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2. APPLICATION OF PLASMA
TECHNOLOGY
 APPLICATION OF ULTRA SONIC
WAVES
 APPLICATION OF CRITICAL FLUID
CO2
APPLICATION OF
MICROENCAPSULATION
 FOAM DYEING

3.  Plasma is called fourth state of matter other
than solid,liquid,gas.
 The gas become plasma when the heat is
added.
 When the heat is added the atoms in the gas
release some of electrons.
 Reamaining part of atoms left the positive
charge .
 So the the gas is electrically charged called
ionized

4. ..
 When a textile to be placed in a reaction
chamber with any gas then plasma is ignited.
 The generated particles interact with the
surface of the textile.
 In this way the surface of textile to be
strctured or chemically functionalised or
even coated with nm-thin film depending on
the type of gas used and control of the
process.

5.  The siloxan plasma treatment can lower the
moisture content and decreases surface
resistivity.
 Then the surface of the fabric become smooth
and the contact angle of water with the fabric
increased to 130*.
 So the fabric become hydrophobic.

6.  The oxygen plasma used for removing the
contaminates,finishing, from the fabric.
 Desizing of the polyester fabric that used
polyvinyl alcohol as the sizing agents can be
removed by plasma treatment.
 The wetability of the polyester fabric to be
increased by introduction of polar groups.
 Plasma induced surface modification of micro
denier polyester produces cationic dyeable
polyester fibre.

8.  PLASMA dyeing technology reduces
detrimental impacts on the environment.
 substantially less water and chemicals
discharged.
 maximum color durability
 Soil-resistant, flame-retardant,
 Plasma treatment modifies the fibre
surface rather than its interior

9.  Ultra sound energy is sound waves with
frequencies above 20000oscillations per
second,which is above the upper limit of human
hearing.

10.  Ultrasound energy of 20KHz frequencies is
suitable for inducing cavitation.
 It is used for collapse the microbubble is most
effective for better dye uptake.
 It will increase the swelling of fibre in water.
 Reducing the glass transition (Tg)temperature of
the fibre.
 Reduce the size of the dye particles so the
transport of the dye to fibre is easy.

11.  Any gas that is above its critical temperature is
able to retain the free mobility of gaseous state
but if pressure is increased its density will tend
to increase towards liquid. Such highly
compressed gases are supercritical fluids and
that is the reason they are able to combine
properties of both liquid and gas.

12. Carbon dioxide is also considered the best supercritical fluid for
the dyeing process. It is naturally occurring, chemically inert,
physiologically compatible, relatively inexpensive and readily
available. Other attributes of carbon dioxide are:
 It is an inexhaustible resource.
 Its use does not release volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
 It is biodegradable as a nutrient for plants.
 There are no disposal issues. It can be recovered and reused
from the dyeing process.
 It is non-flammable and non-corrosive.
 It is non-toxic and low cost.
 The critical point of the carbon dioxide is well within the
manageable range (31C and 73 bar).

13.  Roll of fabric is inserted into the cylindrical dyeing
chamber on a retractable carriage. In dyeing, CO2 is
heated to 120°C and pressurized to 250 bar.
 CO2 penetrates synthetic fibres, thereby acting as
swelling agent and enhances diffusion of dye into the
fibres. In other words, glass transition temperature of
fibre is lowered by the penetration of CO2 molecules
into polymer. This accelerates the process for
polyester by a factor of two. Finally, the CO2 is able to
transport the necessary heat from a heat exchanger
to the fibre.

14.  CO2 loaded with dyestuff penetrates deep into
the pore and capillary structure of fibres. This
deep penetration provides effective coloration of
these materials which are intrinsically
hydrophobic. The process of dyeing and the act
of removing excess dye can be carried out in the
same plant.
 During the dyeing, the CO2 is circulated through
a heat exchanger, through a vessel where the
dye is delivered to the textile. After the dyeing
cycle the CO2 is gasified, so that the dye
precipitates and the clean CO2 can be recycled
by pumping it back to the dyeing vessel.

15.  Current disperse dyes contains 40% detergents
and salts to enable the solubilisation of
hydrophobic dyes in the water. When applying
carbon dioxide, none of these additives are
required and pure dyestuff can be used.
 advantage, specifically for polyester, is that
undeAnother r supercritical conditions the CO2
molecules penetrate and swell the polymer. This
plasticises the fibres and increases diffusion
coefficient of dyes inside the polyester by one
order of magnitude, relative to aqueous dyeing.

16.  In the case of cotton dyeing, fixation of 99-100%
is achieved by CO2.
 Developed reactive dyes can also be used on
synthetic polymers by CO2 dyeing process,
enabling dye houses to dye bends such as
cotton-polyester with a single dyestuff in a single
run- reducing process time by factor five and
achieving tremendous savings on energy and
water

18. MICROENCAPSULATION
It is the process by which individual particles or
droplets of solid or liquid or gas material (the core) are
surrounded or coated with a continuous film of
polymeric material (the shell) to produce capsules in the
micrometre to millimetre range, known as
microcapsules.
The wall material may be an organic polymer,
hydrocolloid, sugar, wax, fat, metal or inorganic oxide

19. The objectives of microencapsulation is to
 Protect the active core material from external
environment till required
 To affect the controlled release of the active core
material till the right stimulus is encountered.
 To increase the durability of the finish
OBJECTIVES:

20. Preparation of microcapsules
PMs contained Diphenylmethane-
4,4′diisocyanate(MDI)(wall material) and disperse
dye (core material) and were prepared at an
adequate ratio with GPE2040 (2% w/w) as the
emulsifier and PVA (1% w/w) as the stabiliser.
The reaction being carried out at 50°C for 180
min.
After reaching room temperature microcapsules
were seperated by decantation.
After washing with 10% w/w ethanol to remove
unreacted isocyanate, the microencapsulated
material was dried in a vacuum oven at 25 °C for
24 h.

21. Dyeing of polyester using
microencapsulated disperse dyes
in the absence of auxiliaries
 Dyeing of polyester requires water and certain chemical
auxiliaries such as dispersing agents, penetrating agents
and levelling agents, in the dyebath. Unfortunately,
residual auxiliaries and dyestuff may be present in the
effluent and may cause pollution.
 Polyester fabric was dyed with microencapsulated CI
Disperse Blue 56 using a high temperature dyeing process
without dispersing agents, penetrating agents, levelling
agents or other auxiliaries. The quality of the polyester
fabric dyed in this manner without reduction clearing
was at least as good as that dyed traditionally after
washing and reduction clearing. After separating off the
polyurea microcapsules, the dyebath was virtually
colourless and was shown to be suitable for reuse.

22. DYEING BEHAVIOUR
The dyeing behavior of the dyes in PM form was
compared with fabric dyed traditionally.
The results show that the levelness and fastness
to soaping and rubbing of PET samples dyed
with 1 in PM form, without auxiliaries or
reduction clearing, were at least as good as
those obtained by traditional disperse dyeing
after washing and reduction clearing.
The excellent wash-off properties of the PET
fabric dyed with the PM disperse dyes may be
attributed to reduced staining of the surface of
the fibre, making the need for washing much
less important.

24. ADVANTAGES OF FOAM DYEING
 Reduction of amount of water required to 30%-
95%.
 Dryieng can be carried out in in low temperature.
 Lower consumption of dye and chemicals.
 High fixation of dyes.
 Energy cost is less.

25. ENZYME IN PROCESSING
 Enzymes come from a Greek word “Enzymos”
which means „in the cell‟ or „from the cell‟.
 Enzymes are proteins, composed of amino acids,
which are produced by all living organisms.
These are responsible for number of reactions
and biological activities.
 Enzymes not only work efficiently and rapidly
also biodegradable.

26. USES OF ENZYME
 IN DESIZING
 The amylase enzyme is used for convert the
starch into soluble substances.
 In SCOURING
 The pectinase,lippase,protease are used to
convert the insoluble oil,wax, protein,pectin into
soluble substances.

27. Contd..
 IN BLEACHING
 After bleaching with hydrogen peroxide catalase
enzyme is used in decompsing the hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen.
 IN BIOPOLISHING
 Cellulase enzyme is used in the biopolishing of
cotton.it removes loose fibre protrouding from
the fabric surfaces.

28. ADVANTAGES OF ENZYME
 It is easily biodegradable.
 It is ecofriendly in nature.
 it is ecofriendly in nature.
 The water consumption is less.
 The time consumption is less.
 The energy consumption is less.