SAM_Lecture_One.pptx

System Administration and Maintenance ( Lecture One ) 1
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System Administration
&
Maintenance
Dr. Ahmed Alnasheri 11/20/2022
The basics of system administration

Course Objectives
1. Transition you from working on a single computer to an entire fleet.
2. You’ll learn about the infrastructure services.
3. We’ll deep dive on cloud.
4. You'll also learn how to:
• Manage and
• Configure servers.
5. Using industry tools to manage :
• Computers,
• User information, and
• User productivity
6. Finally, you’ll learn how to recover your organization’s IT infrastructure
in the event of a disaster.
7. In lab session you will use WS 2016

Course References
1. Principles of network and system administration / Mark
Burgess.
2. The Practice of System and Network, Second Edition,
Thomas A. Limoncelli Christina J. Hogan Strata R. Chalup.
3. Administration Installation, Storage, and Compute with
Windows Server 2016.
4. Networking with Windows Server 2016.
5. Identity with Windows Server 2016.

Evaluation
Evaluation
No. Assessment Tasks Mark Proportion of Final Assessment
1 Attendance & HomeWorks 10 10%
3 Midterm Exam 20 20%
4 Labs 20 20%
5 Final Exam 50 50%
Total 100 100%

Lecture Objectives
• Examine the roles and responsibilities of a Systems Administrator.
• Differentiate the technical differences between a server and a client machine.
• Introduce you to cloud ( Search about cloud )

What is Systems?
• System refer to both to operating system of computer, collectively the set of
computers that cooperate in a network.
• Def 1 : human – computer system : an organized collaboration between
human and computer to solve a problem or provide a service.
• Term operating systems has no rigorously accepted definition. Its often
thought of as the collection of all programs bundled with a computer,
combining kernel of basic services and utilities for users Principles of
Networking & System Administration

What is Systems Administration?
• Employees need computers along with access to the Internet to reach out to clients
• The organization websites needs to be up and running.
• Firewall have to be shared back and forth and so much more
• All of these requirements make up the IT infrastructure of an organization.

• IT infrastructure encompasses the software, the hardware, network, and services required for
an organization to operate in an enterprise IT environment.
• Without an IT infrastructure, employees wouldn't be able to do their jobs and the whole
company will crumble before it even get started.
• So organizations employ the help of someone like a systems administrator to manage the
company's IT infrastructure.
• System administrators or as we like to call them sysadmins, are the unsung heroes in
organization.
• They work in the background to make sure a company's IT infrastructure is always working,
constantly fighting to prevent IT disasters from happening.
• In all seriousness, sysadmins have a lot of different responsibilities. Any company that has an
IT presence needs a sysadmin or someone who handles those responsibilities.
• The role of a sysadmin can vary depending on the size of an organization.
• As an organization gets bigger, you need teams of sysadmins.
• Their responsibilities may be separated out into different roles with job titles like network
administrators and database administrators.

•What is System Administration ?
The field in IT that is responsible for maintaining reliable computer
systems in multiuser environment.
•What is System Administrator ?
Is the person who manages all of these infrastructures, he has lot of
different of responsibilities.
 The role of sysadmin can vary depends on the size of an organization.
When the organization get bigger, it needs team of sysadmins with
different roles:
1) Network administrators
2) Database administrators
Basically, a sysadmin is responsible for their company’s IT services.

The subject matter of systems
administration includes computer
systems and the ways people use
them in an organization.
This entails a knowledge of OS
and applications, as well as HW
and SW troubleshooting, but also
knowledge of the purposes for
which people in the organization
use the computers

Duties of a System Administrator
• A system administrator's responsibilities might include:
Applying operating system updates, patches, and configuration
changes.
Installing and configuring new hardware and software.
Adding, removing, or updating user account information, resetting
passwords, etc.
System performance tuning.
Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the system.
Responsibility for security.
Performing routine audits of systems and software.
Performing backups.

Analyzing system logs and identifying potential issues with
computer systems.
Troubleshooting any reported problems.
Introducing and integrating new technologies into existing data
center environments.
Answering technical queries.
Insuring that the network infrastructure is up and running

Challenges of SA
Not just installing system/software, also about planning and
designing an efficient community of computers.
Design a logical and efficient network.
Easy upgrade for a large number of computers.
Decide what and where services are installed.
Plan and implement security.
Provide a comfortable environment for users.
Develop ways of fixing problems and errors.
Keep track of new technology and software.

Types of Administrators/Users
•In a larger company, following may all be separate positions within a
computer support or Information Services (IS) department.
•In a smaller group they may be shared by a few sysadmins, or even a
single person.
Database Administrator
Network Administrator
Security Administrator
Web Administrator
Technical support
computer operator

A database administrator (DBA) maintains a database system, and
is responsible for the integrity of the data and the efficiency and
performance of the system.
A network administrator maintains network infrastructure such as
switches and routers, and diagnoses problems with these or with
the behavior of network-attached computers.
A security administrator is a specialist in computer and network
security, including the administration of security devices such as
firewalls, as well as consulting on general security measures.

A web administrator maintains web server services (such as IIS or
Apache) that allow for internal or external access to web sites. Tasks
include managing multiple sites, administering security, and
configuring necessary components and software. Responsibilities
may also include software change management.
Technical support staff respond to individual users' difficulties with
computer systems, provide instructions and sometimes training,
and diagnose and solve common problems.
A computer operator performs routine maintenance and upkeep,
such as changing backup tapes or replacing failed

OS Supporting Administration
• Microsoft Windows : 1975 - Formed
1980 - Xenix released by Microsoft
1981 - MS-DOS 1.0 released with new IBM PC
1985 - Windows 1.0 released
1987-1990 – Windows 2.0 to 2.11 released
1990 - Windows 3.1 released
1993 - Windows NT 3.1 released (over 6 million lines of code)
1995 - Windows 95 released
1998-2000 - Windows 98, 2000, ME
2001 – 2005 - release of windows XP
2006-2008 – Windows Vista
2009-2011 – Windows 7
2012-2013 – Windows 8
2013 – Windows 8.1

OS Supporting Administration
• UNIX
1980 - Xenix released by Microsoft
Early 70s --> AT&T System V Unix (and C developed)--> BSD Unix (U. Cal-Berkley)
Today - many variants. Portable and Scalable.
1) HP - HP/UX
2) IBM - AIX
3) Silicon Graphics - Irix
4) Sun Microsystems - SunOS/Solaris
For history see: http://www.sun.com/aboutsun/coinfo/history.html
1982 - Sun Microsystems founded.
PC Based Unix - Solaris, SCO Unix, FreeBSD, NetBSD
Linux - Linus Torvalds (Finland) 1991. Free/Open.
(Red Hat Linux – Commercial Version)

Top 10 Linux operating systems
Linux Mint
Ubuntu
Debian
Mageia
Fedora
Open SUSE
PC Linus OS
Manjaro
Arch
Puppy

Servers Revisited
Client/Server Model
Microcomputer users, or
clients, share services of
a centralized computer
called a server.
Computers share equally
with one another without
having to rely on a
central server.
Peer-to-Peer Model

Client/Server vs. Peer-to-Peer
Pros and Cons
Advantages:
 Very secure OS.
 Better performance.
 Centralized servers, easy
to manage.
 Centralized backups.
 High reliability.
Peer-to-Peer Model
Client/Server Model
Disadvantages:
 Expensive administration.
 More hardware intensive.
Advantages:
 Uses less expensive networks.
 Easy to administer.
 Contain both network operating
system and application software.
 Ideal for small business and home
users.
Disadvantages:
 Individual user performance easily
affected.
 Not very secure.
 Hard to back up.

Servers Revisited
Sysadmin is responsible for his company's I.T. services.
This includes things like email, file storage, running a website.
Any thoughts on where they're stored?
A server is essentially software or a machine that provides
services to other software or machines.
For example, a web server stores and serves content to
clients through the Internet.
An email server, provides email service to other machines.
And an SSH server provides SSH services to other
machines.

Servers Revisited
Clients request the
services from a server
and in turn, the servers
respond with the
services.
 A server can provide
services to multiple
clients at once and the
client can use multiple
servers.
Can any computer be a server ?

Servers Revisited
Server hardware can come
in lots of different forms.
 They can be towers that
sit upright, they look very
similar to the desktops
we've seen.
 Those towers can be put
in a closet or can sit on the
table if you want them to.

Servers Revisited

Servers Revisited
If you needed even more
space, you could use blade
servers that are even
slimmer than racks.

Discover the world at Leiden University
Servers Revisited

Servers Revisited

Overview of installation options
You can choose among the following installation options when
deploying Windows Server 2016:
– Windows Server 2016 (Desktop Experience)—full server installation
This is a full server installation and includes a complete graphical management
interface. This installation option supports all Windows Server roles.
– Windows Server 2016—Server Core installation
provides for a command-line management interface. This installation option has a reduced hardware
footprint but does not support all Windows Server roles.
– Nano Server—minimal server installation of either Standard or
Datacenter edition
This is a new installation option for which Windows Server 2012 and earlier versions have no equivalent. Nano
Server is administered remotely and optimized for hosting in private clouds and datacenters, and for running
applications that are developed by using cloud application

What’s new since Windows Server 2012 was released?
• New features and improvements introduced
in Windows Server 2016:
• PowerShell Direct
• Shielded virtual machines
• Windows Defender
• Storage Spaces Direct
• Storage Replica
• Remote Desktop Services
• Microsoft Passport
• Azure AD Join support
• Privileged Access
Management
• Nano Server
• Containers
• Docker support
• Rolling upgrades for
Hyper-V and storage
clusters
• Hot add/remove virtual
memory & network
adapters
• Nested virtualization

The End

SAM_Lecture_One.pptx

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