Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by mosquitoes that causes symptoms ranging from fever and headache to jaundice, bleeding, and liver and kidney failure. It originated in Africa and was introduced to South America via the slave trade. While there is no antiviral treatment, supportive care and monitoring in a hospital may be necessary for severe cases. Prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and vaccination in at-risk areas.

1. DEADLIEST EPIDEMICS IN HISTORY
“YELLOW FEVER”
• Members: Javier Alvarez #3
Diego Castro #10
Gerardo Cerón #12
Danilo Montes #33
Julio Portillo #34

2. WHAT IS IT
• Yellow fever is an acute systemic illness - a hemorrhagic fever -
caused by the Flavivirus. Acute means it comes on (onset) rapidly,
while systemic means it affects the whole body. In severe cases
yellow fever causes a high fever, bleeding into the skin and the
death of cells in the liver and kidneys. Liver damage results in
severe jaundice - yellowing of the skin; hence the name "yellow
fever".

3. • Experts believe yellow fever originated in Africa and was introduced
to South America via the slave trade in the 16th century. Several
major yellow fever epidemics have taken place in Europe, the
Americas and Africa since the 17th century. It was deemed one of
the most dangerous infectious diseases in the 19th century.
• In Africa, a third infectious cycle known as "savannah cycle" or
intermediate cycle, occurs between the jungle and urban cycles.
Different mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are involved. In recent
years, this has been the most common form of transmission of
yellow fever in Africa.
Transmission

4. CAUSES OF THE YELLOW FEVER
• Yellow fever is caused by a virus that is spread by the “Aedes
Aegyptus” mosquito. These mosquitoes thrive in and near human
habitations where they breed in even the cleanest water. Most cases
of yellow fever occur in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South
America.
• When a mosquito bites a human or a monkey infected with yellow
fever, the virus enters the mosquito's bloodstream and circulates
before settling in the salivary glands. When the infected mosquito
bites another monkey or human, the virus then enters the host's
bloodstream, where it may cause illness.

5. SYMPTOMS OF THE YELLOW
FEVER
ACUTE PHASE
• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches, particularly in
your back and knees
• Sensitivity to light
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Loss of appetite
• Dizziness
• Red eyes, face or tongue
TOXIC PHASE
• Yellowing of your skin and the
whites of your eyes (jaundice)
• Abdominal pain and vomiting,
sometimes of blood
• Decreased urination
• Bleeding from your nose, mouth
and eyes
• Slow heart rate (bradycardia)
• Liver and kidney failure
• Brain dysfunction, including
delirium, seizures and coma

7. TREATMENT
• There is no specific antiviral treatment for yellow fever. However,
the symptoms can be treated, if your yellow fever symptoms are
severe, you may be admitted to hospital so you can be monitored
and receive supportive nursing care. Additional treatment may be
necessary, including:
• a ventilator to help you breathe.
• a blood transfusion – of red blood cells to replace those lost through
bleeding.
• dialysis – where a machine is used to filter your blood if your kidneys
are no longer working.
• You should also drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.