-

1. * GB785323 (A)
Description: GB785323 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements relating to motor vehicle fuel supply systems
Description of GB785323 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
I Vefltors: JACK M WHITE and ALFRED 78 C KORTE Date of application and
filing Complete Specification: Feb 15, 1955.
No 4450/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957
Index at acceptance:-Classes 7 ( 3), B 2 G ( 8 B: l IC); and 135, P
(ID: 24 lXX).
International Classification:-FO 2 f G 05 d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to Motor Vehicle Fuel Supply Systems We, ACF
INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED, a Corporation organised and existing under
the laws of the State of New Jersey, United States of America, of 30,
Church Street, New York City, State of New Yorl, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to an improvement in fuel supply systems for
motor vehicles and the like, and more specifically to a novel fuel
level control mechanism for a carburetor fuel bowl.
In present designs, the maximum size of the needle valve and its seat
is dictated by the size of the float which operates the needle valve

2. Float size determines the amount of force available to hold the valve
on its seat against pump pressures At high ambient temperatures,
excessive pressure can build up in the discharge line from the pump
because of high vapour pressures due to boiling of the fuel These act
directly on the valve, and, unless the valve remains effective, the
carburetor and engine manifold will be flooded.
Generally speaking, float size, and therefore buoyancy or float force,
is not readily variable because of bowl size The exposed area of the
needle valve is readily variable.
Consequently, in order that the needle valve shall be effective at all
pressures, the size of the needle valve must be such that the float
force available is sufficient to maintain the valve in closed position
against such pressure Often this requirement, imposed by conditions in
the fuel system which cannot be changed, introduces a restriction in
the supply of fuel to the fuel bowl of the carburetor and produces a
throttling action in the discharge line from the fuel pump.
Thus the fuel pump operation is impeded by limiting the length of its
working stroke on the discharge, so that the pump is unable to lPrice
3 s 6 d l :5.323 fulfill its designed function and the supply of fuel
is inadequate for engine operation The present invention consists in a
motor vehicle fuel supply system for controlling the SO flow of fuel
from a fuel pump comprising, a float-actuated needle valve for
maintaining a predetermined constant fuel level in the float bowl of
the carburetor during normal operation and a servo valve controlled by
said 55 needle valve for permitting an increased fuel flow to the
float bowl upon a drop in said predetermined fuel level.
This mechanism eliminates the effects of restrictions inherent in
needle valves, which 60 restrictions are responsible for vapour
locking tendencies prevalent in most systems supplying highly volatile
fuels under conditions of elevated air temperatures and in regions
adjacent to sources of heat radiation 65 The modern motor vehicle
furnishes a typical example of the above mentioned adverse conditions
The fuel system therein must operate entirely within an environment of
heated air passing through the radiator, 70 and over the engine and
its exhaust system.
The engine and exhaust, especially, are sources of high temperature
radiation from which the fuel system is not protected.
When the engine is operating, the effect 75 of heat on the pump, fuel
lines, and carburetor makes it desirable that the valves in the system
be as large as possible so that restrictions will not be present to
impede the flow of large volumes of vapour 80 If the engine is
stopped, it is desirable that the valves in the system remain closed
even if the temperatures are high, and in spite of the occurrence of
abnormal vapour pressures.

3. Since the forces available to operate the valve 85 against these
pressures are necessarily light, the size of the valve is obviously
limited in order that the force tending to close the valve will remain
predominant When the float valve is small enough to remain closed 9 g
under high fuel pressure, then it becomes a restriction creating back
pressure on the Air pump discharge to restrict pump stroke after the
engine is started Even though the float valve subsequently opens, it
takes a certain amount of time for the vapour pressures to dissipate
past this restriction This delay before the pump can reach full stroke
in turn extends the period necessary for the pump to exhaust the
vapours on its suction side and fill the fuel lines As a result, the
engine is starved for fuel and either stalls or fails to deliver its
full power.
Since the present valves do not meet these conflicting requirements,
pressure reducers have appeared on the market which are designed for
connection between the pump and the carburetor float valve These
devices, however, are, in themselves, restrictions, and only one
aspect of the problem presented is solved by their use Being
restrictions, the tendency of the system to vapourlock is increased by
their use.
In the present invention, the main fuel supply is under the control of
a large diaphragm actuated servo valve The pressure in the fuel lines
is by-passed around this valve so as to act upon the back of the
diaphragm to force the valve closed Communicating with the chamber in
which the diaphragm is mounted is a pressure relief passage controlled
by a needle valve in the carburetor.
When the needle valve is closed, the diaphragm operated valve is
forced closed by the pump pressure in the fuel supply line which
operates upon a diaphragm of an area much larger than that of the
valve Thus, the higher the pressure in the fuel supply line, the
tighter is the seal effected between the diaphragm actuated servo
valve and its seat.
When the needle valve relieves the pressure on the diaphragm, the
diaphragmactuated valve can open, allowing the fuel to enter the float
bowl of the carburetor through a passage independent of the needle
valve, and accordingly unrestricted by the limited size of the needle
valve passage The servo control effected by the needle valve can be
performed regardless of its size.
SO Since the main fuel supply is by way of the passage controlled by a
diaphragm actuated servo valve, the restriction of needle valve
passage has no effect upon the capacity of the system for the obvious
reason that the S servo valve can be any size The size of the servo
valve can be independently selected so as to immediately dissipate any
vapour pressure in the pump discharge The pump can start operating

4. simultaneously with the 6 o engine, at full stroke to fill the fuel
lines The usual delay in pump operation is avoided.
In the accompanying drawings:Fig 1 is a diagrammatic view of a motor
vehicle fuel system, Fig 2 is a view showing partly in section the
needle and servo valves according to this invention, as a part of a
standard carburetor; Fig 3 is a fragmentary sectional view showing
both the needle valve and the servo valve open; and 70 Fig 4 is a
fragmentary sectional view similar to Fig 3 illustrating another phase
in the operation of the device.
Figs 5 and 6 are views in section of modified forms of the invention
75 Fig 7 is a view in side elevation of the outside of the casing
shown in Figs 1 to 4, inclusive.
In Fig 1, an engine 1 is shown having an exhaust manifold 2 and an
intake manifold 80 3 A carburetor 4 is mounted on the vertical riser 5
of the intake manifold 3 and provided with the usual heated jacket
connected to the exhaust manifold 2 A combined fuel pump and suction
booster pump 6 is mounted on 85 the side of the engine to be operated
from the engine camshaft The fuel pump end is connected by a line 8
with the fuel tank of the motor vehicle and by a line 9 with the
carburetor 4 The suction booster end of 90 the combined device 6 is
connected by a line with the intake manifold and by a line 11 with the
suction operated accessory devices of the motor vehicle.
Turning now to Fig 2, a fuel valve accord 95 ing to the present
invention is disclosed as formed integrally with the carburetor The
carburetor itself has an air horn 12, a float bowl 13, and a throttle
body 14 interconnected in assembled relation Within the float 100 bowl
13 is a float 17 mounted on an arm 18 pivoted at 19 As shown in this
particular construction, the pivot 19 is supported from a bracket 20
integral with the float bowl cover 22 The latter is secured to the
float 105 bowl by a series of cap screws 23 and 24.
Formed integral with the arm 18 is a finger 25 bearing directly
against one end of a needle valve 26, which operates as a pilot valve
Guide 27 supports the needle valve 110 for vertical movement to and
from a suitable valve seat A passage 29 leads from the seat to a
chamber 30 which is connected by a passage 32 with the main fuel
supply passage 33 by way of a metering orifice 34 The size 115 of the
float valve seat is so selected as to be much larger than the metering
orifice 34, so that pressure can be immediately relieved below the
diaphragm 36 when the float operated valve 26 opens a substantial
amount 120 Diaphragm 36 supporting the servo valve 37 is secured in
position on the float bowl cover by a cap 40 having a chamber 41
surrounding a valve seat 42 Cap 40 contains parts of passages 32 and
33 above described, and is 125 also provided with a passage 45
extending from the chamber 41 and connecting through the diaphragm 36

5. with the auxiliary fuel supply passage 46 leading to the fuel bowl.
The diaphragm actuated servo valve 37 is 130 785,323 In Fig 5 is shown
a fragmentary section of a float bowl 50 closed by a cover 51 Within
the float bowl is a float 57 having arms 56 hinged on a pin 55
supported by a depending boss 54 from the cover 51 A finger 59 70
formed integrally with the arms 56 extends upwardly to a position
whereby movement of the float 57 upwardly will cause the finger 59 to
be moved to the right Float bowl has a boss 52 provided with a
threaded 75 opening 53 The opening 53 is suitably positioned with
respect to the finger 59 so that the needle valve assembly usually
mounted therein may be actuated by the finger 59.
According to this embodiment, the needle 80 valve customarily supplied
with the carburetor is removed and a control valve unit comprising
both the needle valve and the servo-operated valve, substituted
therefor.
The casing 63 of the control valve accord 85 ing to this invention its
threaded at 64 for engagement with the threads 53 in the boss 52.
Within the casing is formed an axial passage 79 receiving the needle
valve 61 and its operating stem 60 The stem is so po'si 90 tioned in
the casing and passage 79 as to be in alignment with the finger 59 of
the float arms 56.
With the structure so far described, the control valve unit is
properly positioned so 95 that movement of the float 57 vertically
within the fuel bowl 50 will operate the needle valve 61 against its
seat 62 to close off the passage of fuel through the seat 62 into the
axial passage 79 100 A diaphragm 67 is secured between the casing 63
and a cover 66 Attached to this diaphragm 67 is a servo valve 68 A
spring 65 is interposed between the diaphragm 67 and the casing 63 to
force the servo valve 68 in 105 a direction to close the passage 69
Threads in the passage 69 provide for connection with the fuel pump
discharge line.
Servo valve 68 controls communication between the passage 69 and the
passages 77 110 and 78 which, in turn, connect with the axial passage
79 through the casing 63 This system of passages provides the
auxiliary fuel supply and is much larger than the passage through the
needle valve seat 62, thus en 115 suring that when the valve 68 opens,
any pressure in the pump discharge line connected at 70 will be
immediately dissipated If the discharge line happens to be full of
vapour, valve 68 will remain open as long 120 as the float is lowered
and the needle valve 61 is off its seat Thus the pump discharge line
is quickly vented and the pump can re.
sume its full stroke immediately to fill the fuel lines with liquid
from the tank 125 In order that fhe needle valve 61 may control the
action of the diaphragm actuated servo valve 68, passages 72, 73 and

6. 74 lead around and through the diaphragm 67 Within the passage 73 is a
restriction which will 130 urged towards a closed position by a coil
spring 49 between the diaphragm and the needle valve guide 27.
In Fig 2 the parts are shown in position S with the needle valve 26
closed and the servo valve 37 closed In this position pressure from
the fuel supply passage 33 is effectively cut off by the servo valve
37 by pressure of fuel below the diaphragm in the chamber 30, which
communicates with the passage 33 by way of the passage 32.
So long as the needle valve or pilot valve 26 remains closed, the
pressure within the chamber 30 exerts a force over an area much larger
than the valve 37 to maintain this servo valve tightly closed, and
this will remain the case regardless of fluctuations of pressure in
the fuel supply line 33.
When the degree of opening of the needle valve, caused by excessive
drop in the level of the float 17, exceeds the size of restriction 34,
as shown in Fig 3, pressure in chamber 30 is relieved Reduced pressure
acting on diaphragm 36 will allow fuel pressure in the line 33 to open
servo valve 37 and enter the float bowl 13 The valve 37 is of large
diameter and easily forced from its seat by the fluid pressure acting
against spring 49.
The amount of fuel entering the float chamber is therefore not
restricted by the size of the float operated valve 26, but finds an
unrestricted entry past the servo valve 37 Consequently, any vapours
which are trapped in the fuel line are readily dissipated into the
carburetor bowl, and thence to atmosphere or through a vent to the
mixture conduit of the carburetor, if provided.
The size of the restriction 34 may be suitably selected to produce any
desired response of the servo valve 37 to the needle valve 26.
For example, it might be deemed desirable for the valve 26 to have a
capacity sufficient for normal low speed operation of the engine or
for idling speed, so that the servo valve would open only at high
engine speed or to vent large accumulations of vapour The action of a
structure so designed is illustrated in Fig 4 of the drawings In this
view needle valve 26 is open sufficiently to supply the normal engine
requirements of fuel but not far enough to remove the pressure from
beneath the diaphragm 36 for the valve 37 to open It is clear
therefore that the operational frequency of the servo valve 37 is
limited The selection of the right size restriction and needle valve
to produce any result deemed desirable in the action of the servo
valve is contemplated.
The construction so far described relates to an embodiment which is
constructed integral with the carburetor or with the float bowl cover
for the carburetor It is possible, however, to apply the invention to
existing carburetors and Figs 5 and 6 illustrate devices for this

7. purpose.
785,323 cause a pressure drop in the passage 74 and, therefore, on the
left side of the diaphragm 67 when needle valve 61 open's a
substantial amount.
S With the structure so far described, excessive movement of the
needle valve 61 o ZA its seat 62 immediately relieves the pressure on
the diaphragm 67 holding the valve 68 closed Under these conditions,
pressure on the valve 68 will immediately compress the spring 65 and
open the auxiliary supply passages 77, 78 and 79.
Conversely, w vheni needle valve 61 closes, the pressures on opposite
sides of the dial S plhragm 67 will immediately equalize, closing the
valve 68 due to the difference in area betveen the diaphragm 67 and
the exposed surface of the valve 68, and the pressure exerted by the
spring 65 By these means passage of fuel past this valve 68 will be
resisted regardless of the amount of pressure exerted by the spring
65.
Slight openings of the needle valve 61 which do not appreciably reduce
the pressure on the left side of the diaphragm 67 will be permitted
without opening movement of the servo valve 68 Accordingly, small
amounts of fuel may be continually supplied by the opening of the
needle valve 61 for normal operation of the engine.
Fig 6 shows a similar construction to G that in Fig 5 In this
embodiment, the usual needle valve seat which is mounted within the
fuel supply opening 80 is removed and the control valve structure
substituted therefor The casing 81 of this structure is threaded at 82
to be received within the opening 80 for the usual needle valve seat.
Casing 81 has a normal fuel supply passage 88 receiving a needle valve
84 operated from the finger 85 integral with the float 86 and its arms
87 Needle valve 84 controls the passage 88 which connects with the
lefthand chamber formed by the diaphragm 90 with casing 81 A cover 91
seals the edges of the diaphragm against the casing 81.
Within the cover 91 is the main fuel supply passage threaded at 92 to
receive the supply line from the engine driven fuel pump Passages 93,
94 and 95 connect with the passage 88 controlled by the needle valve
84 Passage 94 contains a restriction 96 of less capacity than the
passage 88.
A fuel by-pass is controlled by a servo valve 100 riveted to the
diaphragm 90 and normally spring pressed into engagement with the end
of the nassage 92 by a spring 101 Passage 102 is threaded at 103 to
receive a suitable fitting which, in turn, connects with a line 104 to
an auxiliary opening in the fuel bowl This latter opening may be
drilled or formed on an existing opening at any location in the bowl
wall, for drainage or inspection of the fuel level.
The device operates in the same manner as above described.

8. Fuel pumps now Generally used ia motor vehicle fuel systems are no- in
a sense, of the positive dispilacement type Tine diaphragm type of
pumxp drivaen iron the enrine is actu 70 ally spring powet on its
discharge stroke so that fuel cipszhr Pressures will not be excessive
and rupture tb; wirraem Electricaily driven puior' no in a neros use
in the fuel Sv Sel,-IS c' moior v 'icles a e Cther 75 of the sam type
operated by sprint,oer on the disciarge stroke or are centr'uaal pumps
navin G a pressure relief providing a li ited discharge pressure c"
the fuel.
T Asts performed on fuel s'stems equipped 80 with this improved
control valv is ae shown a mnai ed F ir p r in puirr capnziy for
handling engine fuel requirinemnts at extreme temperatures It is
believed tlat this imoro-vement in pump capacity can be ex 85 plained
by the fact that valve action in the presence of liquid fuel is
different than under conditions of mi xed flow of fuel and vapour.
Under the first condition, the opening of the needle valve will
usually be gradual 90 This is due to the fact that the fuel passing
the needle valve will tend to retard the rate of drop in float level.
When liquid fuel and vapour flow conditions exist, fuel level in the
float bowl has a 95 tendency to drop faster due to the lack of flow of
liquid fuel past the needle valve Accordingly needle valve opening is
more rapid, and it is this action of the needle valve which is
responsible for opening the servo 100 valve and so giving the pump an
opportunity to operate at full stroke against the de, creased
resistance imposed by the resulting low static head In anv case, pump
operation is definitely improved under these flow 105 conditions.
It will be understood that when the servo valve opens, any vapours in
the discharge line will be rapidly dissipated into the float bowl, and
thence by vent into the mixture 110 conduit of the carburetor.
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* GB785324 (A)
Description: GB785324 (A) ? 1957-10-23

9. Improved process for coating titanium or titanium alloy with aluminium or an
alloy thereof
Description of GB785324 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION 7 g 959324
Inventors:-ERIC HOLMES, DAVID PUGH and TREVOR BROO Ml.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 15, 1956.
Application Date: Feb 21, 1955 No 5082155.
Complylete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 82 ( 2), G( 2 A: 2 H:3:14 E: 15 E); and
83 ( 1), F 16 (A 124: B 2 D).
International Classification:-B 22 d C 23 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improved Process for Coating Titanium or Titanium Alloy withAluminium
or an Alloy thereof.
We, POWES JETS (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) LIMITED, a British Company,
of 25 Green Street, London, W 1, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to 1 us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to coating titanium or titanium alloy with
aluminium or an aluminium alloy to form a protective surface which
will serve to prevent oxidation of the titanium.
The object of the invention is to provide an improved process for
coating titanium or titanium alloy by immersing an article with a
titanium or titanium alloy surface in molten aluminium or alloy
thereof.
The invention is based on the discovery that a thin coating of an
organic liquid such as glycerin applied to a titanium or a titanium
alloy surface before immersion in molten aluminium or alloy thereof
enables a satisfactory protective coating of aluminium or alloy to be
formed on the titanium or titanium alloy surface.

10. According to the invention, the surface of an article made of titanium
or titanium alloy is prepared with an adherent film of an inert
vaporisable high boiling liquid carbon compound, for example, a high
boiling aliphatic hydroxy compound such as a dihydric or polyhydric
alcohol, and is then immersed in molten aluminium or an alloy thereof,
for a period of time sufficient to heat the titanium or titanium alloy
article to the temperature of the molten metal and is finally
withdrawn from the said molten metal, whereby the surface of the
article of titanium or titanium alloy, as the case may be, becomes
clad with lPrice 3 s 6 d l a protective coating of aluminium or alloy
thereof.
In a preferred method of carrying out the invention, the titanium or
titanium alloy surface of the material or article concerned is first
cleaned free from oxide and then coated with a film of glycerin, after
which the said surface under treatment is immersed in molten aluminium
or aluminium alloy, for a short period, for example, about 30 seconds
at a temperature between 750 and 8500 C, and thereafter removed and
allowed to cool.
In practice the process may be carried out according to the following
description, given by way of example The titanium surface is rendered
free from oxide, for example, by a grinding operation and is then
degreased in a known manner Next a thin layer of glycerin is applied
to the surface which is then given a final cleaning using an abrasive
such as emery Excess of glycerin is removed together with emery
particles and another coating or film of glycerin applied to the
surface The prepared titanium surface is then rapidly immersed in a
bath of molten aluminium or an alloy thereof, according to choice, for
a period of time sufficient to heat the titanium to the temperature of
the bath.
The duration of this treatment will vary with the specimen and the
bath dimensions, but usually about 30 seconds or a little more at 760
C is adequate.
The effect of the glycerin seems to be to protect the titanium surface
from oxidation or other attack before immersion in the aluminium bath,
and to disperse any aluminium oxide which may be drawn into the molten
bath around the titanium and which would prevent contact between the
twyo metals After immersion, the molten bath 81) Price -'S C-' C?
785,324 provides the necessary protection to the titanium against
oxidation or other undesirable contamination during heating.
The process of the invention is also a applicable to articles which
consist of titanium alloys containing a relatively high percentage of
titanium Thus, samples of titanium alloys have been hot-dipped in
"Duralumin "as hereinafter described The word " Duralumin " is a
Registered Trade Mark Some of the alloys used consisted mainly of

11. titanium (between 88 and 95 per cent by weight) with small percentage
weights of: ( 1) manganese; ( 2) aluminium 1.5 and tin ( 3) iron,
chromium and molybdenum; ( 4) aluminium, iron, chromium and
molybdenum; or ( 5) aluminium and vanadium; the total amount of the
other metals ranging from 5 per cent to 12 per cent.
Strips of the titanium alloys were cleaned free from oxide and coated
with a thin film of glycerin and dipped in molten " Duralumin " alloy
at a temperature between 8000 and 8500 C for periods between two and
five minutes, and then withdrawn leaving a uniform thin coating of "
Duralumin " on the surface of the titanium alloy.
Liquids such as glycerin are superior to a solid or semi-solid
inorganic flux for the dipping operation, as such fluxes cannot
protect the titanium or titanium alloy surface until they become
molten at a relatively high temperature Moreover, such iluxes usually
leave behind a black deposit which gives rise to an uneven coat,
whereas material such as glycerin volatilises and burns away
completely without leaving a residue.
The properties of glycerin which render it especially suitable for the
process are that it is liquid between room temperature and 29 Oo C,
and non-reactive towards titanium in this region It boils below the
temperature of the molten bath, and the gases evolved disperse any
undesirable aluminium oxide.
Moreover, it burns completely without residue.
Other organic compounds may well be satisfactory, but few of these
readily available possess such a wide liquid range as glycerin.
One such alternative is ethylene glycol.
For cladding operations in which a thicker layer of aluminium or its
alloy is required, the dipped titanium or titanium alloy may be
transferred from the molten bath into a horizontal or vertical mould
which is then filled with molten aluminium or aluminium alloy before
the dipped layer has time to solidify.
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* GB785325 (A)

12. Description: GB785325 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of chromium-free steel
Description of GB785325 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
IB A-TENT
SPECIFICATION
785,325 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification March 2,
1955.
No 6199/55.
Application made in Germany on April 3, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 72, D 3 G( 11: 2 A 2: 7 MI 2: 7 N 1), 1
DS(A 1 D 2).
International Classification:
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION lm prov-rem ents' E or 'tela to the
Mnnufagclture of ChromiumFree Steel We, WESTFALENHUTTE Arx
TIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Eberhardstresse 12, Dortmund, Germany, a German
company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: Lateritic iron ores make up a considerable part of the
world's iron ore deposits, according to present knowledge For example,
the lateritic ore's are widely distributed in the region of the
Equator and particularly in Africa, e g Gonakry ores Despite their
purity as regards phosphorus and sulphur and their frequently
relatively economically suitable position, they play a quite
subordinate role in iron ore smelting The essential reason for this is
the chromium always present in iron laterites In smelting, the lager
part of tie chromium goes into the pig iron Relatively small chromium
contents in pig iron, e g over 0.20 %, can lead to considerable
difficulties in the manufacture of steel, especially soft steel, since

13. chromium is only oxidised in the course of the refining process and
the oxidation products of chromium, chromite or chromium spinel,
because of their extremely high melting points, only separate with
great difficulty from the steel bath The manufacture of steel in the
usual way from chromium-containing pig iron usually leads to material
contaminated with chromium oxides, which is hence of low value.
A method is known for producing mild steel or steel from
chromium-containing pig iron, in which, by employing additional metal
oxides before, during or immediately after the furnace or air
refining, such amounts of mangatlese or iron oxides, e g sinter scale,
are added to the melt that the chromium content decreases to less than
0 06 % In particular, in this known method, in air refining, the iron
oxide required for slagging the chromium is obtained by over-refining
the bath This method has not been introduced into steel lPrice 3 s 6 d
l manufacturing practice, since the chromium can only be removed by
over-oxidising the steel This results in economic and metallurgical
disadvantages since the yield of iron is 50 decreased by extremely
high iron contents in the slag and the steel is excessively enriched
with oxygen.
It is also known to refine pig iron before the actual steel
manufacturing process The pur 55 pose of this pre-refining is to lower
the manganese, silicon and inter aria the vanadium contents of the pig
iron This gives rise to the possibility of removing silicon from
poorly blowable pig iron of high silicon content 60 and/or to recover
a part of the manganese and/or vanadium.
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing
chromium-free steel from chromium-containing lateritic iron ores by 65
smelting the ores in the blast furnace and refining the pig iron in an
open hearth furnace or Bessemer converter According to the invention,
the chromium-containing iron ore is mixed with othcr iron ores so as
to produce 70 a pig iron containing over 0 2 % chromium, below 0 8 %
manganese, the usual content of phosphorus and the usual or increased
content of silicon, whereupon the chromium content of the pig iron is
decreased by oxidative refin 75 ing in the presence of heat-absorbing
oxides to below 0 1 % and the low chromium pig iron is then subjected
to a refining process to form chromium-free steel The oxidative
refining to remove chromium is effected by the 80 addition of
heat-consuming gaseous, liquid or solid oxides to the blowing medium
or to the bath and the process is preferably carried out at a
temperature not greater than 1350 C, due to the considerable cooling
effect of the 85 added oxides Blowing can be effected either with air,
oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen, since regulation of the
temperature is feasible by the additions of the heat-absorbing oxides.
The oxidation is performed so that with 90 appropriate temperature

14. regulation the chromium content is reduced below 0 10 %.
785,325 Vanadium, together with silicon and manganese, is formed into
slag The carbon content of the pig iron is not substantially affected.
After the oxidation, the slag is removed and the pig iron is further
refined in the usual way, e g by blowing in a Bessemer converter with
a pre-refined pig iron added to it.
By the method of the invention, particular advantages are given not
only in blast furnace operation but also in steel works There is
considerable flexibility in the slagging and temperature control in
blast furnace operation.
The usually important silicon content, e g for the quality of Thomas
pig iron, no longer imposes any Iimitation It is reduced to an
extremely low value by the oxidation process.
Chromium evolves more heat on oxidation than corresponding amounts of
manganese It is therefore possible for the otherwise undesirable
chromium in the pig iron to replace a part of the heat of oxidation of
manganese in the process It has been found, in particular, that
chromium oxide-containing slag produced by the oxidation of chromium
is crumbly rather than thinly liquid at the temperatures concerned
This has the advantage that the chromium-containing slag can be
readily withdrawn from the metal bath.
In Thomas works, the pig iron produced and treated in accordance with
invention gives a particularly easily blowable iron which facilitates
the obtaining of a low nitrogen content in the steel.
The process of removal of chromium from the pig iron by the invention
can be carried out in the runner, ladle or mixer or in steel
manufacturing process, e g in the converter.
It is advantageous for the converter to be acid lined and for the
oxidation to be carried out without the addition of lime.
A preferred embodiment of the method of the invention is given below
By smelting chromium-containiing lateritic iron ores, e g.
Conakry ore with ca 1 to 2 % of chromium, with the addition of other
iron ores, a pig iron is produced having a chromium content of e g 0
80 % The manganese content amounts to about 0 60 % This pig iron is
refined in the ladle by blowing in oxygen and the addition of roller
mill scale (Fe,O) The chromium content was reduced to below 0.10 % The
manganese content decreased to 0 20 % The silicon and vanadium in the
pig iron passed over almost completely into the slag The slag so
produced contained approximately 25 % of Fe, 20 % of Mn, 6 % of Cr and
3 % of V, the slag analysis in round figures being:32 % 26 % 9 % 4 %
18 % 3 % 2 % 4 % % i 00 % Fe O Mn O Cr 2 O, Vo, G 23 Si O,.
Al,0, Na 2 O+K 20 Pao M Ca O+Mg O Such a slag is suitable for the
manufacture of special steels, e g chromium-vanadium steels or
chromium-manganese-vanadium steels, in an electric furnace for

15. instance, since these metals can be readily reduced again in 75 the
metal bath The chromium-free pig iron was then blown to steel in a
Thomas converter and had a nitrogen content of 0 004 %.
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* GB785326 (A)
Description: GB785326 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Method for the production of pneumatic stowing tubes
Description of GB785326 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Method for the Production of Pneumatic Stowing Tubes
We, Q;EWERgscHAFT REUSS, of 48, Bredeneyerstrasse, Essen, Germany, a
Joint
Stock Company, organized and existing under the laws of the German
Federal Republic, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: The invention relates to the production of tubes for
pneumatic stowing or other hydraulic or pneumatic conveyance of bulk
material, which consist of a welded or seam- less sheet steel tube
within which a wearresistant chilled cast iron lining is produced by
means of the centrifugal casting method.
It is known that the pneumatic stowing tubes do not become uniformly
worn over the entire length of the individual tube sections, but that
considerably more wear occurs in the vicinity of the inlet end, i.e.
viewed in the direction of conveyance of the bulk material, after the
point of connection of the tubes. The considerable wear which occurs
in this zone of the tube wall renders the tubes prematurely unusable.

16. It has now been found that premature wear at the inlet end of the
individual pneumatic stowing tubes can be avoided by formin the
chilled cast iron lining in the individual tube sections so as to
extend advantageously conically from the inlet end to the outlet end
thus providing a smaller free cross-section cf passage at the outlet
ends of the tubes than at the inlet ends. This special construction of
the chilled lining can be obtained by the centfffugal casting method
according to the present invention by suitably adiusting the speed of
rotation pf the chill mould or sheet metal casing in which the chilled
lining is formed, the density of flow of the liquid cast iron and the
speed of advance of the pouring spout or lip with respect to the chill
mould or casing whilst the molten metal is being poured in. The
operation is advantageously begun by pouring in the liquid cast iron
at the wider end, for example using high speeds of rotation, and then
the speed of rotation of the chill mould or casing is reduced whilst
the pouring spout is gradually advanced in the direction towards the
outlet end of the tube section as the material is poured in. By this
means the casing tube is formed with a chilled lining thickened in the
direction towards the outlet end either with a uniform taper over its
entire length or with a taper over part of its length, the remainder
being of uniform diameter.
Two embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference
to the accompanying drawings of which:
Fig. 1 is a section through a tube having a fully tapered lining, and
Fig. 2 is a section through a tube having a partly tapered lining.
In both forms of the tube shown in the drawings, a sheet metal casing
1 having welded-on collars 2 is provided with a chilled cast iron
lining 3. The direction of flow of the material to be conveyed by
being passed through the tube is indicated by the arrow 4. It will
thus be apparent that the ends 5 and 6 are respectively the input and
output ends of the tube.
In the embodiment of Fig. 1, the thickness of the lining 3 increases
uniformly from the inlet end 5 to the outlet end 6. In other words,
the lining is conical with a constant taper throughout its length.
In the embodiment of Fig. 2, the conical portion of the lining 3 only
extends between the outlet end 6 and an imaginary vertical plane 7.
The remainder of the lining is substantially cylindrical. The tapered
portion may conveniently be approximately one third the length of the
cylindrical portion. Thus if the tube section is three metres long,
the conical portion would be approximately one metre in length. The
conical portion is produced by gradually reducing the speed of
rotation from that required for forming the cylindrical portion so the
thickness of the lining is progressively increased. In order to make a
smoother transition between the outlet end 6 of one tube and the inlet

17. end 5 of the next tube, the speed of rotation may be increased again
as the pouring spout reaches the outlet end.
What we claim is: -
1. A method for the production of pneumatic stowing tubes or the like
which consist of a sheet steel casing tube and a chilled cast iron
lining produced therein by a centrifugal casting method, characterised
in that by adjusting the speed of rotation of the casing tube, the
density of flow of the liquid cast iron, and the speed advance of the
pouring spout whilst the molten metal is being poured in, the inside
of the casing tube is formed with a chilled lining which is thickened
in the direction towards the outlet end of the tube.
2. A method according to Claim 1, characterised in that the chilled
lining is substantially cylindrical over part of its length while the
remander of its length is formed with a taper whereby the lining is
increased in thickness in the direction towards the outlet end.
3. A method substantially as described and claimed hereinbefore with
reference to the accompanying drawings.
* GB785327 (A)
Description: GB785327 (A) ? 1957-10-23
A protective relay for a 3-phase alternating current distributing system
Description of GB785327 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,327
Inventors:-LIONEL OAKLEY DEACONand HARRY STANLEY LEWIS.
Date o filing Complete Specification: March 2, 1956.
Application Dale: April 7, 1955 No 10216/55.
Conibplete Specification Publisited: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 38,5), B 1 RB, Bl R 1 S(C E F), K( 1 A 2 A:
22).
International Classification:-H Olh.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A Protective Relay for a 3-Phase Alternating Current Distributing
System.
We, CHAMBERLAIN & HOOKHAM LIMITED, of 4 New Bartholomew Street, in the

18. City of Birmingham 5, a British Company, LIONEL OAKLEY DEACON and
HARRY STANLEY LEWIS, both of the Company's address, and both British
Subjects, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to a protective relay of the so-called negative
phase-sequence type, for a 3-phase alternating current distributing
system, the relay being adapted to initiate the actuation of a circuit
breaker or other device in the event of an inter-phase or other fault
in the system.
In the Specification of our application for
Patent No 720,020, we have described and claimed a relay for the above
mentioned purpose which comprises the combination of a movable
switch-actuating armature, electromagnetic means comprising there
pairs of windings adapted to exert a torque in one direction on the
armature, each pair including a reactive winding and a resistive
winding which when excited by currents derived from the system to be
protected produce a torque proportional to the product of the
currents, the said pairs of windings when the apparatus is in use
being supplied with currents from different pairs of lines in the
system, and the resistive winding in each pair being connected in
parallel or series with a reactive winding in another pair; and
additional electromagnetic means adapted to exert under normal working
conditions torques which are equal and opposite to the first mentioned
torques, the opposing torques lPrice 3 s 6 d l being proportional to
the square of their exciting currents.
In the above described relay certain of the windings are defined as
reactive and resistive, in the sense that the impedance of one of the
windings in each pair is predominantly reactive and that of the other
winding is predominantly resistive.
The present invention has for its object to enable both windings in
each pair to be predominantly reactive, and for this purpose the
invention consists of a modification of the apparatus above described
wherein each of the windings in each pair is reactive and one is
energised through a current transformer such that the phase of the
current in the secondary winding is displaced relatively to that of
the current in the primary winding by 1500.
One example of a relay which embodies the modification is illustrated
by the drawing accompanying the Provisional Specification In general
the relay shown in the drawing is similar to that illustrated in our
above mentioned Specification It consists of an armature formed by
three coaxial discs a', a', a', all mounted on a common spindle b
which at one end carries a contact arm c co-operating with fixed

19. contacts d in the trip-circuit of a circuit breaker or other device In
association with the armature disc a' and at opposite sides thereof
are arranged two electromagnets f', g' both of which have a
predominantly reactive impendance Similar electromagnets f 2, g 2, f,
g' are arranged in asociation with the other armature discs a'2, a'
respectively The windings of the electromagnets fl, f 2, f 3 are
respectively excited by current transformers h 2, h', h' on the phases
1, 2, 3 of the dis785,327 tributing system The windings of the
electromagnets g_, g 5, g 3 are excited by currents supplied by the
secondary windings of the current transformers k', k 2, k 3.
Each of the above pairs of electromagnets is adapted to exert on the
associated armature a torque in one direction To produce the
counterbalancing torque, an additional electromagnet il P, P is
provided in association with the armatures In the example illustrated
the winding of the electromagnet P is excited by current supplied from
the transformer h' through the primary winding of the transformer k 1,
and the winding of the electromagnet if Likewise the winding of i 2 is
excited by current supplied from the transformer h' through the
primary winding of the transformer k 5, and the winding of the
electromagnet f, s and the winding of P is excited by current supplied
from the transformer h 2 through the primary winding of the
transformer k 5, and the winding of the electromagnet fl.
The transformers k', k 2, k 5, may, however, be arranged in a variety
of other positions, and moreover the windings of the electromagnets
g-,,g, i 2 and g 3, P may be connected in other ways of which the
following are examples.
The windings g', i', may be conencted in series with each other and
with the secondary winding of the transformer k', the primary winding
of this transformer being in series with the winding of the
electromagnet f, and the windings of the electromagnets acting on the
other armatures are connected in like manner.
In another arrangement, the transformers k', k 2, k 5 are each
provided with two secondary windings in which case one of these in the
transformer k' excites the winding of g', and the other the winding of
il and so on for the other electromagnets.
In a further arrangement, the winding of the electromagnet i 2 serves
as the primary winding of k', and on f is provided the secondary
winding of k' which is connected in series with the winding of the
electromagnet g', and so on.
In a still further arrangement, transformers k 1, k 2, k 5 are
Drovided as shown in the drawing, and current is supplied to the
windings of il i 2, i from secondary windings on the electromagnets f,
fx, f respectively.
Instead of providing separate electromagnets gl, i 2 _ 2, -, 'g,

20. equivalent single electromagnets may be used, each having two
interconnected iron limbs carrying separate and oppositely wound
windings.
In all cases, the currents supplied by the transformers k', k 2, kli,
are such that the phase of the secondary current of each is displaced
relatively to the primary current 1500, and this displacement may be
obtained for example by providing in the associated iron core an air
gap of appropriate width.
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