The Language of Medicine Chapter 2

1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1
The Language OfThe Language Of
MedicineMedicine
1010thth
editionedition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner

2. Chapter 2
Terms Pertaining to the
Body as a Whole
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

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Chapter Goals
• Define terms that apply to the structural
organization of the body.
• Identify the body cavities and recognize the
organs contained within those cavities.
• Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical
divisions of the abdomen.
• Locate and name the anatomical divisions of
the back.

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Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• Become acquainted with terms that describe
positions, directions, and planes of the body.
• Identify the meanings for new word elements
and use them to understand medical terms.

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Chapter 2
Lesson 2.1

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Structural Organization of the Body
• CELLS
• TISSUES
• ORGANS
• SYSTEMS

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Structural Organization of the Body
Cells—The
fundamental unit of
all living things
• Major parts of a cell
include:
– Chromosomes
– Nucleus
– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm
– Mitochondria
– Endoplasmic reticulum

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Structural Organization of the Body
• CELL—The fundamental unit of all living things

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Study Section 1
• Anabolism
• Catabolism
• Cell membrane
• Chromosomes
• Cytoplasm
• DNA
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Genes
• Karyotype
• Metabolism
• Mitochondria
• Nucleus

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Structural Organization of the Body
• Cells are specialized to
carry out individual
functions.
• Identify the following in
the image
– Epithelial cell
– Fat cell
– Nerve cell
– Muscle cell

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Structural Organization of the Body
(cont’d)
Types of cells

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Structural Organization of the Body
(cont’d)
Tissues
• Different tissue types include:
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nerve tissue

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Structural Organization of the Body
(cont’d)
• Organs: Different types of tissue
combine to form an organ
• Systems: Groups of organs working
together to perform complex
functions

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Study Section 2
• Adipose tissue
• Cartilage
• Epithelial cells
• Histologist
• Larynx
• Pharynx
• Pituitary gland
• Thyroid gland
• Trachea
• Ureter
• Urethra
• Uterus
• Viscera

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Body Cavities and Organs
Cranial
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Spinal
Brain
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial
tubes, thymus gland, aorta
Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen,
pancreas, liver, gall bladder
Portions of the small and large intestines,
bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters; uterus
and vagina in female
Nerves of the spinal cord
CavityCavity Organ(s)Organ(s)

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Body Cavities
• Label the body cavities in
the figure

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Body Cavities (cont’d)
• Body cavities are the
spaces within the body
that contain internal
organs (viscera).

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QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which body cavity contains the pleural
cavity and the mediastinum?
A. Cranial
B. Pelvic
C. Spinal
D. Thoracic

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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which body cavity contains the
peritoneum?
A. Abdominal
B. Pelvic
C. Spinal
D. Thoracic

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Organs of the
Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

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Organs of the Abdominopelvic
and Thoracic Cavities (cont’d)

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Study Section 3
• Abdominal cavity
• Cranial cavity
• Diaphragm
• Dorsal (posterior)
• Mediastinum
• Pelvic cavity
• Peritoneum
• Pleura
• Pleural cavity
• Spinal cavity
• Thoracic cavity
• Ventral (anterior)

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Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
Regions
Right hypochondriac region
Left hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Right lumbar region
Left lumbar region
Umbilical region
Right inguinal region
Left inguinal region
Hypogastric region

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Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)

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Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)

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Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
• Quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
(cont’d)

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Chapter 2
Lesson 2.2

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Anatomical Divisions of the Back
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
• Coccygeal

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Anatomical Divisions of the Back
(cont’d)

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Anatomical Divisions of the Back
(cont’d)

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Study Section 4
• Abdominopelvic
Regions:
Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Lumbar
Umbilical
Inguinal
Hypogastric
• Abdominopelvic
Quadrants:
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ

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Study Section 4 (cont’d)
• Divisions of the Back:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
• Related Terms:
Vertebra
Vertebrae
Spinal column
Spinal cord
Disk (disc)

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QUICK QUIZ:
3. Name the abdominopelvic region that is
located in the central region near the navel.
A. Inguinal
B. Umbilical
C. Lumbar
D. Hypochondriac

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QUICK QUIZ:
(cont’d)
4. Name the abdominopelvic region that is
located in the lower middle below the
umbilical region.
A. Inguinal
B. Epigastric
C. Lumbar
D. Hypogastric

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Positions, Directions, and Planes of
the Body
•Positional and Directional Terms
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Deep
Superficial
Proximal
Distal
 Inferior
 Superior
 Medial
 Lateral
 Supine
 Prone

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Positional and Directional Terms

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Positional and Directional Terms
(cont’d)

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Positions, Directions, and
Planes of the Body (cont’d)
• Planes of the Body
Frontal (coronal)
Sagittal (lateral)
Transverse (cross-sectional or axial)

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Positional and Directional Terms

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Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)

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Study Section 5
• Anterior (ventral)
• Deep
• Distal
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Inferior (caudal)
• Lateral
• Medial
• Posterior (dorsal)
• Prone
• Proximal
• Sagittal (lateral) plane
• Superficial
• Superior (cephalic)
• Supine
• Transverse (axial) plane

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes
abdomin/o __________
adip/o __________
anter/o __________
bol/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes, and
Prefixes
abdomin/o abdomen
adip/o fat
anter/o front
bol/o to cast (throw)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
cervic/o __________
chondr/o __________
chrom/o __________
coccyg/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus)
chondr/o cartilage
chrom/o color
coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
crani/o __________
cyt/o __________
dist/o __________
dors/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
crani/o skull
cyt/o cell
dist/o far, distant
dors/o back portion of the body
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes
and Prefixes (cont’d)
hist/o, histi/o __________
ili/o __________
inguin/o __________
kary/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes
and Prefixes (cont’d)
hist/o, histi/o tissue
ili/o ilium (of the pelvic bone)
inguin/o groin
kary/o nucleus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
later/o __________
lumb/o __________
medi/o __________
nucle/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
later/o side
lumb/o lower back
medi/o middle
nucle/o nucleus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
pelv/i __________
poster/o __________
proxim/o __________
sacr/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
pelv/i pelvis
poster/o back, behind
proxim/o nearest
sacr/o sacrum
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
sarc/o __________
spin/o __________
thel/o, theli/o __________
thorac/o __________
trache/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
sarc/o flesh
spin/o spine, backbone
thel/o, theli/o nipple
thorac/o chest
trache/o trachea, windpipe
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
umbilic/o __________
ventr/o __________
vertebr/o _____________
viscer/o __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
umbilic/o navel, umbilicus
ventr/o belly side of the body
vertebr/o vertebra(e), backbone(s)
viscer/o internal organs
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
ana- __________
cata- __________
epi- __________
hypo- __________
inter- __________
meta- __________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
ana- up
cata- down
epi- above
hypo- below
inter- between
meta- change
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
-eal __________
-iac __________
-ior __________
-ism __________
-ose __________
-plasm __________
-somes __________
-type __________
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning

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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
-eal pertaining to
-iac pertaining to
-ior pertaining to
-ism process, condition
-ose pertaining to, full of
-plasm formation
-somes bodies
-type picture, classification
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning

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QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means process of cutting the
skull?
A. Thoracotomy
B. Craniotomy
C. Diskectomy
D. Arthroscopy

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Pronunciation
Guide Review
• ā as in āpe
• ē as in ēven
• ī as in īce
• ō as in ōpen
• ū as in ūnit
• ă as in ăpple
• ĕ as in ĕvery
• ĭ as in ĭnterest
• ŏ as in pŏt
• ŭ as in ŭnder

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Pronunciation
Examples:
adipose ĂD-ĭ-pōs
caudal KĂW- dăl
distal DĬS-tăl
trachea TRĀ-kē-ă