1/m2 in average in the four smallest fragments and decreased to an average of 0.03/m2 in the larger fragments. NIP and DON
were significant negative functions of the patch area. The infected nymph's percentage decreased from 70% on average in smallest fragments to 48% in
average in larger fragments.
Discussion
In highly fragmented landscapes, the nymph's infection prevalence, the density of infected nymphs and density of nymphs were correlated inversely
with forest patch area (Nupp, T.E., & Swihart, 1998). These metrics of the population of nymph stages of the ticks are ecological indicators of the risk
of Lyme disease (Ostfeld, R.S.., & Keesing, 2000).
The elevated exposure risk in the smallest patches results from two phenomena. Firstly, biodiversity loss that accompanies fragmentation of forests
decreases the tick host's abundance that is poor reservoirs for the B. burgdorferi. Low biodiversity reduces the tick meal's fraction taken from the poor
reservoirs and increases NIP (M' Closkey, 1999). Secondly, from the smallest fragments, the vertebrate species lost are competitors and predators of the
main reservoir host, white–footed mice (M' Closkey,

The Lyme Disease
Lyme disease has been identified as an infection surrounded by complications, starting from its discovery to diagnosis. The Lyme infection was
discovered first during the mid–1970, following the attribution of juvenile arthritis outbreak to this disease near Old Lyme, Connecticut. The naming of
the disease was established in 1977, although the complications of the causative agent lasted an additional five years, after which medical scientists
identified the deer tick midgut Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete as the supposed causative agent (Lyme Research Alliance, n.d.).
In the US, the illness is the most prevalent of all tick–borne infections. The disease has been termed in New York, Rhode Island, Wisconsin,
Connecticut, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Minnesota, and Maryland an endemic infection. As of 2009, provides the most
useful data regarding the infection, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recorded an approximation of confirmed Lyme disease cases
ranging up to 30,000 new cases. The basic complication of Lyme disease possesses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disseminated Lyme disease symptoms are most prevalent in victims of either misdiagnosis or total lack of prior diagnosis. The difficulty at this stage
prevails with the nature of the symptoms, which could be confusing because of the nature of being persistent or transient (California Lyme Disease
Association, n.d.). The disease finally sets in the chronic stage, characterized by a late infection that is persistent. However, the complication of the
Lyme disease at this point is connected to the lack of universal recognition of the condition, even by experts in infectious disease. Thus, the diagnosis of
Lyme disease becomes a controversial presentation (Lyme Research Alliance, n.d.). The chronic stage notably takes up to months and at times years to
appear following initial bites by a

Lyme Disease Analysis
Lyme disease or Lyme Borreliosis is a vector–borne disease that is caused by spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria (WHO, 2016). These bacteria
are transmitted through the bites of infected deer ticks (WHO, 2016). Symptoms of the disease include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and
joint pain (WHO, 2016). Often a rash appears at the site of the tick bite and may gradually expand to a ring around the bite. Lyme disease was first
observed in the State of Connecticut in 1975. Currently, the disease may be found in forested areas of Asia, Europe and the United States. In these
areas deer ticks feed on mice and rodents, which serve as a reservoir for this bacteria (MayoClinic.org, 2015). Then in adult hood deer ticks feed on
white tailed and other targets of opportunity. Individuals who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, for individuals in the developing world resources are lacking. It is individuals in these situations that are extremely vulnerable to
potential exposure. Climate change is also impacting disease transmission. Large environmental areas are shrinking due to urban sprawl which is
leading to increased populations density's, increased pathogen load, decreased distributions, and a greater prevalence of disease (Mills, Gage, Khan,
2010). Thus, larger numbers of individuals are living in close proximity of disease vectors. In this paper I have discussed the vector borne disease of
Lyme disease, and the zoonotic disease of Rabies. Both of these diseases are preventable and treatable but they do present public health hazards.
Climate change is adversely impacting environments and humans are now living closer than ever to the boundaries of these diseases. In fact, in greater
densely populated areas more and more individuals are coming into contact with such diseases. Prevention requires resources which many developing
countries are lacking which leads to inadequate treatment for those whom are

Borrelia Burgdorferi Research Paper
Lyme disease is caused by the bacteria Borrelia burgdorfer, this bacterium is transmitted to humans through ticks. Borrelia burgdorferi is a gram
negative bacterium that belongs to the spirochetes class, its usually 1um wide but can be up to 10–25um long. Some of the structures that Borrelia
burgdorferi have are the flagellum, which allows the bacterium to migrate through viscous fluids (i.e. blood) and burrow through tissues, the bacterium
also has outer surface proteins that are OspA and OspC which play a direct role in the transmission of the bacteria into the host cell. Bacteria in general
do not have the limitations that viruses do, viruses must have a living host in order to reproduce. Most bacteria are able to grow on non–living
surfaces and live intercellularly. Lyme disease is easy to identify because of the bullseye that results from the tick bite infected with Borrelia burgdorfer.
Viruses are extremely unique to the microbial world they are the smallest and simplest microbe. Virions are only 20–400nm in size, and they do not
have any way to replicate outside the host cell. Viruses do not have a cell wall, instead of a cell wall... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A possible alternative diagnosis to the hikers' ailments could be measles virus, or shingles virus. The symptoms of measles consist of high fever,
runny nose, rash and could be a possible diagnosis and the proper ELISA assays would need to be performed on the hikers to determine this. Shingles
virus occurs when the virus that causes chickenpox reactivates. The symptoms of shingles include headache, flu–like symptoms, and a painful

Lyme Disease: Observational Study
Lyme disease is vector borne disease that is caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. It is transmitted to humans by the nymphal stage of scapularis
ticks (Levi et al, 2012). It is widespread in North America, and is often times discussed about in relation to deer population. While ticks use deer often
as a reproductive host, this article discusses that deer are not the only factor that affect the prevalence of Lyme disease. Small mammals and predation
play a major role in the emergence of this Lyme disease.
Three hypotheses the article discusses are the "deer hypothesis", "small mammal hypothesis", and the "predator hypothesis." The first of these three
appears to be what was commonly thought of when thinking of ticks and Lyme disease, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data found showed that Lyme disease had in fact practically no correlation with deer abundance (Levi et al, 2012). It also showed that there was
a negative correlation with foxes, which makes sense given the predator hypothesis; if there were many foxes, then there would be less small
mammal hosts (Levi et al, 2012). Data also showed that coyote abundance was positively correlated with Lyme disease incidence (Levi et al, 2012).
Again, this supports the predator hypothesis. As the coyote becomes the main predator in a location, as long as it continues to not prey on the small
mammals, the Lyme disease incidence will increase alongside coyote abundance. As far as cause and effect in this study, the effect is the continuing
emergence of Lyme disease. Given the data that has been found, the cause appears to be in the increase in coyote abundance, reducing fox abundance,
and resultantly, allowing for increase in small mammal

Research Paper On Lyme Disease
Many people look forward to the spring and summer months because they get to go back out into nature. Swimming, hiking, and fishing are just some
of the outdoor activities that many people enjoy this time of year. Unfortunately when the weather warms, the deer ticks come out and with them come
Lyme disease.
Lyme disease has been a problem for those living in and around the New England area for the last few decades. Unfortunately, researchers have just
discovered that the deer ticks are expanding their reach, with a surge over 320 percent. The ticks are slowly branching out into the connecting counties
and states. It is believed that they are branching out due to climate change.
Lyme disease is a disease that is carried specifically by the

Borreliosis: Lyme's Disease
Borreliosis
Borreliosis, also known as Lyme's disease, is a disease that is transmitted to humans by blacklegged ticks. The first case of Lyme's disease was first
reported in Old Lyme, CT, hence the name. A tick picks up the virus from biting deer and mice infected with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. White
footed mice are the most common carriers of the disease. The virus is then transferred from tick to human through the bite from an infected tick.
Generally the tick must remain attached to the human for 36–48 hours for the bacterium to be transmitted. The best way to prevent this disease is to try
and avoid tick bites. You can do this by using repellent on the skin and gear your using, treating your animals with tick medication, shower

Borrelia Burgdorferi Essay
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease uses a verity of the outer surface proteins to establish the infection. There are two different
mechanisms in which Borrelia uses to enter a host. One of them is when Borrelia feeds on blood, it regulates OspC, which inhibits antibody–mediated
killing and CD4 T cell activation. Upon Borrelia reaches dermis it expresses adhesins, which are binding proteins to facilitate Borrelia dissemination.
Another way is to penetrate the matrix and the endothelial monolayers via plasminogen. Borrelia lipoprotein OspA induces the innate immune
response via TLR2. It proved that TLR2 is important during the course of the infection via studying mice lack of TLR2. The mice were unable to
induce an immune response when it was infected with the Borrelia lipoprotein OspA. Moreover, other innate responses are found in patients sera such
as CD14 which is the co–receptor of TLR2 and TLR4, TLR5 which recognizes flagellin and induce the pro–inflammatory response. Besides, the
adaptive immune response to B. burgdorferi evokes both T–cell–independent and T–cell–dependent B cell responses. Furthermore, a recent study shows
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning with the first approved vaccine, which was called LYMErix and was a recombinant vaccine against OspA, the outer surface antigen, with
three dosages. However, later there were adverse reactions. Then, 2009 was a vaccine similar to the first one, but it took back for unknown reasons.
The recent vaccine has a different direction. Dr. Marconi's is working on a vaccine based on OspC, not OspA. It was identified that OspC is necessary
for establishing infection and innate immune resistance in mammals. Moreover, this antigen is not standing throughout the course of the infection. It is
only during early infection, around 48 hours. Thus, timing to give a vaccine is

Lyme Disease Assignment
For this assignment, I interviewed a close friend, Dana Rivard. Dana is also a first year student; she is from Massachusetts and majoring in Health
Sciences. In a friendly conversation, a few weeks ago she mentioned having Lyme disease. I grew up in a rural part of Indiana so my childhood
consisted of playing outside almost everyday. My front yard is full of trees, and because I live in a very forested area right across from a corn field,
these trees often have ticks. My parents always warned us to be cautious of ticks by using insect repellant and making sure we were wearing long
clothing if we were going to be close to the trees. Our dogs would often get a tick here or there that my parents would have to pull off, but only once
or twice do I remember one of my siblings or cousins getting a tick on them. My parents and grandparents always warned us about Lyme disease,
because it was such a prevalent topic in Indiana. As a child, it seemed as if my parents were overreacting, which is why it was so interesting to see
that Dana had gotten Lyme disease.
According to the CDC, "Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected
blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans. Lyme... Show more
Within 12 hours, the rashes covered her body. Dana was rushed to urgent care and the doctor knew with one look that she had Lyme disease. She
was given antibiotics to take twice a day for three weeks, along with staying out of the sun, wearing long sleeves and a hat. When I asked Dana how
the overall experience was, she said it was very painful and confusing because initially she did not know why she was hurting. Overall, she is thankful
because if it wouldn't have been caught it could have been

Lyme Disease Research Papers
Although most people don't realize it, one of the world's most debilitating diseases can often be found in their very own backyard. Lurking in the tall
grass or dangling from the end of a branch, just waiting for you to walk by. Barley bigger than a poppy seed, they're almost impossible to notice. But
these tiny black–legged ticks are no joke and if you've been bitten, you're at risk. These nasty little ticks pack a big punch, carrying a very serious life
altering disease. This disease, which can change a life forever is known as Lyme disease.
All diseases have a causative agent, a biological pathogen that causes the disease. In Lyme disease, the causative agent is a harmful bacteria called
Borrelia burgdoferi. That being said, every disease is transmitted in one way or the other. In this case, Lyme disease is transmitted through a vector.
That vector being a deer tick or in the Western United States, a black–legged tick. In order to contract Lyme disease, the tick must imbed ... Show more
It shows no mercy and can affect multiple parts or organs simultaneously. The disease can damage the joints, leading to Lyme Arthritis. Lyme disease
is known to cause serious neurological problems, which could lead to unannounced mental disturbances. Facial paralysis is another one of the
devastating effects. More seriously, Lyme disease can damage the liver and eventually will lead to liver disease. It can cause encephalitis, which is
inflammation of the brain. Most importantly, the disease can cause severe heart complications. Such as, heart palpitations or an irregular heartbeat.
Keep in mind, I have only listed a few of the horrible effects that Lyme disease has on the body. The effects of the disease on so many body systems,
and the debilitating impact on the life of the infected patient, have triggered a crisis that has far–reaching implications for public health and

Nikhat Parveen is an incredibly accomplished doctor in the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry along with Molecular Genetics at the Rutgers
New Jersey Medical School located in Newark. Her primary field of research and study lies in infectious diseases such as Lyme Disease. Lyme
Disease is caused by deer ticks which have three developmental stages of larva, nymph, and adult. The nymph is the main developmental stage were the
tick can take the blood from in organism and transmit pathogens into its bloodstream leading to infections. The main and causative pathogen given in
cases of Lyme Disease is known as Borrelia Burgdorferi. Borrelia Burgdorferi is a spiral–shaped bacteria called a spirochete. Lyme spirochetes can
cause a horrible multisystemic

Annotated Bibliography On Relapsing Fever
Annotated Bibliography Dworkin MS, Schwan TG, Anderson DE, Borchardt SM. Tick–Borne Relapsing Fever. Infectious disease clinics of North
America. 2008;22(3):449–viii. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2008.03.006. Systematic Review
This journal article gives a broad overview of tick borne relapsing fever. It explains the causative agents and here they are respectively found and as
well as the vectors and their environments. The article also shows an epidemiological spot map of the U.S. and TBRF cases.
Christensen AM, Pietralzyck E, Brooks C, et al. An interstate outbreak oftick–borne relapsing fever among vacationers at a Rocky Mountain cabin.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998:58(6):743–7. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.58.743
Case series investigation
This article i a case ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 13 year old boy had been to a summer camp along the Frio river shortly before developing symptoms of TBRF. The boy was referred to the
infectious disease unit of SAMPC in San Antonio for diagnosis and treatment. Due the exposure to various insect and tick bites that the boy
encountered while camping along the frio river, medical experts determined that they boy likely had TBRF, notLyme Disease. The boy was treated with
antibiotics and recovered successfully with no Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction.
Billings A, Rawlings J, Walker D. Tex Med. 1998:94(12):66
–76. Doi:
Systematic review
This journal article gives a broad overview of the different tick borne disease that are endemic and occur throughout Texas as well as their characters.
The article discuss Lyme Disease, Tularemia, Ehrlichiosis, TBRF, and RMSF. The ability to discern between illness is important for diagnosis and
epidemiological studies due to the similarity between tick borne disease. Christensen AM, Pietralczyk E, Lopez JE, et al. Diagnosis and Management
of Borrelia turicatae Infection in Febrile Soldier, Texas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(5):883–884. doi:10.3201/eid2305.162069.
Case

Lyme Disease Essay
Lyme disease is an illness that is caused by a Borrelia bacteria. This disease is spread to humans through the bite of an infected tick that carries the
pathogen. The main reservoir of the Lyme disease pathogen is usually a mouse, but any small mammal can act as the reservoir if it has been
contaminated by the infected tick (either in the larval or nymph stage). The bacteria can then be passed on to a human host. Transmission of the
pathogen could occur with as soon as twenty–four hours after the bite takes place. There are many signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, and the most
common sign of the disease is a round expanding region of redness that occurs at the initial bite site ("bull's eye rash"). Other lesions also may appear,
secondary, once the initial mark has grown in size. Some of the initial symptoms that are associated with the disease include: fever, fatigue, headaches,
and sore muscles. After a longer period of time, other signs and symptoms may appear.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means avoiding ticks, the organism that is most responsible for spreading this disease to humans. Long sleeved clothing, wearing hats, and
tucking pants into one's socks are all common preventative measures. Another way to prevent the spread from tick to human, is to remove the tick as
soon as it is found on the skin so that there is less time to actually transmit the disease. Aenishaenslin et al. claims that Lyme disease is very often an
endemic species, and only two cases must be confirmed in a county in order for it to become an endemic county. Antibiotics are most commonly used
in order to treat Lyme disease. However, the vigor with which drugs are used depends greatly on the stage of the disease that the patient has progressed
to. Treatment may last several weeks; if symptoms persist, or return, another round of medication will be

Borrelia Burgdorferi: Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi was first diagnosed as Lyme disease in 1982 when the bacteria were isolated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The spirochete has been in the United States and Europe for many years but had gone un–diagnosed because of the limited medical knowledge. It is
named after the leading American bacteriologist, Willy Burgdorfer, after his extensive research between the arachnid vectors and the human host was
acknowledged. He studied many different diseases caused by animals, but the discovery of Lyme disease gained him recognition around the world.
There are many tick–borne diseases, but Lyme disease is the number one tick–borne disease in America. The number of diagnoses has increased
significantly in the last... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Staying away from areas that have a high risk for infected ticks is the best way to not get the disease. This, however, can not be avoided when the
high risk areas are increasing and that those areas are inhabited by many animals, insects, and humans. There are ways to avoid getting infected with
Lyme disease such as tick and insect repellant, protective clothing, and proper tick removal. Tick and insect repellants are effective for keeping ticks
away for several hours to several days, depending on the repellant used. Trans–p–menthane–3,8–diol is a repellant that can last for several days and is
effective for the prevention of tick bites when camping, hiking, living in an area that has a high risk for Lyme disease. N, N–Diethyl–meta–toluamide,
or DEET, is another repellant that prevents tick bites. It does not last as long, however, and must be re–applied for the best results. Protective clothing
is also important for people who could be bitten by ticks. This decreases the exposure of a person's skin so that the ticks are not able to latch on
and transmit the disease. It is also advised for people to practice good personal hygiene after possible exposure to ticks. Ticks will find the warm,
moist, crevasses of the skin to latch on, so those areas of the body must be checked often. The most effective way to remove a tick is with forceps in a
swift, smooth motion that pulls the entire tick

Lyme Disease In The 1970's
Lyme disease was discovered in the 1970's, as any other disease was, by a large number of cases, with patients having the same symptoms. In Lyme,
Connecticut, a doctor was having patients who were all suffering from the same symptoms that made patients become debilitated. There were so many
cases that the doctor marked it as an unknown disease. It wasn't until later in the 1980's that there were more widespread cases throughout the
north–east. Lyme disease is becoming a serious problem in the north–east and especially in New York State, given the drastic increase of cases.
Without treatment Lyme disease can result in blindness and in severe cases, death. In the 1970's, doctors were receiving patients who were having
odd symptoms. The symptoms were swollen knees, paralysis, skin rashes, headaches, and severe chronic fatigue ("History of Lyme Disease"). In the
1980's a doctor named Willy Burgdorfer was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They contract it when feeding on infected hosts. While deer are most commonly known for giving Lyme disease to ticks, rodents are the main threat.
"Ostfeld's research indicates that white–footed mice infect 75–95 percent of larval ticks that feed on them, while deer only infect about one percent"
(Mercola). Urban sprawl and hunting has eliminated many of the mice's natural predators allowing populations to grow and infected ticks to spread.
Chances of being bitten by a nymph (young deer tick) are greater during mid May to mid August. Generally, they are the size of poppy seeds. Adult
ticks are greater during March to mid May and mid August to November. Once it gets below freezing many of the ticks won't survive. If a tick is
found on the body you must remove it immediately. In most cases the tick must be attached for 36 hours or more before the bacteria can be transmitted
("Lyme Disease (tick borne borreliosis, Lyme arthritis)"). Contrary to popular belief, Lyme disease doesn't spread from one person to

Lyme Disease Analysis
What is Lyme Disease? By definition it is an inflammatory diseased noted by its symptoms of rashes, headaches, eventual arthritis, cardiac disease, etc,
caused by bacteria.
In the study "Lyme Disease in Outdoor Workers", by Schwartz and Goldstein, they performed a statewide cross sectional study allowing them to
understand and evaluate the many risk factors associated with Lyme Disease by measuring the levels of antibodies to B. Burgodferi (a bacteria).
Outdoor workers are known to have an increased risk of illness because of the various exposures present around them. This makes them especially
susceptible to Lyme Disease. Schwartz and Goldstein performed their study in four divisions of employees, within those sections, there were about

Die From Lyme Disease
Can You Die From Lyme Disease?
Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease characterized at first by a fever, headache, chills, and a rash and later by arthritis, cardiac, and neurological
disorders, caused by bacteria that is spread by ticks. Lyme disease is common in North America, Europe, and Asia and is caused bybacteria called
Borrelia burgdorferi. Infected ticks spread the bacteria by biting people or animals. There are two kinds of ticks that carry Lyme disease in the U.S..
They are the deer tick, found in the Northeast and Midwest, and the western black–legged tick, predominantly found along the Pacific coast in northern
California and Oregon.Can You Die from Lyme Disease?
About 200 words
If not treated, Lyme disease can sometimes be

The Three Stages Of Lyme Disease
What is Lyme Disease?
Lyme Disease is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted by lxodes ticks or deer ticks. The disease is caused by a bacterium called Borrelia
burgdoferi. Lyme is named "The Great Imitator," as its symptoms mimic other disease that affect the brain and nervous system, muscles and joints, and
the heart.
How do People Get Lyme Disease?
Lyme Disease is spread through the bite of a tick. Due to its size, many people do not realize they have been bitten because most are as tiny as a poppy
seed. Once the tick has attached to its host, it will transmit the Lyme and pathogens to the bloodstream.
Three Stages or Lyme Disease
The progression of Lyme Disease is marked by three stages:
Early–localized stage: A red spot can

Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete– spirochete is a corkscrew–shaped bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi. A group of children in Old Lyme,
Connecticut, had mysterious arthritis–like symptoms and led to being identified in 1975. Because Lyme Disease symptoms copies many other
diseases,Lyme Disease is also known as "The Great Imitator,".
It is important to this course because it affects any organ of the body, including the brain and nervous system, muscles and joints, and the heart.Lyme
disease is a tick–borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class of the
genus Borrelia. B. burgdorferi which resides mostly in North America and Europe and is the creator of Lyme disease. If the disease is left untreated
an infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. The bacteria often is found in the skin, after the infected tick has been in place for
36 to 48 hours. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the fact that it originates through different forms of tick, not all ticks that are infected with the bacteria can cause Lyme disease. The infected
tick that transmit Lyme disease can occasionally transmit other tick–borne illnesses as well. A medical organization dedicated to ongoing research and
increasing public awareness of this devastating illness. "Lyme disease is a major problem yet, tragically, many people fail to receive the proper
treatment," says Bernard Raxlen, MD, a Greenwich, CT, psychiatrist and secretary of the International Lyme and Associated Diseases

Borrelia Burgdorferi Research Paper
In 1981, a spirochetal bacterium was discovered in a nymphal tick, Ixodes scapularis and named Borrelia burgdorferi. This species has now been
divided into multiple species, three of which cause human infection. Agents belonging to the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes, which are bacteria
shaped like corkscrews and are actively motile, cause Lyme borrelioses, also called Lyme disease. As discovered from its sequenced genome, B.
burgdorferi depends entirely on its host for nutrients. Another unique characteristic of thesebacteria is that it does not require iron for growth in vitro,
which helps the parasite overcome a common host response of limiting iron. This pathogen causes infection not through toxins but through migrating
through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example of this is in the primary vectors, which vary by geographic location. In the western U.S., the main vector is I. pacifus, and in the
northeastern and north central U.S., the vector is I. scapularis. In Europe the sheep tick, I. ricinus is the primary vector and in Asia, the vector species is
I. persulcatus. Horizontal transmission occurs in the northeastern and north central U.S. among both larval and nymphal ticks and rodents such as
white–footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and chipmunks (Tamias spp.). White–tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) are the preferred host of ticks
in this region and play a critical role in their survival. In the western portion of the U.S., two cycles promoting transmission are found to intersect.
Here, different species of wood rat are either bitten by ticks that do not usually bite humans or they are bitten and infected by Borrelia bissettii, which
is non–pathogenic. In the southeast portion of the U.S., lizards are commonly fed upon by nymphal ticks but are resistant to the infection due to
complement–mediated killing of the spirochete. In Europe and Asia animal hosts range from small and large mammals to birds and reptiles with
immature ticks in Asia preferring smaller animals and adults preferring larger animals. Different species of Borrelia have different

Infectious disease information table – ASHLEY THAPA
Name of infectious disease
Lyme disease
First discovered or described (name of person and date)
First discovered or described (name of person and date)
Lyme disease is an infection caused by a bacteria known as Borrelia. In the early 1970s, a group of children and adults were suffering from some
puzzling health issues. Though they were unsure of the cause. Finally, in mid–1970, researchers found out it was the Lyme disease but still was unsure
of what caused it. In 1981 scientist, Willy Burgdorfer found a connection between the deer tick and the Lyme disease. He discovered that spirochete was
causing Lyme. Later on, 1982, the medical community honored Dr. Burgdorfer's discovery and named the spirocheteBorrelia burgdorferi. In ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi is the spirochete that causes Lyme disease.
The exact mechanisms for its pathology are still trying to be understood. Although according to the Center for Disease Control, Lyme disease caused
by B. burgdorferi has become the most common bacterial disease in the world.
Bacterium Borrelia Burgdorferi is a highly specialized, motile, two–membrane, spiral–shaped bacterium that lives primarily as an extracellular
pathogen. The bacteria is 0.2 to 0.3 micrometers wide, though the cell length may exceed 15 to 20 micrometers.
Mode(s) of transmission
The Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, is spread through the bite of infected ticks. Ticks can attach to any part of the human body but are
often found in hard–to–see areas (eg. the groin, armpits, and scalp). The tick has to be attached for 36 to 48+ hours before the Lyme disease bacterium
can be transmitted. Most humans are infected through the bites of immature ticks called nymphs. Nymphs are tiny and difficult to see, and spring and
summer is the time they

The Causative Bacterial Agent For Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative bacterial agent for Lyme Disease, has persisted for thousands of years. Recently, scientists have found genetic
remains of the bacteria from a mummy dating back 5,300 years (National Geographic, 2011). However, Borrelia burgdorferi was not classified and
identified as the putative source for Lyme Disease until the early 1980's.
After mysterious and untreatable symptoms appeared in children and adults of the city of Lyme,
Connecticut, the goal for many clinical microbiologists was to discover the source of disease and possible cures. It wasn't until Dr. Willy Burgdorfer
made a connection between the infected populace and tick bites when the bacteria was truly discovered (bayarealyme.org). It was then the bacterium
was christened in his name. The bacterium continues to be extensively studied.
Borrelia burgdorferi have many defining characteristics. The spirochete shape distinguishes the bacterium from other human pathogens. Borrelia
burgdorferi is considered a microaerophile–it thrives in environments of low oxygen. However, it can also be classified as an obligate anaerobe
(wisegeek.org). It is considered a "weak gram negative bacteria," but is better characterized as a diderm (Wikipedia). This means that the bacterium has
two cell membranes, thus making gram staining difficult. The bacterial genome consists of one linear chromosome with 17 additional
plasmids–totaling over 1000 genes. Most of these genes code for surface proteins

Borrelia Arthropod Vectors
There are four different strain of the Borrelia genus that is known to be found in arthropod vectors. The Borrelia bacteria is a spirochete bacterium
that is located in the gut of the infected vector. Borrelia afzelii is commonly found in Asian and European countries, Borrelia garinii is found
throughout Europe, Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii are both strains that are seen here in the United States. Borrelia burgdorferi and
Borrelia mayonii are both found in the vector, a deer tick, or Lxodes Scapularis. However, the strain Borrelia mayonii is found in the nymph stage of
the tick instead of the adult stage like the strain Borrelia burgdorferi.
Tick are not bugs, but they are small arachnids, that are part of the parasitiform. Ticks in these cases are considered arthropod vectors which are an
arachnid that can transmit the disease–causing organism from themselves to the host that they are feeding on. Ticks are external parasites, and they
live by feeding on the blood of a mammal, bird, reptiles, and amphibians. Tick pick up the disease–causing bacterium from a reservoir host that they
are able to feed off. A reservoir host is a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That means that one–point–two to one–point–four percent of ticks are already carrying the bacteria that is known as Lyme Disease. Another way of
thinking about how many ticks have this bacterium already is that fifty percent of the deer ticks in the eastern United States are infected with either
Borrelia burgdorferi or Borrelia mayonii. One thing that is interesting is that ninety–five percent of the cases only occur in fourteen states, Connecticut,
Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and
Wisconsin. There are also neighboring areas that infected ticks have become a problem are those are Northern California, Oregon, and Washington

Symptoms Of Lyme Disease
Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is an infection that affects many parts of the body, including the skin, joints, and nervous system. It is a bacterial infection that starts
from the bite of an infected tick. The infection can spread, and some of the symptoms are similar to the flu. If Lyme disease is not treated, it may then
cause joint pain, swelling, numbness, problems thinking, fatigue, muscle weakness, and other problems.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by bacteria called Borrelia burgdorferi.
You can get Lyme disease by being bitten by an infected tick. The tick must be attached to your skin to transmit the infection. Deer often carry infected
ticks.
RISK FACTORS
The following factors may make you more likely to develop this condition:

Essay on Lime Disease
Lime Disease
Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a tick–borne spirochete.
The dangers of this disease became more publicised in 1977, where a geographic grouping of children in Lyme, Conneticut were thought to have
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis1. Soon after, it was discovered that lyme disease was an illness that mainly affects the skin, nervous system, heart, and
joints. The borrelia species is part of the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes. Containted within a protoplasmic cylinder is a cell membrane, followed by
wavy flagella, and then an outer membrane. The genes encoded within the outer membrane are located on plasmids which allows the organism to make
antigenic changes in these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondary skin lesions may occur but are smaller and migrate less. The main symptoms include fatigue and excruciating headache, lasting only hours
or days. Meningitis, poor memory, mood change, cardiac problems, and facial palsy are also very common.
They may recur or become chronic1. Six months later (on average), many patients have brief attacks of arthritis in the large joints, especially in the
knee.
Stage 3 is classified as the late persistent infection, where arthritis lasts longer
(ie. months) and chronic arthritis (a year or more of joint inflammation) begins. More than a year after infection, B. burgdorferI may affect the central
and peripheral nervous systems. There has been a lot of work carried out in this field, particularly where children are affected. For example, the
transplacental transmission of B. burgdorferi has been reported in 2 infants whose mothers were infected with Lyme borreliosis during the first
trimester of pregnancy. Both of these infants dies in their first week of life. One had encephalitis and the other had congenital cardiac malformations1.
Spirochetes were seen in various fetal tissues.
Studies reviewing lyme disease in pregnant women before knowing the outcome of their

Ehrlichiosis Research Papers
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are diseases caused by bacteria and carried by ticks. Other names for these infections are:
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME).
Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis (HGA).
CAUSES
These diseases are caused by a bite from an infected adult tick.
RISK FACTORS
These diseases are more likely to occur between late spring and early fall. This is when ticks are active.
SYMPTOMS
Many infected people have no symptoms. For those with symptoms, HME and HGA cause similar illnesses. Symptoms typically begin one week or
more after a tick bite and may include:
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is based on a physical exam, medical history, and blood tests. Your health care provider may suspect HME or HGA:
If you have recently been bitten by a tick.
If you have been in areas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Be aware that most ticks live in shrubs, low tree branches, and grassy areas. A tick can climb onto your body when you make contact with leaves or
grass where the tick is waiting. Take these steps to avoid tick bites when you are outdoors:
Wear protective clothing. Long sleeves and long pants are best.
Wear white clothes so you can see ticks more easily.
Tuck your pant legs into your socks.
Put insect repellent on all exposed skin and on your clothes.
Use tick prevention products on your pets, such as shampoos or tick collars.

If you go walking on a trail, stay in the middle of the trail to avoid brushing against bushes.
Avoid walking through areas that have long grass.
Check clothing, hair, and skin repeatedly and before going inside.
Check family members and pets for ticks.
Brush off any ticks that are not attached.
Take a shower or a bath as soon as possible after you have been outdoors. Check your skin for ticks. The most common places on the body where ticks
attach themselves are the scalp, neck, armpits, waist, and

Anatomy Of The Bacterial Spirochete
Borrelia burgdorferi Inner Membrane Protein BB0173
Christina Small1, Manuel Bano2, Ismael Mingarro2 and Maria Esteve–Gassent1
1Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX. 2
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
ABSTRACT
The bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of the most commonly reported arthropod–borne illness in the United States, Lyme
disease. Select proteins produced by B. burgdorferi contain the von Willebrand Factor A (VWFA) domain, which is responsible for cell adhesion via
interaction with the extracelluar matrix (ECM), glycoproteins, and metalloproteases. Such interactions are often an integral part of the infection
process and may be especially important for B. burgdorferi, which relies on environmental changes in both the vector and host to colonize, transmit, and
infect. BB0173, a VWFA domain containingprotein, has been evaluated based on topology and adherence to human ECM proteins and integrins, to
evaluate its role during the infection process. The confirmation of protein localization was performed by cloning the each of the three BB0173
transmembrane domains upstream of the luminal P2 domain of the integral membrane protein leader peptidase found in Escherichia coli. Gene
expression was investigated via immunoblot assays using lysates from B.

Lyme Disease Caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi Bacteria

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