5656 5660.output

* GB786064 (A)
Description: GB786064 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in or relating to hydraulic systems
Description of GB786064 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786,9064 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July
21, 1954 No 21286154.
Sffi,''h <Mt X Application made in United States of America on Sept
25, 1953.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 69 ( 2), P( 6 C:6 X:7 C:1 OX); 79 ( 5), H
9; and 135, VL 8 D.
international Classification:-1 862 d, F 03 c, F 06 k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Hydraulic Systems We, BENDIX AVIATION
CORPORATION, Of 401 North Bendix Drive, South Bend, Indiana, United
States of America, a Corporation organized under the Laws of the State
of Delaware, United States of America, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention concerns a device to be associated with a hydraulic
system 'for maintaining pressure in the discharge line at a
predetermined value with respect to the pressure in the supply line.
It has been found that in many hydraulic systems, such for example as
hydraulic steering systems where relatively high pressures are
encountered, and extreme pressure drops drops occur through control
equipment, etc, cavitation of the liquid results and often times
undesirable noises are developed.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a back
pressure controlling device connected to the supply and discharge
conduits of a hydraulic system for establishing the pressure in said
discharge conduit at a value variable at a predetermined rate with
changes in the pressure in said supply conduit, comprising a pressure

sensitive member and a valve element positively secured thereto,
wherein said device is responsive to the pressure in said supply
conduit exerted against the pressure sensitive member, and the
pressure in said discharge conduit upstream of said valve element
exerted against the valve element.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a back
pressure controlling device connected to the supply and discharge
conduits of a hydraulic system, including a pressure sensitive member
extending into both the supply and discharge conduits and a valve
element carried on one end of said member for engagement with a valve
seat formed upstream of said valve element in one of the conduits,
said back pressure being maintained at the desired relative value by
fixing the relationship of the surface of valve seat in the one
conduit 50 to the diameter of the member extending into the other
conduit.
Fig 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a hydraulic power steering
system utilizing the device of the invention; and 55 Fig 2 is a
schematic view of the device of the invention associated with the
control valve of Fig 1.
Referring now to Fig 1 the reference numeral 10 designates a control
valve ar 60 ranged in a hydraulic steering system for vehicles An
inlet port 11 of the valve is connected to a supply conduit 12
communicating with the discharge side of a pump 14 the inlet of which
is connected to a reservoir 65 16 by a pipe line 18 A discharge or
return conduit 20 connects a return port 21 of the valve 10 to the
reservoir 16 The reference numeral 22 indicates the device of the
invention and is interconnected with the supply 70 and discharge
conduits for a purpose to be hereinafter more fully described Conduits
24 and 26 communicate working ports 28 and 30 respectively to opposite
sides of a fluid motor 32, the latter of which is con 75 nected to
steering linkage 33 of a motor vehicle.
The control valve 10 includes a housing 34, provided with a bore 36,
having a valve member 38 slidably arranged therein for 80 movement in
opposite directions from a normally central position, as shown in Fig.
1 for controlling flow to said fluid motor 32.
The valvemember 38 and cylinder bore 36 are formed with co-operating
annular channels 85 40, 42, 44, 46 and 48 The channels 42 and 46,
formed in the valve member 38, are of such width that free
communication between the channel 44 and the channels 40 and 48 is
established with the valve member 90 786,064 in its central position
The channels 40 and 48 are in communication with the inlet port 11 via
ducts 50 and 52 The channels 42 and 46 are connected to working ports
28 and 30 respectively, and the channel 44 is connected to the return
port 21 The valve member 38 includes a midsection 54 and end sections

56 and 58 held in assembled relationship by a bolt 60 The right end of
the bolt 60 is provided with an enlarged head 62 for engagement with
an end 64 of a sleeve 66 slidably positioned in a tubular extension 68
of the housing 34 A coupling 69 threadedly engages the housing 34 to
securely retain the tubular extension 68 in position The sleeve 66 is
permitted limited movement in the housing between the end of a bushing
70 and a shoulder 72 in the tubular extension 68 The bolt 60, ties the
seetions 54, 56, and 58 and the sleeve 66 together for movement as a
single member or unit The tubular extension 68 and the sleeve are
provided with lateral openings 71 and 73 for the reception of a ball
stud 74, one end of which is adapted to be connected to the pitman
arm, not shown, of a steering gear The other end of the ball stud is
formed with a rounded portion 76 which fits in sockets, 78 and 80 of
members 82 and 84 respectively, situated in the sleeve 66 A plug 88 is
threaded into the open end of the sleeve 66 and is adjustable in order
to preload spring 90 interposed between disk 91, which rests on the
opposite end 64 of the sleeve, and the member 82 The disk is formed
with an axially extending stem 93 for engagement with the member 82 to
thereby provide a rigid connection with the sleeve.
It will be observed that wear of the sockets and ball stud will create
looseness between these parts which is taken up by the spring thus
avoiding rattle The cross tie rod or steering linkage 33 threadedly
engages the open end of the tubular extension 68 and is suitably
linked to the steered part of the vehicle.
In, many hydraulic systems where relatively high pressures are used,
cavitation becomes a serious problem and can result in loss in
efficiency and impairment of operation of hydraulic devices Moreover,
undesirable and objectionable noises develop as a result of fluids
under pressure passing from extremely high pressure areas to very low
pressure areas In order to cope with such a problem we have developed
the back pressure producing device represented by numeral 22 and best
shown in Fig 2 This device comprises a pressure sensitive member 92
having one end extending into the supply conduit so as to be subjected
to the inlet pressure and the other end projecting into the return
conduit where said other end is acted upon by the pressure therein A
valve element 94 is carried on said one end of the member 92 for
engagement with a valve seat 96 located in the return line The
relationship of 'the diameter Of the valve seat 96 to the diameter of
the member 92 extending into the supply conduit 12 70 depends upon the
relationship desired between the supply conduit pressure and the back
pressure in conduit 20 In a specific application for steering it was
determined that a ratio of A, to A_, where A, = 16 and 75 A 2 = 1, was
satisfactory That is, the back pressure was maintained at
one-sixteenth the supply pressure Any time the back pressure in the

return conduit 20 exceeded this value, valve element 94 would be
unseated 80 from seat 96 reducing the back pressure to a value where
it was balanced against the supply pressure in a ratio of one p s i to
sixteen p s i respectively This particular ratio is only by way of
illustration and is not 85 to be construed as limited thereto since
any ratio of areas depending upon the circumstances may be employed.
Operation and function of the system is as follows: 90 With the
control valve in the central position shown in Fig 1, the pump forces
fluid through the supply line where the fluid divides into the inlet
channels 40 and 48.
From the inlet channels 40 and 48 the fluid 95 passes into the working
port channels 42 and 46 from whence it flows to the return channel 44
and thence to the return conduit 20.
With the member 38 of the control valve in this position there is a
minimum of cavita 100 tion encountered even without the device 22
since the fluid is not required to flow through any highly restricted
passages from high to low pressure.
Assume the valve member 38 is shifted 105 to the left, so that the
working channel 42 is opened wider to the inlet channel 40 and return
channel 44 is partially closed to working channel 42 thus restricting
flow between the two latter mentioned channels Also at 110 this time
return channel 44 is opened wider to working channel 46 and the latter
channel is partially closed to the inlet channel 48.
These partially closed or restricted passages formed between the
channels when the 115 valve member is moved away from its central
position would create high velocity flow, which is conducive to
cavitation and noise, commonly termed "hiss" were it not for the back
pressure established in the return line 120 and channel 44 The high
pressure in channel 42 tends to blow fluid at high velocities past the
restriction formed between channels 42 and 44 Also the high pressure
in channel 48 'tends to create a 125 high velocity flow in channel 46
These high velocity flows in the control valve 10 are controlled by
the device 22 of the invention.
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* GB786065 (A)

Description: GB786065 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Chromonyl-3-(4-hydroxycoumarinyl-3)-acetic acid derivatives and compositions
containing them
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE530545 (A) CH326368 (A) DE964326 (C) FR1229604 (A)
NL88453 (C)
BE530545 (A) CH326368 (A) DE964326 (C) FR1229604 (A)
NL88453 (C) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
786,9065 Date of Application and filing Complete Sperification: July
22, 1954.
No 2 1427154.
Application made in Czechoslovakia on July 23, 1953.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 2 ( 3), C 3 A 16; and 81 ( 1), E 1 C 4 B
( 3: 4).
International Classification:-A 611 CO 7 d.
Chromonyl-3-( 41-Hydroxycoumarinyl-3 ')-Acetic Acid Derivatives and
Compositions' containing them We, SPOFA, SPOJE Ni' FARMACEUTICKE
ZAVODY, NAROD Nf PODNIK, of Praha, Czechoslovakia, a Czechoslovak
National Corporation, do hereby declare the invention, for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement: -
It is known that some derivatives of 4hydroxycoumarin have strong
anticoagulant activity The present invention relates to a method of
preparing new compounds of this kind, showing a particularly strong
and prolonged effectiveness.
The method according to the invention is characterised in that esters
of chromonyl-3( 41-hydroxycoumarinyl-31)-acetic acid are obtained by
cyclizing esters of a-( 4 hydroxycoumarinyl-3)-13-salicyloyl propionic
acid, by means of an alkyl formate and metallic sodium in order to
obtain sodium salts of esters of chromonyl 3 ( 41 hydroxycoumarinyl 3
')acetic acid If desired, the said esters may be liberated from the
said sodium salts by acidification The products are powerful
anticoagulants and raticides The reaction proceeds according to the
following schetme:
0 1, OH C O Na O Apd A JCE, /' a BO"wx 11 (ik S Jciq C 2 CJ+ 1 COOR
2 (m 1 CH I (D +R 204 1 1 coo 1 Na A COOR 1 / +l-f 20 00,0 O HO O
wherein R denotes an alkyl or aralkyl group and R, denotes an alkyl
group.
EXAMPLE.
g of c-( 4 '-hydroxycoumarinyl-3 ')-I 3salicyloyl propionic acid ethyl
ester is dissolved in 350 ccm of neutral, dry ethyl formate.
Then 3 9 g of sodium in small pieces are added while stirring and
cooling ( 5-0 C).
A visible reaction begins as late as after 3 hours, when the
temperature rises to 00 C.
One hour later, the reaction is mostly finished.
The mixture is left standing for two days and the precipitated,
slightly brownish sodium salt is sucked off The cake, still wet, is
dissolved in 1000 ccm of water and the solution is acidified by adding
15 iccm of concentrated hydrochloric acid The precipitate thus formed
is filtered off and dried at 1000 C A yield of 12.8 grams is obtained
The dry body is ground by rubbing, extracted with 65 cm= petrol and
filtered The extracted product melts at 165-1660 C, the yield almounts
to (Price 3 s 6 d l 12.3 grams After being recrystallised three times
from a chloroform-petrol mixture or from ethanol, the product, the
ethyl ester of chromonyl 3 ( 4 ' hydroxycoumarinyl -3 ')acetic acid,
shows a melting point of 177178 'C.
The elemental analysis: For C 1 a H,0.
( 392 1) calculated: 67 33 % C; 4 11 % H; 11.47 % -OC 2 H, Found: 67
60 % C; 4 57 % H; 10 72 % -OCH,.
Equivalent found by titration: 389.
The ethyl ester of chromonyl-3-( 41 droxycoumarinyl-31)-acetic acid
has more powerful effectiveness than most anticoagulants known,
hitherto Its effect lasts many days and even weeks, and may be

shortened or broken by dispensing vitamin K.
Among other similarly active esters of the same acid the following may
be knentioned:
the methyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, n-butyl-, isobutyl_ and benzyl
ester.
The new anticoagulants according to the present invention may be used
as such or in '11 ' r_ ' ' c ' _ the form of their water soluble
alkali metal or ammonium salts.
An ester of chromonyl-3-( 41-hydroxycoumarinyl-3 ')-acetic acid or a
water soluble alkali metal or ammonium salt of an ester of chromonyl 3
( 41 hydroxycoumarinyl 3 l)< acetic acid is an efficient raticide,
When combined with an edible bait, For instance the ethyl ester is
very effective, particularly in often repeated doses.
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* GB786066 (A)
Description: GB786066 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in or relating to spring padding units for laundry machinery
and textile finishing machinery
Inventor: -ALEXANDER FREW TULLIS.
4, Date of filing Complete Specification: Aug8, 1955.
Application Date: Aug 11, 1954 No 23305/54.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 42 ( 1), A 2 (C X); 42 ( 2), F; and 138 (
2), E 1 F( 4: 5).
International Classification:-DOOu, h.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Spring Padding Units for Laundry
Machinery and Textile Finishing Machinery.
We, D & J TULLIS LIMITED, a British Company, of Kilbowie Ironworks,
Clydebank, Dumbartonshire, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement: -
This invention relates to improvements in spring padding units for
laundry or fabric finishing rollers or presses, of the kind in which
the padding unit proper comprises a plurality of individual helical
springs distributed and contained in close relationship to one another
over the surface of a metallic base member which may be in the form of
a flat plate, or a curved plate, or a roller presenting a surface of
revolution.
The invention consists of a spring padding unit of the kind referred
to, including a base member which is perforated with tapered holes
formed in said base member by a punching operation, and helical
springs each of two diameters with the small diameter end portion of
each spring driven into a respective one of said tapered holes and
self-locking therein.
In practice, the base or carrier member is punched with closely spaced
tapered holes into each of which is driven the small diameter end of a
spring.
The small diameter end portion of each spring becomes tapered in
consequence of the tapered formation of the hole, and it expands to
the full diameter of the hole, so that each spring self-locks in its
hole.
The padding unit may have suction devices which extract moisture from
the articles being processed Since this suction lPrice 3 s 6 d l is
adapted to act from inside the roller or through a conduit connected
to, or in contact with, the perforated base member, it is necessary to
have sufficient free area for access to the padding The improved
construction of resilient padding assembly provides this free area
since, the springs being mounted in a perforated base member, multiple
orifices are available through the springs for the suctional removal
of such moisture from the textile coverings of the rollers or other
components.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, in which:Fig
1 is a section; and Fig 2 a fragmentary plan, of a spring padding unit
according to the invention.
Referring to the drawing, a plate 1 forms the carrier or base member
of the spring padding unit and is also the main structural member of
the component, i e, a roller or a plate, to be padded The plate 1 has

punched in it tapered perforations or holes 2 providing seats for the
small diameter ends 3 of two-diameter helical springs 3, 4 The outer
end of each spring is formed to provide a coil 5 extending inwards and
downwards to present a flat surface to the whole resilient spring
assembly The spring assembly is covered with textile material or
clothing 6 which contacts with the articles being processed.
The assembly thus provides clear passages 7 between the clothing 6 and
the lower side of the plate 1, thus affording free suctional
communication between the textile clothing 6 and a suction device (not
shown) which is adapted to extract moisture from the articles.
The small diameter end portions 3 of the 786,066 W springs are of a
specific size to provide a tight drive fit into the tapered holes 2
Each end portion 3 subsequently assumes the taper form of the hole 2
and becomes selflocking therein.
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* GB786067 (A)
Description: GB786067 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in or relating to electric circuit arrangements for operating
gas or vapour filled electric discharge lamps
PATENT SPEUFICATlON 7,
Date of fling Complete Specification: Aug 12, 1955.
A.Ipplicattionm Date: Auzg 20, 1954 YA o 24320/154.
Conplete Spec Bfcalioii Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 4), A 2 B 7.
International Classification:-H 02 j.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.

Improvements in or relating to Electric Circuit Arrangements for
Operating Gas or Vapour Filled Electric Discharge Lamps.
We, T Hrs GENEP AL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED, of Magnet House,
Kingsway, London, W C 2, a British Company, and JULIUS CATES, of
Research Laboratories, The General Electric Company Limited, Wembley,
Middlesex, a British Subject, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to electric circuit arrangements for operating
a gas or vapourfilled electric discharge lamp, or plurality of such
lamps in series, from an alternating current supply, and relates more
particularly, though not exclusively, to such circuit arrangements for
operating one or more of the now well-known low pressure mercury
vapour fluorescent electric discharge lamps.
Gas or vapour-filled electric discharge lamps usually have an
inherently negative operating characteristic and require to be
operated in series with a ballast impedance which will give the
arrangement an overall positive characteristic Also the voltage
required to be applied between the electrodes for the starting of the
discharge in such a lamp is greater than the voltage required to
maintain the discharge in operation when started, so that it is often
necessary to provide some means for increasing the voltage applied to
the lamp electrodes in order to start the lamp A step up of the supply
voltage can, of course, be obtained by the use of a step-up input
transformer, but this is not always convenient or desirable and
alternative forms of starting means have been proposed, perhaps the
most well-known being the switch-start arrangement in which the
initial closure and subsequent opening of a switch connected between
the lamp lPrice 3 s 6 d l electrodes produces a high voltage pulse by
inductive kick across a choke forming part or the whole of the ballast
impedance in series with the lamp, which high voltage pulse is applied
between the lamp electrodes and causes the discharge to start Resonant
starting circuits which rely on the production of a high resonant
voltage across a reactor forming part of a circuit resonant at the
supply Frequency and shunted across the lamp are also well-known, but
have not been much used since they give rise to bad waveforms for the
lamp current and the current drawn from the supply; in a modified form
of such circuit which has been proposed, and which is less subject to
these difficulties, a series combination of an inductor and a
capacitor is shunted across the lamp so as to be in series with the
lamp ballast impedance with respect to the supply terminals, and the
inductor is magnetically coupled, in flux opposition, with an inductor
which forms part of said ballast impedance This last mentioned

arrangement is non-resonant but an increase, above the supply voltage,
in the voltage applied across the lamp is obtained for starting the
lamp by virtue of the phase relationships between the voltages
appearing across the inductors and the capacitor The present invention
is concerned with the provision of an alternative circuit arrangement
which is similar to the latter arrangement.
According to the invention an electric circuit arrangement for
operating a gas or vapour-filled electric discharge lamp, or plurality
of such lamps in series, from an alternating current supply comprises
two lamp terminals between which the lamp or lamps is or are arranged
to be connected, two input terminals for connection to the supply, a
first inductor connected between 86,067 so one lamp terminal and a
first input terminal, and a second inductor connected at one end to
said first input terminal and at the other end either directly or
through a resistor to one side of a capacitor whose other side is
connected, either directly or through a resistor, both to the second
input terminal and to the other lamp terminal, or is arranged to be
connected thereto through a lamp electrode, and possibly a resistor,
when the lamp or lamps is or are connected in circuit, the said first
and second inductors being arranged on a common magnetic core in flux
opposition, considered with reference to a current flowing through the
two inductors in series, and with magnetic leakage between them, the
values of the inductors and capacitor being such that the circuit is
non-resonant at the supply frequency at _ O which it is designed to be
used, and the impedance of said capacitor being substantially greater
than the impedance of said second inductor at the supply frequency
such that the voltage applied between the lamp terminals for starting
of the lamp or lamps into operation is greater than the supply voltage
applied between the input terminals by reason only of phase
relationships of voltages across the inductors and the capacitor.
It will be understood that the statement that " the first and second
inductors are arranged on a common magnetic core in flux opposition
considered with reference to a current flowing through the two
inductors in series " means that the sense in which the inductor
windings are wound on the common core are such that the magnetic
fluxes which would be produced in the core by a current flowing
between the two outer ends of the windings (that is to say a current
which passes through each winding in turn) would be oppositely
directed Preferably the said inductor windings have the same number of
turns.
When the capacitor is connected directly to said other lamp terminal
in a circuit arrangement in accordance with the invention it may in
some cases be found that if the circuit is operated at low ambient
temperatures, for example between 100 C and 20 WC, a certain amount of

flicker may take place on first switching on, especially in
arrangements employing one or more hot cathode lamps, due to a
tendency of the lamp or lamps in the circuit arrangement to rectify at
starting, and although the flickering will in general disappear as the
lamp or lamps warm up it may sometimes be undesirable.
C,0 However we have found that such ffielering is reduced when a
resistor of a suitable value is included in the circuit in series with
said capacitor with respect to the input terminals, either between the
capacitor and said other lamp terminal or between the capacitor and
the junction of the two inductors The resistor should not, of course,
have such a value that the voltage applied between the lamp terminals
on switching on the circuit arrangement is reduced to such an extent
as 70 to prevent starting of the lamp or lamps, and the value of
resistance giving the best results for any particular circuit
arrangement in accordance with the invention may readily be found by
approximation or trial as re 75 quired.
Where the resistor is connected between the capacitor and the junction
of the two inductors, it may either be in series with the second
inductor or in parallel with it, and in 80 the latter case may
conveniently be provided by a tungsten filament lamp having its
terminals connected to opposite ends of said second inductor The use
of a tungsten filament lamp in an arrangement of this 85 kind has the
advantage that after starting of the discharge lamp or lamps, the
voltage appearing across the filament lamp is relatively small and its
resistance is sufficiently low to reduce the tendency to flicker, but
at 90 starting, when a relatively high voltage is applied across the
filament lamp the corresponding increase in current flowing through
this lamp causes its resistance to increase This has the effect that,
at start 95 ing, the proportion of current which bypasses the second
inductor by flowing through the filament lamp is reduced and this
maintains the voltage applied between the discharge lamp terminals at
a value which is 100 sufficient for causing the lamp or lamps to
start.
The invention will be further described and explained with reference
to Figures 1 to 7 of the drawings accompanying the Pro 105 visional
Specification, in which:-
Figure 1 shows a circuit arrangement in accordance with the invention
arranged for operating a lamp having cold-start electrodes; Figures 2
and 3 are vector diagrams 110 explanatory of the operation of the
circuit shown in Figure 1; Figures 4 and 5 illustrate methods of
construction of the coupled inductors in the circuit shown in Figure
1; and 115 Figures 6 and 7 show modified forms of the circuit of
Figure 1 each arranged for the operation of a lamp having pre-heatable
electrodes.

Referring now to Figure 1, the circuit 120 arrangement shown has lamp
terminals 1 and 2 between which is connected a low pressure mercury
vapour fluorescent electric discharge lamp 3 having cold-start
electrodes and shown provided with an earthed starting strip 4 125 for
facilitating starting.
The circuit is provided with input terminals 5 and 6 for connection to
an alter.
nating current supply, and between one lamp terminal 1 and one input
terminal 5 is 130 786,067 and 19 beween the opposing limbs The
inductor 7 is formed with two windings 71 and 711 one on each limb of
the laminations 16 so wound as to assist each other magnetically,
whilst the inductor 8 is formed with 70 two windings 81 and 811 one on
each limb of the laminations 17 so wound as to assist each other
magnetically but to be in flux opposition to the windings 71 and 711
as hereinbefore defined 75 Figure 6 shows a modification of the
arrangement of Figure 1 for the operation of a lamp 20 provided with
preheatable electrodes 21 and 22, and an earthed starting strip 23;
the reference numerals of Figure 1 80 which are repeated in Figure 6
indicate corresponding parts Thus the input terminal 5 is connected to
the lamp terminal 1 through a first inductor 7 and to the lamp
terminal 2 through the second inductor 8, 85 capacitor 10 and one
electrode 22 of the lamp, the electrode 22 thus being included in a
series heating circuit between the input terminals 5, 6.
The other electrode 21 of the lamp is 90 connected across a secondary
winding 24 which is closely magnetically coupled to the inductor 8 so
that the latter functions as the primary winding of a heating
transformer for this electrode 95 The inductors 7 and 8 are arranged
on a common core 9 in flux opposition as before, and the operation of
the arrangement is substantially as described with reference to Figure
1, the heating of the electrodes 21, 100 22 facilitating starting of
the lamp.
In one particular example of the arrangement shown in Figure 6 which
we have tried, the lamp 20 was an 8-ft low pressure mercury vapour
fluorescent electric discharge lamp of 105 1.5 inches envelope
diameter, having a normal operating current of 0 85 amps.
and designed for dissipating 125 watts in normal operation on a 235
volt 50 c p s.
alternating current supply 110 The common core 9 of the inductors 7, 8
was of the kind shown in Figure 4 and the windings of the inductors
were arranged as in that Figure.
Each of the core parts 11 and 12 was 115 built up of 0 018 " thick
laminations of Sankey's Medium Resistance quality iron to a stack
depth of 1 inch The projecting length of the centre limb in each core
part was 29/3 inches and its width 1 inch, 120 being twice the width

of each side limb and yoke, while the width of each window in the core
was 17 /32 inch.
Each of the coils 7 and 8 consisted of 1250 turns of 24 S W G
enamelled wire 125 extending over a length of 2 /3 N inches of the
corresponding centre limb The winding 24 was arranged on top of the
winding 8 and consisted of 60 turns of the same wire The capacitor 10
had a capacity of 81 LF and the 139 connected a first inductor 7 A
second inductor 8, wound with the same number of turns as the inductor
7 and on the same core 9 but in flux opposition and with magnetic
leakage between the windings, is connected at one end to the input
terminal 5 and at the other end to one side of a capacitor 10 whose
other side is connected both to the input terminal 6 and to the lamp
terminal 2.
Figure 2 represents vectorially the voltages appearing in the circuit
before starting of a discharge in the lamp 3, the vector OV
representing the supply voltage, OA the voltage across inductor 7, OB
the voltage across inductor 8, and BV the voltage across the capacitor
10 The starting voltage applied between the lamp terminals is AV,
which is greater than the supply voltage OV, as required, and can be
given any suitable value by appropriately dimensioning the inductors
7, 8 and the capacitor 10.
It is to be noted that the voltage OA across inductor 7 is less than
the voltage OB across inductor 8 because of the magnetic leakage
between the windings of these inductors.
Figure 3 shows the form of the vector diagram when the lamp 3 is
operating normally, the voltage AV being reduced to about half the
starting voltage, as is usually required for a cold cathode lamp; for
a lamp having heatable cathodes, it will usually be desirable to
arrange that AV is reduced to about one third of the starting voltage.
:35 Figure 4 illustrates schematically one method of arranging the
inductors 7 and 8 on the common core 9 In this case the core consists
of two similar E-shaped stacks of laminations 11 and 12 butted
together with suitable air gaps 13, 14 and 15 between the opposing
limbs The windings of the inductors 7 and 8 are wound respectively on
the centre limb of either E-stack in the directions shown, for
disposing the windings in flux opposition as hereinbefore defined,
that is to say, the coils are wound in opposite senses when viewed
from one end of the core.
The inductance of the inductors 7 and 8 may be controlled by
adjustment of the air gaps 13, 14, 15, for obtaining operation of the
lamp 3 at the correct wattage, and the value of the capacitor can be
chosen for obtaining a suitable value of the starting voltage applied
to the lamp It will be a 5 appreciated that in some cases the core may
be provided with a single air gap 15 between the two centre limbs, the

air gaps 13, 14 between the outer limbs being dispensed with.
do Figure 5 of the drawings illustrates an alternative method of
forming the inductors 7 and 8 using a core-type construction; in this
case the core consists of two similar U-shaped stacks of laminations
16 and 17 butted together with suitable air gaps 18 786,067 786,067
air gaps 13, 14 and 15 of the core were adjusted to a length of about
0 04 inch.
With the input terminal 6 connected to the neutral line of a 235 volt
50 c p s supply and the terminal 5 connected to the phase line, it was
found that before starting of the lamp the current through the
inductor 8, capacitor and electrode 22 was 1 3 amps The current
supplied by the winding 24 to the electrode 21 was also 1 3 amps, and
the voltage applied across the lamp was 410 volts, the voltage across
the inductors 7 and 8 being respectively 185 and 265 volts, whilst
that across the capacitor 10 was 490 volts.
All voltages and currents herein given are, of course, R M S values.
The winding 24 was connected so that the polarity of its end connected
to the coil 7 with respect to its other end was the same as the
polarity of the end of inductor 8 nearest the capacitor 10 with
respect to the other end of the inductor 8, this connection giving a
slightly reduced heating of the electrode 21 when the lamp has started
compared with that obtained when the connection is reversed.
When the lamp was operating normally, the discharge current and the
current in the inductor 7 was O 85 amps, whilst the current _k in the
supply mains was 0 65 amps The voltage across the inductor 7 was 192
volts whilst that across the inductor S was 164 volts, the latter
being thus reduced from that obtaining before starting and giving rise
to a reduced heating of the electrode 21, as is usually desirable,
since the electrode is additionally heated by the discharge in
operation of the lamp The current through the inductor 8 and capacitor
10, and hence the heating current supplied through the electrode 22,
was 0 7 amps, this again being less than before starting, as is
usuallv desirable.
It may, however, be noted that in some cases it may be preferable to
associate the secondary winding 24 with the inductor 7; this would
mean that there was no reduction, after starting, of the heating
current supplied to the electrode 21, but the arrangement is simpler
to construct and might be used in some cases; in particular it may be
arranged that the heating current is comparatively low before starting
so that the electrode is not seriously overheated after starting.
Go For obtaining a better control of the heating of the electrode 2 ',
the arrciigeraent shown in Figure 7 may be used 'This is the same as
the arrangement shown in Ficsure 6 except that a further secondary w
i-hding 25 a is provided closely magnetically coupled to the inductor

8, and the electrode 22 is connected across the winding 25 instead of
in series with the capacitor 10 and inductor 8.
The winding 25 will thus supply a heating current to the electrode 22
before starting.
which current can be given ant required value by suitablv dimensioning
the winding 25, and the heating current will be redueed after
starting, as is usually desirable.
In a modified form of the circuit arrange h ment shown in Figure 6 a
resistance in the form of a gas-filled tungsten filament lamp rated at
40 watts, 220 volts was connected directly across the inductor S for
reducing the tendency of the lamp to flicker on starting 75 at low
ambient temperatures.
In this modified circuit the lamp was similar to that already
described and the core parts 11 and 12 of the inductors 7 and 8 had
similar dimensions to those previously 84 I referred to, apart from
the stack depth which, in the modified circuit, was 1 inches.
Each of the coils 7 and S consisted of 970 turns of 23 S W G enamelled
wire extending over a length of 2 1 '/I 6 inches of the cor 55
responding centre limb of the core The winding 24 was arranged on top
of the winding 8 and consisted of 50 turns of the same wire The
capacitor 10 had a capacity of 7.61 F and the air gaps 13, 14 and 15
were 90 adjusted to a length of about 0 4 inch.
With the input terminal 6 connected to the neutral line of a 245 volt
50 c p s supply and the terminal 5 connected to the phase line it was
found that before starting of the 95 lamp the current through the
capacitor 10 and the electrode 22 was 1 08 amps, the voltages across
the capacitor 10, the inductor 8 and the discharge lamp 20 were 460,
235 and 390 volts respectively, and the wattage 140 dissipated by the
tungsten filament lamp was 44 watts; the current supplied by the
winding 24 to the electrode 21 was 1 1 amps.
In normal operation of the lamp the dis 1405 charge current and the
current in the inductor 7 was O 87 amps, whilst the current in the
supply mains was 067 amps The voltage across the inductor 7 was 167
volts whilst that across the inductor 8 and the 110 capacitor 10 were
120 and 215 volts respectively, the current through the capacitor 10
being O 52 amps The wattage dissipated by the tungsten filament lamp
was 15 watts.
The modified circuit arrangement can be 115 further modified, if
desired, by the inclusion of a further secondary winding closely
magnetically coupled to the inductor S to supply the heating current
for the electrode 22 in a similar manner to the arrangement 12 '0
shown in Figure 7.
In an alternative arrangement a resistor may be connected in series
with both the inductor S and capacitor 10, being arranged between the

inductor and the electrode 22 of 12.
the lamp for reducing isicker at starting and we have found that a
resistor having a resistance of between 50 and 70 ohlns was found
suitable for a circuit arrangement substantially as shown in Figure 6
and having 1:,10 possibly a resistor, when the lamp or lamps is or are
connected in circuit, the said first and second inductors being
arranged on a common magnetic core in flux opposition, considered with
reference to a current 55 flowing through the two inductors in series,
and with magnetic leakage between them, the values of the inductors
and of the capacitor being such that the circuit is nonresonant at the
supply frequency at which 60 it is designed to be used, and the
impedance of said capacitor being substantially greater than the
impedance of said second inductor at the supply frequency such that
the voltage applied between the lamp terminals for 65 starting of the
lamp or lamps into operation is greater than the supply voltage
applied between the input terminals by reason only of phase
relationships of voltages across the inductors and the capacitor 70 2
An electric circuit arrangement accord-
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* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786068 (A)
Description: GB786068 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in mobile means for compacting soil or a cement and soil
agglomerate
786,068 Date of filing Complete Specification (under Section 3 ( 3) of
the Patents

Act, 1949): Dec 2, 1955.
Application Date: Sept 2, 1954.
Application Date: Dec 2, 1955.
No 25467/54.
No 34511/55.
Index at acceptance:-Class 124, C( 1 D 1: IE: 5 A 1: 5 C: 6 L: 9 X:
12).
International Classification:-E Olc.
Improvements in Mobile Means for Compacting Soil or a Cement and Soil
Agglomerate We, B & S MASSEY LIMITED, a British Company, of Steam
Hammer Works, Saltburn Street, Openshaw, Manchester, in the County of
Lancaster, and LIONEL WRAITH WELLS, a British Subject, of the
Company's address, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to,
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention of improvements in mobile machines for compacting soil
or a cement and soil agglomerate refers to machines of the type as
used in a presently known process for the rapid making of roads and
airfields, or such like surfaces, in which the soil is broken up; by
means of a cultivator, e g, a rotary cultivator, while at the same
time a suitable amount of cement and moisture is incorporated with the
pulverised soil The resultant cement/soil agglomerate' is then roughly
levelled and finally compacted and left perfectly smooth and level
before the cement has time to' set.
The most satisfactory way of compacting the soil as at present known
is by dropping weights on to it.
A machine for compacting soil in this way has been constructed and
includes six weights, hereinafter for convenience referred to as tups,
arranged side by side, so' that altogether they fermi a path six feet
wide The striking face of each tup' is not perfectly flat but is
formed with a sloping face for the greater part of its depth at the
front facing in the direction of travel, the top' level corresponding
with the height of the soil before compacting and the bottom of the
sloping face corresponding with the finished height of the ground
There is then a further short length of horizontal face The tups are
mounted in alignment on a vehicle which travels forward at such a rate
that any given portion of the ground receives, successively, say,
seven blows from the sloping face, and, say, three fromn the flat
face.
lPtice 3 s 6 d l In this machine the tmps each work in guides and are
each suspended by a link from a pivoted lever in contact on its

underside with a cam which is so shaped that, having 50 lifted the
tup, to the desired height, it allows it to' fall freely under the
influence of gravity.
The weight of the tup; and the distance of fall are so' arranged as
tol give an energy of blow equal to' the maximum likely to be re 55
quired during the process.
There are two main disadvantages in this design of machine, one
concerned with the guiding of the top and the other with the control
of energy of blow 60 Owing to the fact that the tups are come
paratively short in height and that the guides in which they slide
cannot be extended down to ground level, it is not possible to provide
very accurate guiding In addition, jamming 65 of the tupi in the
guides and also' rapid wear due to' dirt adhering to; the working
surfaces, is very difficult to avoid.
It will be appreciated that there is a considerable load on the guides
after the blow 70 has been struck by the tupi because the vehicle upon
which the tops are mounted is moving forward all the time, and thus
during the time the tup' is in contact with the ground it is being
thrust forward into the loose earth 75 It is also' found that with
some types of soil it is necessary to reduce very considerably the
force of the blow With the use of a cam lift as described' this is not
easily done as it requires the interposition of a rather elaborate 80
merhanism with a multiplicity of joints liable to wear.
The present invention provides a means for compacting earth according
to' the process described which overcomes the beforemen 85 tioned
disadvantages by obviating the use of slides for guiding the tups and
having means for regulating the force of the blow to' suit varying
conditions of soil at will while the machine is actually working 90
The present invention therefore provides a mobile machine of the kind'
referred 2 786,068 to for c Omp acting soil or a cement and soil
agglomerate, including a tap or a row of tups each sezcured to one end
of a pivotally mounted beam, the other end of which is furnished with
a roller, a cam shaft receiving rotary movement from a source of
power, a cam secured on said shaft for each tup adapted to make
contact with the adjacent roller on the beam whereby to rock the beam
about its pivot to raise the tupi to its highest position when the cam
releases the roller and the beam and tup fall under the influence of
gravity assisted by fluid pressure applied to the beam to accelerate
the downward acceleration of the tup, cushioning means for
compensating for variation in the consistency of the ground being
compacted, means for holding the tup, or all the tups, up at the end
of their stroke and means for preventing the tup, or tups, from
dropping too far in the event of their reaching a hole or depression
in the ground.

A practical construction of a mobile machine according to the
invention includes a row of tups each secured to one end of a beam,
the opposite end of which is furnished with a long bearing by which it
is rotatably mounted on a shaft of large diameter common to all the
tups and clamped or otherwise secured at opposite ends in housings on
the machine frame The pivot bearing of the beam is such that the beam,
and consequently the tup, can only move in a vertical plane, the tup
thus being definitely guided without having any physical contact with
a slide, and the bearing also being of adequate size toresist any
thrust set up by the tup.
The beam is preferably in the form of a bell-crank lever, the lower,
and longer, horizontal arm of which bears at its extremity the tup The
upper, and shorter, vertical arm of the bell-crank lever is furnished
with a roller journalled in the extremity of the lever This roller is
in the path of movement of a cam secured on a cam shaft, there being a
separate cam for each tup-bearing beam and the cams being secured on a
common shaft and receiving rotary movement from any suitable source of
power The rotation of the camr shaft causes the respective cams to
press against the adjacent roller whereby to rock the beam about its
pivot and to raise the tup to its highest position, when the cam
releases the roller, the beam, and tup fall under the influence of
gravity The cams may be so arranged that the lift and fall of the
respective tups may take place in any desired sequence, or
simultaneously In this construction it is arranged that the weight of
the nup and the length of stroke shall combine to' give the minimum
force of blow which is likely to be required.
In order to enable the force of the blow of the tups to be increased
it is necessary to provide for an adjustable spring loading of the
respective tups to act either directly on the ntp or on some part of
the beam whereby to increase the downward acceleration of the tup when
it is released by the cam and thus increase the energy of blow to the
required extent 70 In one advantageous construction of adjustable
spring loading there is provided above the horizontal arm of each beam
and approximately midway between the tup and the pivot, a cylinder
housing a piston, the connecting 75 red of which is in operative
association with the said horizontal arm The cylinder is connected
with reservoir of fluid at a predetermined pressure.
In a machine as described embodying six 80 of the tup and bell-crank
units mounted side by side on one common pivot shaft the six fluid
cylinders will be coupled to one common reservoir.
It will be understood that the action of the 85 cam pressing the
roller back to raise the horizontal arm of the beam and tup forces the
piston into' the cylinder to compress the fluid and when the roller is
released by the cam the fluid pressure acts to increase the downward

90 acceleration of the tup.
The fluid pressure may be obtained by pneumatic or hydraulic means.
Since no pressure fluid is actually expended during the process apart
from that which 95 escapes by leakage, it is only necessary to provide
a very sm all air compressor, or pump, to maintain the required
pressure.
The machine also includes means for conpensating for variation in the
consistency of 11 C the ground which provides that when the tups have
reached their normal lowest position there should be a clearance
between the cams and the roller, e g, one inch, so as to allow the
tups to descend further if necessary The 105 result of providing this
clearance is that when the cams do engage with the rollers there will
be a very high loading on them, due to the fact that they will be
attempting to produce an infinitely high rate of acceleration of the 1
C tups at the moment of contact This disadvantage is overcome by
providing a cushioning device for the rollers, in which the rollers
are mounted in a subsidiary lever consisting of two side plates
pivotally mounted at their 11 ' upper ends in a housing mounted
between vertical arms of the bell-crank lever, the said plates being
attached at their lower ends to on.e side of rubber blocks in shear,
the other sides of which blocks being attached to the 12 C bell-crank
lever, whereby when the cams engage the rollers the said rubber blocks
are deformed until the load produced is sufficient to move the
bell-crank lever Other rubber blocks are provided on the said side
plates in 125 register with rubber blocks carried on the bellcrank
lever, said rubber blocks being normally inoperative but coming into
use as buffers in compression towards the ends of the movement of the
side plates in order to avoid over 13 C 786,068 according to the
invention; Fig 2 is a front view of Fig 1; Fig 3 is a plan of Fig 2;
Fig 4 is a fragmentary view, drawn to a larger scale, of the upper
part of Fig 2; Fig S is a sectional view taken through the line V-V 70
of Fig 4; Fig 6 is a side view of Fig 4 lookhig in the direction of
the arrow "A"; Figs 7 and 8 are fragmentary views of the' right-hand
end of Fig 4, showing parts in alternative positions of use; Fig 9 is
a fragmentary view, 75 drawn to a larger scale, of a detail part shown
in Fig 1; Fig 10 is a sectional view taken through the line X-X of Fig
9.
For convenience in the following description, reference will only be
miade to a single 80 tup' and its cooperating mechanisms except where
the context requires otherwise, it being understood that all the tups
in the row of tups in a machine are similar.
Referring to' the drawings the machine 85 includes a ro W of tups, e
g, six, each tupi 10 Fig 1, being secured to' one end of a beam 11,
the opposite end of which is furnished with a relatively long bearing

12 Fig 10 by which it is rotatably mounted on a shaft 13 of large 90
diameter common to all the tups and clamped or otherwise secured at
opposite ends in housings on the machine frame 14 Fig 3 The pivot
bearing of the beam provided by the shaft 13 is such that the beam 11,
and conse 95 quently the tunp 10, can only move in a vertical plane,
the tup 10 thus being definitely guided without having any physical
contact with a slide, and the bearing 12 also: being of adequate size
to resist any thrust set up 100 by the tup'.
The beam 11 is preferably in the form of a bell-crank lever, the
lower, and longer, horizontal arm 11 Fig 1 of which bears at its
extremity the tup The upper, and shorter, 105 vertical arm 11 b of the
bell-crank lever is furnished with a roller 15 journalled adjacent to'
the extremity of the lever This roller 15 is in, the path of movement
of a cam 16 Fig 1 secured on' a cam, shaft 17, there being a 110
separate cam for each tup-bearing beam and the cams all being secured
on a common shaft receiving rotary movement from any suitable source
of power The rotation of the cam shaft 17 causes the respective cams
to press against 115 the adjacent roller 15 whereby to' rock the beam
11 about its: shaft 13 and to' raise the tup'10 to its highest
position, when the cam 16 releases, the roller 15, the beam 11 and
tunp 10 fall under the influence of gravity 120 The means for
adjustably spring loading the respective tnps is arranged above the
horizontal arm Pla of each beam, and approximately midway between the
tup'10 and the shaft 13 and comprising a fluid pressure cylinder 18
125 housing a piston 19, the connecting rod 20 of which is in
operative association with the said horizontal arm, lla whereby the
action of the cam 16 pressing the roller 15 back to' raise the arm iia
and tup, 10 forces the piston 19 130 straining the first mentioned
shear rubbers.
The means for holding all the tups up; at the end of their stroke
include a slotted arm provided on each horizontal arm of the bellcrank
levers at their outer end, a swing lever located adjacent to each of
said arms coniprised of two spaced plates between the lower ends of
which is mounted a catch to cooperate with an adjacent slot The
swinging levers are each pivotally attached at their upper ends to
bolts passing through an angle bracket and each furnished above with a
rubber cushion resting on said bracket and forming a resilient support
for the swinging lever A horizontal rod mounted at opposite ends in
the frame of the machine passes between the two' plates of the
swinging levers and is furnished on opposite sides of each lever with
compression springs located between fixed collars on the rod and loose
washers whereby to, maintain the said washers in contact with the
swinging levers, which are each normally held in position with its
catch clear of the slot in the arms.

A crank or eccentric located at one end of the rod is movable by a
handle soi as to press against the rod to slide it forward whereupon
the compression springs at one side of the swinging levers force said
levers forward until the respective catches engage against the arms in
the path of movement of the slots in said arms As each tup' reaches
the top of its stroke the respective spring pushes the swinging lever
forward so that its catch engages in the slot in the arm and thereby
retains the tunp at the top' of its stroke.
The tups are released by reversing the said operation so' that the
compression springs on the opposite sides of the swinging levers
operate to move the swinging levers in reverse position to release the
catches The tups are suspended at such a height that the cams; just
come into' contact with the rollers at each revolution thus
momentarily lifting the slots clear of the catches so enabling the
compression springs to' push the catches clear of the slotted arms and
to hold, them in this position.
To prevent the tups; from dropping too far in the event of them
reaching a hole or depression in the ground advantage is taken of the
rubber cushions previously described whereby if the tup drops too far,
then the clearance provided between the rollers and the cams is taken
ups, but the, shock is taken off the cam shaft by means of the said
rubber cushions, and the weight is then carried on the circular part
of the cam, which supports it until the curved portion of the cam
comes into' operation.
The invention will now be described with the aid of the accompanying
drawings, in which only so' much of a machine is shown as is necessary
for a clear understanding of the invention.
Fig 1 is a side elevation of a mobile machine of the kind referred to'
constructed 786,068 4 786,068 into the cylinder 18 to compress the
fluid and when the roller 15 is released by the cam 16 the fluid
pressure acts to increase the downward acceleration of the tup 10 Each
cylinder 18 is connected to a reservoir 21 of fluid common to all the
cylinders Owing to, the fact that the consistency of the ground being
compacted may vary so that the tups may sink in varying amounts, it
has been arranged that when the tups have reached their normal lowest
position there is a clearance between the cams and the rollers
amounting to say, one inch, so as to allow the tups to descend
further, if necessary The result of providing this clearance is that
when the camrs 16 do engage with the rollers 15 there will be a very
high loading on them, due to the fact that they will be attempting to
produce an infinitely high' rate of acceleration of the tups at the
moment of contact.
This disadvantage is overcome by providirig a cushioning device for
the rollers 15.

According to this feature of the invention, which is shown clearly in
Figs 1, 9 and 10, the rollers 15 are mounted in a subsidiary lever 22
consisting of two side plates which are pivotally mounted at their
upper ends in a housing 23 mounted between the vertical extensions of
the bell-crank lever 11 b The lower ends of the two side plates of the
subsidiary lever 22 are attached to one side of rubber blocks 24 in
shear, the other sides of the rubber blocks 24 being attached to the
bell-crank lever 11 b; in consequence, when the cams 16 engage the
rollers 15 the said rubber blocks 24 are deformed until the load
produced is sufficient to move the bell-crank lever Advantageously the
rubber blocks 24 are bonded on opposite sides to steel plates 25 and
are secured to the foot of the lever 22 by bolts 26 and to a bridge
piece 27 connecting the two side plates of the lever 11 b by bolts 28
In addition, other rubber blocks 29 are provided on the said side
plates of the subsidiary lever 22 in register with rubber blocks 30
carried on the bell-crankl lever 11 %b the rubber blocks 29, 30 being
normally inoperative but coming into use as buffers in compression,
towards the end of the movement of the side plates of the subsidiary
lever 22 in order ta avoid overstraining the shear rubbers 24.
The means for automatically holding all the tups 10 up at the top, of
their stroke when it is desired to move the machine without the tups
striking the ground are clearly shown in Figs 2 and 4 to 8 inclusive,
in which there is provided on the horizontal arm lla of the beam 11 at
the outer end thereof an arm 31 formed adjacent to its lower extremity
with a slot 32 Adjacent to the arm 31 is a swinging lever 33 comprised
of two spaced plates between the lower ends of which is mounted a
catch 34 which cooperates with the adjacent slot 32.
At their upper ends the plates forming the swinging lever 33 are
pivotally attached to the lower end of a bolt 35 passing through an
angle bracket 36 and furnished above the bracket 36 with a rubber
cushion 37 bonded 70 on opposite sides to steel plates 38 and restming
on the bracket 36, so forming a resilient support for the swinging
lever 33 Mounted at opposite ends in the frame 14 of the machine is a
horizontal rod 39 which passes between 75 the two plates of the
respective swinging levers 33 Strung on the red 39 on opposite sides
of the swinging lever 33 are' compression springs 40, 41 respectively
The compression spring 40 is located between a fixed collar 42 80 on
the rod 39 and a loose washer 43 on the rod 39 whereby to maintain the
washer 43 in contact with the swinging lever 33 The cornpression
spring 41 is similarly positioned on the opposite side of the lever
between a fixed 85 cellar 44 and a loose washer 45 The swinging levers
33 are normally held in an inclined position so that the catches 34
are clear of the eyes 32 Located at one side of the machine frame 14
is a crank or eccentric 46 operatively 9 cornncted to the rod 39 and

Provable by means of a handle 47 so as to cause the rod 39 to slide
along the machine in a direction whereby to compress ths respective
spring 40 and so force the swinging levers 33 until the 95 catches 34
on the levers 33 engage against the metal of the arms 31 As each tup
10 reaches the top; of its stroke the respective spring 40 pushes the
swinging lever 33 forward so that the catch 34 on the lever engages in
the slot 100 32 in the arm 31 and thereby retains the tup at the top
of its stroke.
In order to release the tups 10 the same operation is performed in
reverse so that the com rpression springs 41 are brought into 105
operation to move the swinging levers 33 in the opposite direction
whereby to release the catches 34 from the notches 32.
Since the springs 41 themselves would not be strong enough to force
the catches 34 out 110 ef engagement with the notches 32 against the
whole weight of the tups 10, it is arranged that the tups 10 shall b
2-suspended at such a height that the cams 16 just come into contact
with the rollers 15 at every revolution, 115 thus momentarily lifting
the notches 32 clear of the catches 34 and so allowing the compression
springs 41 to push the catches 34 clear and to hold them in the clear
position.
A further feature of the present invention 120 is the provision of
means for preventing the tups from dropping too, far in the event of
themi reaching a hole or depression in the ground.
In this connection advantage is taken of the 125 rubber cushions 29,
30 previously described whereby if the tup, 10 drops too far, then the
clearance provided between the rollers 15 and the cams 16 is taken up,
but the shock is taken off the cam shaft 17 by means of the said 130
786,068 common camn shaft journalled in the frame of the machine and
driven by any suitable source of power, fluid pressure cylinders, one
for rach beam and each located above the horizontal arm of the
respective beam and 70 approximately midway between the tnip and the
pivot, a piston in said cylinder the connecting rod of which is
attached at its lower end to' the horizontal arm of the beam, and a
reservoir of fluid at a predetermined pressure 75 piped to each
cylinder, whereby the action of the cams acting in sequential order
pressing the rollers back to iaise the horizontal arms of the beams
and tups forces the respective pistons into the cylinders to compress
the 80 fluid and when the roller is released by the cam the fluid
pressure acts to increase the downward acceleration of the tup.
3 A machine as claimed in claim 2 characterised in that provision is
made that when 85 the tups have reached their normal lowest position
there is a clearance, e g, one inch, between the cams and the rollers,
so as to allow the tups to descend further if necessary, provision
also' being made for cushioning the 90 rollers.

4 A machine as claimed in claims, 2 and 3, in which each roller is
mounted in a subsidiary lever consisting of two' side plates mounted
at their upper ends in a housing 95 mounted between vertical arms of
the respiective bell-crank lever, the lower ends, of the two side
plates of the said subsidiary lever being attached at one end to one
side of rubber blocks in shear, the other side of the said 100 rubber
blocks being attached to the bellorank lever, whereby when the cam
engages the roller the said rubber blocks are deformed until the load
produced is sufficient to move the bell-crank lever 105 A machine as
claimed in, claim 4 in which each subsidiary lever is also' furnished
with a rubiber block in register with a further rubber block carried
on the bell-crank, the said rubber blocks being normally inoperative
110 but coming into use as buffers in compression towards the end of
the movement of the side plates in order to' avoid overstraining the
shear rubbers.
6 A machine as claimed in the preceding 115 claims 2 to 5 inclusive
having means for automatically holding all the tups up at the top of
their stroke when desired in which there is provided on the horizontal
arm of each bell-crank lever a vertical arm formed 120 adjacent to'
its lower end with a slot, a swinging lever located adjacent to said
vertical arm comprised of two, spared plates between the lower ends of
which is mounted a catch to cooperate with the adjacent slot, the said
125 plates being pivotally attached at their upper ends to the lower
end of a bolt passing through an angle bracket on the machine frame,
the bolt being furnished above said bracket with a rubber cushion
resting on said 130 rubber cushions and the weight is then carried on
the circular part of the cam, which supports it until the curved
portion of the cam comes into operation.
Instead of the pressure cylinders 18 being arranged to act on the
horizontal arms of the beams as described, the cylinders may, if
desired, be arranged behind the rollers on the vertical arms and
adapted to exert pressure against said rollers or against the vertical
arms of the beams.
It will be understood from the foregoing description that, in a
machine as; described, it is possible' to' vary the energy of the
blows' of the tups at will during the time the machine is in use,
since it is only necessary to increase or decrease the pressure in,
the cylinders to the required amount.
The working face of each tupg may be renewable.
The invention may be modified to suit requirements, for example,
instead of a multiplicity of tups arranged side'-by-side as described,
it may in some cases be advantageous to use a single tup extending
across the width of the machine and supported at opposite ends by
pivoted beams similarly to' those already described, thereby effecting

a simplification of the operating mechanism.
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5656 5660.output