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Chapter 24 Power Point
- 1. Chapter 24Chapter 24 TheChild with a MusculoskeletalThe Child with a Musculoskeletal ConditionCondition
- 2. ObjectivesObjectives • Demonstrate anunderstanding of age-specific changes that occur in the musculoskeletal system during growth and development. • Discuss the musculoskeletal differences between the child and adult and how they influence orthopedic treatment and nursing care. • Describe the management of soft-tissue injuries. • Discuss the types of fractures commonly seen in children and their effect on growth and development. 2Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 3. ObjectivesObjectives (cont.)(cont.) • Differentiatebetween Buck’s extension and Russell traction. • Compile a nursing care plan for the child who is immobilized by traction. • Describe a neurovascular check. • Discuss the nursing care of a child in a cast. • List two symptoms of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. • Describe the symptoms, treatment, and nursing care for the child with Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. 3Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 4. ObjectivesObjectives (cont.)(cont.) • Describetwo topics of discussion applicable at discharge for the child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. • Describe three nursing care measures required to maintain skin integrity for an adolescent child in a cast for scoliosis. • Identify symptoms of abuse and neglect in children. • Describe three types of child abuse. • State two cultural or medical practices that may be misinterpreted as child abuse. 4Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 5. OverviewOverview • Muscular andskeletal systems work together • Arises from the mesoderm in the embryo – A great portion of skeletal growth occurs between the 4th to 8th weeks of fetal life • Supports the body and provides for movement • Locomotion develops gradually and in an orderly manner 5Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 6. Observation of theMusculoskeletalObservation of the Musculoskeletal System in the Growing ChildSystem in the Growing Child • Assessment of the musculoskeletal system includes – Observation of gait and muscle tone – Palpation – ROM – Gait assessment in children who can walk • Children who do not walk independently by 18 months of age have a serious delay and should be referred for further follow-up 6Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 7. Musculoskeletal DifferencesMusculoskeletal Differences Betweena Child and an AdultBetween a Child and an Adult 7Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 8. Observation of GaitObservationof Gait • Toddler who begins to walk has a wide, unstable gait – Arms do not swing with the walking motion • By 18 months, the wide base narrows and walk is more stable • By 4 years of age, the child can hop on one foot and arm swings occur • By 6 years of age, the gait and arm swing is similar to the adult 8Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 9. Observation of GaitObservationof Gait (cont.)(cont.) • The nurse’s role is to reassure parents that unless there is pain or a problem with motor or nerve functions, many minor abnormal- appearing alignments will spontaneously resolve with activity 9Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 10. Observation of MuscleToneObservation of Muscle Tone • Assess symmetry of movement and the strength and contour of the body and extremities • Neurological exam includes an assessment of reflexes, a sensory assessment, and the presence or absence of spasms 10Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 11. Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic Tests •Radiographic studies include – Bone scans – CT scans – MRI scans – Ultrasound • Laboratory tests include – CBC – ESR • May help rule out septic arthritis or osteomyelitis – Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B-27 • May help diagnose rheumatological disorders 11Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 12. Treatments for MusculoskeletalTreatmentsfor Musculoskeletal SystemSystem • Arthroscopy • Bone biopsy • Traction • Casting • Splints 12Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 13. Characteristics of theChild’sCharacteristics of the Child’s Musculoskeletal SystemMusculoskeletal System • Bone is not completely ossified • Epiphyses are present • Periosteum is thick – Produces callus more rapidly than in the adult • Lower mineral content of the child’s bone and greater porosity increases the bone’s strength • Bone overgrowth is common in healing fractures of children under 10 years of age because of the presence of the epiphysis and hyperemia caused by the trauma 13Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 14. Pediatric TraumaPediatric Trauma •Soft-tissue injuries include – Contusion – Sprain – Strain • Injuries should be treated immediately to limit damage from edema and bleeding • Prevention • Proper use of pedestrian safety • Car seat restraints • Bicycle helmets and other protective athletic gear • Pool fences • Window bars • Deadbolt locks • Locks on cabinet door 14Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 15. Health PromotionHealth Promotion •Principles of managing soft-tissue injuries include – Rest – Ice – Compression – Elevation 15Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 16. Traumatic Fractures andTractionTraumatic Fractures and Traction • A fracture is a break in a bone and is mainly caused by accident • Characterized by – Pain, tenderness on movement, and swelling – Discoloration, limited movement, and numbness may also occur • Fractures heal more rapidly in children • The child’s periosteum is stronger and thicker, less stiffness on mobilization • Injury to the cartilaginous epiphysis is serious if it happens during childhood – May interfere with longitudinal growth of the bone 16Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 17. Types of FracturesTypesof Fractures 17Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 18. Bryant’s TractionBryant’s Traction •Used for the young child who has a fractured femur • Note that the buttocks are slightly off the bed to facilitate countertraction • Active infants may require a jacket restraint to maintain body alignment 18Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 19. Buck’s ExtensionBuck’s Extension •A type of skin traction used in fractures of the femur and in hip and knee contractures – It pulls the hip and leg into extension – Countertraction is supplied by the child’s body • Essential that the child not slip down in bed • Bed should not be placed in high-Fowler’s position • Used to reduce pain and muscle spasm associated with slipped capital femoral epiphysis Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19
- 20. Russell Skin TractionRussellSkin Traction • Similar to Buck’s extension traction • A sling is positioned under the knee, which suspends the distal thigh above the bed – Pulls in two directions – Prevents posterior subluxation of the tibia on the femur – Two sets of weights, one at the head and one at the foot of the bed 20Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 21. Skeletal TractionSkeletal Traction 21Elsevieritems and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 22. Safety AlertSafety Alert •The checklist for a traction apparatus includes – Weights are hanging freely – Weights are out of reach of the child – Ropes are on the pulleys – Knots are not resting against pulleys – Bed linens are not on traction ropes – Countertraction is in place – Apparatus does not touch foot of bed 22Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 23. Forces of TractionForcesof Traction 23Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 24. Overcoming the Effectsof TractionOvercoming the Effects of Traction 24Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 25. Safety AlertSafety Alert •Checklist for the patient in traction – Body in alignment – HOB no higher than 20 degrees – Heels of feet elevated from bed – ROM of unaffected parts at regular intervals – Antiembolism stockings or foot pumps as ordered – Neurovascular checks performed regularly and recorded – Skin integrity monitored regularly and recorded – Pain relieved by medication is recorded – Measures to prevent constipation are provided – Use of trapeze for change of position is encouraged Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25
- 26. Infections Related toSkeletalInfections Related to Skeletal TractionTraction • Carries the added risk of infection from skin bacteria that may cause osteomyelitis • Meticulous skin and pin care is essential 26Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 27. Neurovascular ChecksNeurovascular Checks •Done to check for tissue perfusion of the toes or fingers distal to the site of an injury or the cast • The check includes – Peripheral pulse rate and quality – Color of extremity – Capillary refill time – Warmth – Movement and sensation 27Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 28. How to Testfor Nerve DamageHow to Test for Nerve Damage 28Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 29. Casts and SplintsCastsand Splints • Can be made from a variety of materials • Child is at increased risk for – Impaired skin integrity – Compartment syndrome • Progressive loss of tissue perfusion because of an increase in pressure caused by edema or swelling that presses on the vessels and tissues • If not carefully monitored, significant complications can occur 29Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 30. Nursing Care ofa Child in a CastNursing Care of a Child in a Cast • Material used determines positioning of effected extremity for up to 72 hours • Elevate effected extremity on a pillow • Perform frequent neurovascular checks • Teach cast care and how to support cast, safe transfers to/from chair/bed, how to use crutches safely, when a cast is too loose or too tight Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30
- 31. OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis • An infectionof the bone that generally occurs in children younger than 1 year of age and in those between 5 and 14 years of age – Long bones contain few phagocytic cells to fight bacteria that may come to the bone from another part of the body – Inflammation produces an exudate that collects under the marrow and cortex of the bone 31Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 32. OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis (cont.)(cont.) • Commonorganisms – Staphylococcus aureus in children older than 5 years of age • Accounts for 75% to 80% of cases – Haemophilus influenzae most common cause in young children • May be preceded by a local injury to the bone 32Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 33. OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis (cont.)(cont.) • Vesselsin affected area are compressed – Thrombosis occurs • Leads to ischemia and pain – Collection of pus under the periosteum of the bone can elevate the periosteum • Can result in necrosis of that part of the bone • Local inflammation and increased pressure can cause pain – Associated muscle spasms can cause limited active ROM 33Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 34. OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis (cont.)(cont.) • Diagnostics –Elevated WBC and ESR – X-ray may initially fail to reveal infection – Bone scan may be more reliable • Treatment – Intravenous antibiotics for several weeks – If pus is present, it is drained and bone is immobilized – Early passive ROM once splint is removed may be ordered – Pain relief – Diversional and physical therapy 34Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 35. Duchenne’s or Becker’sMuscularDuchenne’s or Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy (MD)Dystrophy (MD) • Group of disorders in which progressive muscle degeneration occurs – Duchenne’s MD is most common • Onset is generally between 2 and 6 years of age • A history of delayed motor development during infancy may be evidenced 35Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 36. Duchenne’s or Becker’sMuscularDuchenne’s or Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy (MD)Dystrophy (MD) (cont.)(cont.) • Additional signs and symptoms – Calf muscles in particular become hypertrophied – Progressive weakness as evidenced by • Frequent falling • Clumsiness • Contractures of the ankles and hips • Gower’s maneuver to rise from the floor – Intellectual impairment is common 36Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 37. Duchenne’s or Becker’sMuscularDuchenne’s or Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy (MD)Dystrophy (MD) (cont.)(cont.) • Diagnostics – Marked increase in blood creatine phosphokinase level – Muscle biopsy reveals a degeneration of muscle fibers replaced by fat and connective tissue • Myelogram shows decreases in the amplitude and duration of motor unit potentials – ECG abnormalities are also common 37Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 38. Duchenne’s or Becker’sMuscularDuchenne’s or Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy (MD)Dystrophy (MD) (cont.)(cont.) • Disease progressively worsens • Death usually from cardiac failure or respiratory infection • Nursing care is primarily supportive to prevent complications and maintain quality of life • Child may experience depression because he or she cannot compete with peers 38Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 39. Slipped Femoral CapitalEpiphysisSlipped Femoral Capital Epiphysis • Also known as coxa vera • Spontaneous displacement of the epiphysis of the femur • Occurs most often during rapid growth of the preadolescent and is not related to trauma • Symptoms include thigh pain and a limp or the inability to bear weight on the involved leg • Buck’s extension traction is used to minimize further slippage until surgical intervention can take place Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39
- 40. Legg-Calvé-Perthes DiseaseLegg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (CoxaPlana)(Coxa Plana) • One of a group of disorders called the osteochondroses in which the blood supply to the epiphysis, or end of the bone, is disrupted – Tissue death that results from inadequate blood supply is termed avascular necrosis – Affects the development of the head of the femur • More common in boys 5 to 12 years of age • Healing occurs spontaneously over 2 to 4 years Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40
- 41. Legg-Calvé-Perthes DiseaseLegg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (CoxaPlana)(Coxa Plana) (cont.)(cont.) • Symptoms include – Painless limp – Limitation of motion • X-ray films and bone scans confirm the diagnosis • Self-limiting, heals spontaneously with the use of ambulation-abduction casts or braces that prevent subluxation – Some may require hip joint replacement 41Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 42. OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma • Primary malignanttumor of the long bones – Mean age of onset is 10 to 15 years of age – Children who have had radiation therapy for other types of cancer and children with retinoblastoma have a higher incidence of this disease • Metastasis occurs quickly because of the high vascularity of bone tissue – Lungs are primary site of metastasis 42Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 43. OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma (cont.)(cont.) • Manifestations –Experiences pain and swelling at the site – May be lessened by flexing the extremity – Pathologic fractures can occur • Diagnosis – Confirmed by biopsy – Radiological studies help to confirm • Treatment – Radical resection or amputation surgery – Phantom limb pain can occur because nerve tracts continue to “report” pain Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 43
- 44. Ewing’s SarcomaEwing’s Sarcoma •Malignant growth that occurs in the marrow of the long bones • Mainly occurs in older school-age children and early adolescents • When metastasis is present, prognosis is poor • Primary sites for metastasis are lungs and long bones • Treatment – Radiation therapy and chemotherapy Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44
- 45. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA)Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) • Formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) • Most common arthritic condition of childhood • Systemic inflammatory disease involving joints, connective tissues, and viscera • No specific tests or cures for JIA • Duration of symptoms is important, particularly if they have lasted longer than 6 weeks 45Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 46. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA)Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) (cont.)(cont.) • Three distinct methods of onset – Systemic (or acute febrile) – Polyarticular – Pauciarticular 46Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 47. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA)Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) (cont.)(cont.) • Systemic – Occurs most often in children 1 to 3 years of age and 8 to 10 years of age – Intermittent spiking fever (above 103° F) persisting for over 10 days – Nonpruritic macular rash – Abdominal pain – Elevated ESR and C-reactive protein 47Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 48. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA)Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) (cont.)(cont.) • Polyarticular – Involves five or more joints • Often hands and feet • Become swollen, warm, and tender – Occurs throughout childhood and adolescence – Predominantly seen in girls 48Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 49. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA)Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) (cont.)(cont.) • Pauciarticular – Limited to four or fewer joints • Generally in larger joints such as hips, knees, ankles, and elbows – Occurs in children younger than 3 years of age (mostly in girls) – May be at risk for iridocyclitis, an inflammation of the iris and ciliary body of the eye • Symptoms include redness, pain, photophobia, decreased visual acuity, and nonreactive pupils 49Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 50. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA)Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) (cont.)(cont.) • Treatment – Goals of therapy • Reduce joint pain and swelling • Promote mobility and preserve joint function • Promote growth and development • Promote independent functioning • Help the child and family to adjust to living with a chronic disease 50Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 51. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis(JIA)Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) (cont.)(cont.) • Long-term disease characterized by periods of remissions and exacerbations • The nurse helps the family by advocating for the child; in other words, helping the family to recognize the impact of the disease and by openly communicating with the child, family, and members of the health care team 51Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 52. Torticollis (Wry Neck)Torticollis(Wry Neck) • Neck motion is limited because of shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle • Can be congenital (most common) or acquired – Acute or chronic – Associated with breech and forceps delivery • May be seen in conjunction with other birth defects, such as congenital hip dysplasia 52Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 53. Torticollis (Wry Neck)Torticollis(Wry Neck) (cont.)(cont.) • Symptoms are present at birth – Infant holds head to the side of the muscle involved with chin tilted in opposite direction – Hard, palpable mass of dense fibrotic tissue (fibroma), not fixed to the skin – Resolves by 2 to 6 months of age – Passive stretching, ROM, and physical therapy may be indicated • Acquired is seen in older children, may be associated with injury, inflammation, neurological disorders, and other causes Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 53
- 54. ScoliosisScoliosis 54Elsevier items andderived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 55. ScoliosisScoliosis (cont.)(cont.) • Morecommon in girls • Two types – Functional—caused by poor posture – Structural—caused by changes in the shape of the vertebrae or thorax • Usually accompanied by rotation of the spine • Hips and shoulders may appear to be uneven 55Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 56. ScoliosisScoliosis (cont.)(cont.) • Treatment –Aimed at correcting curvature and preventing severe scoliosis • Curves up to 20 degrees do not require treatment • Curves 20 degrees to 40 degrees require the use of a brace • Curves greater than 40 degrees and patients in whom conservative therapy were not successful require hospitalization – Spinal fusion is performed 56Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 57. Sports InjuriesSports Injuries •Sports-specific examinations are given for those involved in strenuous activity on entry into middle school or high school • Common injuries include – Concussion – “Stingers” or “burners” – Injured knee – Sprain or strained ankle – Muscle cramps – Shin splints Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 57
- 58. Sports InjuriesSports Injuries(cont.)(cont.) • Sports at higher risk for injury include – Gymnastics – Wrestling – Football/Soccer – Hockey – Basketball – Volleyball – Running – Skiing or snowboarding 58Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 59. Family ViolenceFamily Violence •Affects children of all social classes • Includes – Spousal and child abuse – Neglect – Maltreatment 59Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 60. Child AbuseChild Abuse 60Elsevieritems and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 61. Child AbuseChild Abuse(cont.)(cont.) • Types of child abuse – Emotional abuse – Emotional neglect – Sexual abuse – Physical neglect – Physical abuse 61Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 62. LegalLegal • Reporting suspectedabuse or neglect – All persons who report suspected abuse or neglect are given immunity from criminal prosecution and civil liability if the report is made in good faith • Know what your state laws mandate for health care providers Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 62
- 63. Nursing Interventions forAbused andNursing Interventions for Abused and Neglected Children and AdolescentsNeglected Children and Adolescents • Teach child anxiety-reducing techniques • Assist child in managing his or her feelings • Teach child assertiveness skills • Assist child in developing problem-solving skills • Assist child in value-building and clarification • Assist child in enhancing his or her coping mechanisms 63Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 64. Assessing for ChildAbuseAssessing for Child Abuse 64Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 65. Cultural and MedicalIssuesCultural and Medical Issues • A culturally sensitive history is essential in assessing children suspected to be victims of abuse • Some cultural practices can be interpreted as physical abuse if the nurse is not culturally aware of folk-healing and ethnic practices • Document all signs of abuse and interactions as well as verbal comments between the child and parent • Child protective services should oversee any investigation that is warranted Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 65
- 66. Question for ReviewQuestionfor Review • What nursing assessments are involved in a neurovascular check? 66Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
- 67. ReviewReview • Objectives • KeyTerms • Key Points • Online Resources • Review Questions 67Elsevier items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Editor's Notes
- #7 Discuss how to assess a child’s gait.
- #8 Discuss Figure 24-1 on page 562.
- #9 Discuss how the musculoskeletal and nervous systems mature for each of the developmental stages listed.
- #10 Give examples of dialogue between a nurse and parents of a child with an abnormal gait.
- #11 Discuss assessment of muscular tone while assessing reflexes.
- #12 How might these diagnostic tests eliminate or confirm a musculoskeletal disorder?
- #13 Discuss these treatments. What is the nurse’s role in caring for children who have undergone these treatments?
- #14 Describe epiphyses and periosteum.
- #15 Discuss the differences among contusion, sprain, and strain. What methods would you use to provide immediate treatment for these injuries?
- #17 Discuss and provide the rationale regarding fractures that affect the cartilaginous epiphysis (growth plate) in children.
- #18 Discuss the fractures listed in Figure 24-2 on page 565. Give an example of how each might occur.
- #19 Discuss the nursing care and assessment of a child in Bryant’s traction. Refer to Figure 24-6 on page 565. Audience Response Question #1 Complete the analogy. Bryant's traction : Volksmann ischemia as _________ : compartment syndrome 1. Buck's traction 2. casts 3. splints 4. surgery
- #20 Discuss the nursing care and assessment of a child in Buck’s extension.
- #21 When would this type of traction be preferred to Buck’s extension traction? Refer to Figure 24-4 on page 566.
- #22 What methods are used to prevent infection with these types of traction?
- #25 Discuss Figure 24-8 on page 567.
- #26 Discuss techniques to assess the neurovascular status of the extremity. Discuss the rationale for antiembolic measures in these types of patients. How is constipation prevented?
- #29 Discuss Figure 24-10 on page 569.
- #30 Discuss assessment of an extremity to rule out compartment syndrome.
- #31 If fiberglass, the child can bathe and go in water. If plaster, child cannot get cast wet.
- #32 In what situation might a child be prone to osteomyelitis?
- #33 What methods are used to prevent transmission of these organisms to the injury?
- #35 Discuss the difference between an x-ray and a bone scan. What methods are used to remove purulent drainage from the bone? Give examples of diversional activities.
- #36 How might a parent detect delayed motor development?
- #38 Discuss the nurse’s role in preparing and caring for children who will have these procedures.
- #39 Give examples of supportive care for these children. What is the nurse’s role in educating the parents of a child with MD?
- #40 How does Buck’s traction assist children with this condition?
- #42 Discuss the nurse’s role regarding the child with a cast or braces.
- #43 Audience Response Question #2 Complete the analogy. Osteosarcoma : long bones as _______________ : bone marrow. 1. Ewing's sarcoma 2. osteomyelitis 3. leukemia 4. sepsis
- #44 What is phantom pain?
- #46 How does JIA affect the child’s joints?
- #47 Discuss manifestations for each type of JIA.
- #51 What methods can reduce joint pain and swelling? Give examples of how joint function can be preserved.
- #53 Discuss the pathophysiology regarding breech and/or forceps delivery leading to this condition.
- #54 Discuss ROM for a child with this disorder.
- #55 Discuss Figures 24-11 and 24-12 on page 575.
- #56 Discuss poor posture and this disorder.
- #57 Review use of the Milwaukee brace on page 575.
- #58 Discuss each of the common injuries and types of sports which could cause these injuries.
- #59 Review the Health Promotion box on page 577.
- #60 What is the difference between neglect and maltreatment?
- #61 Discuss the factors that could trigger child abuse.
- #62 Describe each of the types of child abuse listed.
- #64 Give examples of anxiety-reducing techniques. What are some examples of assertive skills? How could you enhance a child’s coping mechanisms?
- #65 Discuss Figure 24-14 on page 581.
- #66 What are some examples of cultural practices that could be misconstrued as physical abuse? Give an example of documentation of suspected abuse.