AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MEASURES

LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR
Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar
Prof (Dr.) N .B.SHRIDHAR
Professor and Head
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology
Veterinary College, Shivamogga-577204
Mail: shridharvet@gmail.com, Mobile: 9448059777
AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MEASURES
1

Lumpy Skin Disease
INTRODUCTION
International Common Names
English: Lumpy skin disease, Capripoxvirus, Yak pox
English acronym: LSD
Lumpy skin disease (LSD)
▪ Poxviral disease - Significant morbidity in cattle.
▪ Morbidity rate is 10 to 20% (OIE, 2021)
▪ Mortality rate is generally low (1-5%)
▪ Economic losses result from loss of condition, decreased milk
production, abortions, infertility and damaged hides.
2

LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR 3
Incidence
1929-2017

4
LSD

Distribution
LSD
5

Distribution
LSD
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Since 2012 it has spread rapidly through the Middle East, Southeast
Europe, the Balkans, Caucasus, Russia and Kazakhstan
LSD is endemic in most African countries. LSD is thought to have originated in Zambia from
where it spread to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa.
The first description of the clinical signs of LSD was in 1929 in Zambia (formerly
Northern Rhodesia) (Morris 1931)
Recently reported LSD outbreaks in our region include:
Bangladesh (Jul 2019)
India (Aug 2019)
China (Aug 2019)
Chines Taipei (July 2020).
Vietnam (Oct. 2020)
Bhutan(Oct,2020)
Hong KongNov, 2020)
Nepal(Jul, 2020)
Distribution contd..
(OIE, 2020).
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First reported to OIE from India 18/11/2019
Occurrence: 12/08/2019
Confirmation: 16/11/2019
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Naveen Kumar et al., 2020

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Map showing LSD outbreaks in
South-East Asia.
A) Bangladesh and neighboring
countries; B) Map showing LSD
outbreaks in
Bangladesh: 1-Dhaka, 2-
Mymensingh, 3-Chattogram, 4-
Barishal, 5-Khulna, 6-Rangpur, 7-
Rajshahi, 8-Sylhet,
C) Map showing LSD outbreaks in
India: 1-Cuttak, 2-Bhadrak, 3-
Mayurbhanj, 4-Balasore, 5-
Kendrapara, and
D) Map showing LSD outbreaks in
China: 1-Xinjiang.

History
•1929: Zambia Southern and Eastern
•Primarily a disease of cattle
•Experimental infection - Oryx, Giraffe and Impala
•Virus will replicate in sheep and goats
•1990s: Resurgence in Africa
EPIDEMIOLOGY
➢ Morbidity rate varies between 10 and 20%.
➢ Mortality rates of 1 to 5% are considered usual.
23

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Incidence in Animals
➢ Cattle ( 30.8 %)
➢ Buffaloes (1.6%)
➢ Arabian Oryx (1.0%)
➢ Giraffe (1.0%)
➢ Impala (1.0%)
➢ Yak (1.0%)

➢LSD virus is highly host specific and causes diseases only in cattle
(Bos indicus and Bos taurus) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
➢Holstein Friesian or crossbred cattle exhibiting higher morbidity
and mortality due to LSD when compared with local zebu cattle
➢Extensive serological surveys of wild ruminant species in Africa
have not identified a wildlife reservoir of LSDV.
➢LSDV is not zoonotic.
Hosts
26

Animal Transmission
 Primary route:
BITING INSECTS
 Mosquitoes (e.g. Culex
mirificens and Aedes natrionus)
 Biting flies (e.g. Stomoxys
calcitrans and Biomyia fasciata)
 Male ticks (Riphicephalus
appendiculatus and
Amblyomma hebraeum)
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Infected vectors can travel and transfer this virus in the range of approximately
300 kilometres (Australia 2009).

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In Iraq, cows infected with the LSD
virus have been reported to have
mixed infections (babesiosis,
theileriosis and anaplasmosis) of
blood parasites (Jameel, 2016).

Ticks
Rare transmission from
nasal discharge
/contaminated feed and
water

Stable fly: Stomoxys calcitrans

The study revealed higher susceptibility in crossbred
animals (84.74%) followed by non-descript cattle
(15.26%).
Animals in the age group of 1-5 years were highly affected
(58.54%) followed by animals above the age of 5 years
(34.85%) and least in cattle aged below 1 year (6.61%).
Hatzade et al., 2022

 Minor route: direct contact
 Cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, milk, semen, muscles
 Movement of live animals
 naturally, or “human-assisted”
 Animals can be infected experimentally by inoculation with
material from cutaneous nodules or blood.
 Direct contact is considered to be an ineffective means of
transmission
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Lumpy Skin Disease Virus
Family Poxviridae
Genus Capripoxvirus
•Closely related to sheep and goat pox
•Cannot be differentiated with serology
Domain: Virus
Group: "ssDNA viruses"
Group: "DNA viruses"
Family: Poxviridae
Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae
Genus: Capripox virus
Species: Lumpy skin disease virus
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Virus
 Very STURDY
 Recovered from skin nodules kept at –80°C for 10
years and infected tissue culture fluid stored at
4°C for 6 months.
 Susceptible to alkaline or acid pH.
 Susceptible to ether (20%), chloroform, formalin
(1%), and some detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl
sulphate.
 Survive in;
 Necrotic skin nodules - 33 days or longer
 Desiccated crusts -up to 35 days
 In air-dried hides - 18 days
55°C/2
hours
65°C/30
mins
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Chemicals/Disinfectants:
 Susceptible to ether (20%), chloroform, formalin (1%), some
detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl sulphate.
 Susceptible to phenol (2%/15 minutes), sodium hypochlorite
(2–3%), iodine compounds (1:33 dilution), Virkon® (2%),
quaternary ammonium compounds (0.5%), some
detergents, e.g. sodium dodecyl sulphate.
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Pathogenesis
Skin nodule formation
Vasculitis, thrombosis, infarction, oedema and infilteration of
inflammatory cells
Keratinocytes,myocytes,fibrocytes and endothelial cells get
damaged
Rapid leukocyte viraemia
Virus transmitted mechanically by biting insects
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Clinical signs
 Fever that may exceed 41°C (105°F)
 Marked reduction in milk yield in
lactating cattle.
 Depression, anorexia and emaciation.
 Rhinitis, conjunctivitis and excessive
salivation.
 Enlarged superficial lymph nodes
 Pregnant cows may abort and be in
anoestrus for several months.
 Bulls may become permanently or
temporarily infertile.
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 Cutaneous nodules of 2–5 cm in diameter develop, particularly on the
head, neck, limbs, udder, genitalia and perineum within 48 hours of
onset of the febrile reaction.
 These nodules are circumscribed, firm, round and raised, and involve
the skin, subcutaneous tissue and sometimes even the underlying
muscles.
 Large nodules may become necrotic and eventually fibrotic and
persist for several months (“sitfasts”); the scars may remain
indefinitely.
 Small nodules may resolve spontaneously without consequences.
Clinical signs
47

 Myiasis of the nodules may occur
 Vesicles, erosions and ulcers may develop in the mucous membranes
of the mouth and alimentary tract and in the trachea and lungs.
 Limbs and other ventral parts of the body, such as the dewlap, brisket,
scrotum and vulva, may be oedematous, causing the animal to be
reluctant to move
Clinical signs
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65

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Decreased milk
Anorexia and Emaciation
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Economic Loss in leather industry
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Repeat breeding
Abortion
Abortions and Repeat breeding
Pregnant cow
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Calf get infected during suckling
Death in 1-5%
affected animals
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Post Mortem Lesions
 Characteristic skin nodules
 Lesions in the mucous membranes
throughout the GI tract
 Nodules in lungs
 Hemorrhages in spleen, liver, rumen
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Early skin lesions
Late-stage
skin lesions
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Advanced skin
lesions
Symptoms
Lesions on the muzzle
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Lesions in the trachea
An LSD (pox) lesion in the tracheal mucosa. LSD lesions in the lung are areas of
atelectasis and interlobular oedema.
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Necrotic areas in trachea

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Kononov et al., 2018

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Why deaths are occurring due to LSD
1. Recorded deaths in LSD may follow viremia and secondary bacterial infection.
Moreover, disseminated involvement of vital organs as parechymatous organs
followed viremia may play role in raising mortalities. The main lesions are
➢ Orchitis (75%),
➢ Mastitis in immature and lactating udder (66.66%),
➢ Necrotic hepatitis (77.77%),
➢ Disseminated vasculitis (61.11),
➢ Glomerulonephritis (55.55),
➢ Myocardial degeneration (50%),
➢ Serous atrophy of coronary fats (38.88%),
➢ Lymphadenitis (88.88%),
➢ Necrosis and depleted lymphoid
tissue of spleen (38.88%),
➢ Necrotic myositis (77.77%),
➢ Tracheitis (16.66%)
➢ pneumonia (interstitial bronchopneumonia) (44.44%)
➢ intra-cytoplasmic inclusions bodies in skin (33.33%). (Abdelmoneim et al., 2021)

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Respiratory tracts including trachea and lungs suffered from necrotic tracheitis
(16.66%) and interstitial or bronchopneumonia (44.44%) and atelectasis (22.22%).
Respiratory system involvement followed hematogenous spread with involvement
of pulmonary endothelial cells and macrophage which produce inflammatory
cytokines.
The high prevalent of mastitis (66.66%) in lactating and immature udder declared
progressive and dissemination of capripoxvirus and contamination of teat orifices.
Higher testicular lesions (75% orchitis) in examined bulls represented by
degenerated and necrotic seminiferous tubules infiltrated by neutrophils with
mild or arrest of spermatogenesis.
(Abdelmoneim et al., 2021)

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Oral cavity ulcers Skin cross section

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Tracheal ulcers
Gall bladder ulcers

Economic Importance
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Differential diagnosis
 Bovine herpes mammillitis
(bovine herpesvirus 2)
(Sometimes known as pseudo-
lumpy skin disease)
 Bovine papular stomatitis
(Parapoxvirus)
 Pseudocowpox (Parapoxvirus)
 Vaccinia virus and Cowpox
virus (Orthopoxviruses) –
uncommon and not
generalised infections
 Dermatophilosis
 Demodicosis
 Insect or tick bites
 Besnoitiosis
 Rinderpest
 Hypoderma bovis infection
 Photosensitisation
 Urticaria
 Cutaneous tuberculosis
 Onchocercosis
Severe LSD is highly characteristic, but milder forms can be confused
with the following:
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Dermatophilosis: Multiple thick crusts over back, rump, tail, and perineum
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Demodectic Mange: Multiple papules on brisket
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Edema, erythema, crusting, and
alopecia of distal leg
Edema, thickening, and folding of scrotal
skin
Besnoitiosis. Alopecia, crusting, thickening,
and folding of skin over face and neck
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Besnoitiosis

Sampling
 Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper
authorities should be contacted
 Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to
authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease
Laboratory diagnosis
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Biochemical findings in LSD

Identification of the agent
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the least expensive and quickest method for
detection of LSDV.
Skin nodules and scabs, saliva, nasal secretions, and blood are suitable samples
for PCR detection of LSDV.
 Virus isolation (VI) followed by PCR to confirm the virus identity takes longer
and is more expensive but has the advantage of demonstrating the presence of
live virus in the sample.
 Electron microscopy can be used to identify the classic poxvirus virion but
cannot differentiate to genus or species level. 107

Serological tests
 It is not possible to distinguish the three viruses in the Capripox virus
genus (Sheep pox virus, Goat pox virus and LSD) using serological
techniques.
 Virus neutralisation: This is currently the gold standard test for the
detection of antibodies raised against capripoxviruses.
 Western blot: Highly sensitive and specific but expensive and difficult
to perform.
 Capripoxvirus antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA):
new commercial kits for detection of capripoxvirus antibodies are
currently being developed and released on to the market.
108

TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
➢ There are no GOOD TREATMENT or vaccines to
combat Lumpy Skin Disease.
➢ The only treatment available is good and supportive care
of cattle.
➢ However, many veterinary doctors suggest the use of
sprays to cure skin lesions and the use of antibiotics to
prevent secondary skin infections and pneumonia.
➢ Anti-inflammatory painkillers can be used to keep up the
appetite of affected animals.

✓ Unfortunately there are no specific antiviral drugs available for the treatment
of lumpy skin disease.
✓ The only treatment available is supportive care of cattle.
✓ This can include treatment of skin lesions using wound care sprays and the
use of antibiotics to prevent secondary skin infections and pneumonia.
✓ Anti-inflammatory painkillers can be used to keep up the appetite of affected
animals.
✓ Intravenous fluid administration may be of benefit; however this may not be
practical in the field.
✓ The lack of treatment options for lumpy skin disease virus emphasizes the
need of using effective vaccination for preventing disease.
Babiuk, 2018

Treatment of lumpy skin disease
➢ Tere are no speciﬁc antiviral drugs available but,supportive treatment can be
given to the infected animals which include the treatment of the skin lesions and
antibiotics against secondary skin infection and pneumonia, and some anti-
inﬂammatory drugs (Babiuk, 2018;Tomas, 2002;Vinothrajet al., 2020).
➢ Treatment with enrofoxacin along with antihistaminics, NSAIDs, and Vit B-
complex for 3-10 days depending upon the severity of cases was the most
cost-effective as compared to other treatment protocols.

➢ The use of diclofenac gel in the swelling region and the application of
sulphonamide power on nodular lesions was found effective by Paul
(2020).
➢ Feyisa (2018) found out the combination therapy of Dexamethasone for
three days and broad-Spectrum antibiotics were effective in LSD virus
infection.
➢ Dexamethasone has good anti-inflammatory action (Tsurufuji et al.,
1984) and broad-spectrum antibiotics were found effective to check the
secondary bacterial growth (Pandeya et al., 2021).
➢ The tropical application of antiseptic ointment with fly repellent
properties can be a good choice (Islam et al., 2021; Vinothraj et al.,
2020).

➢ A combination therapy of dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/day
for three consecutive days and 10% oxytetracycline 10
mg/kg/day for five successive days were managed.
➢ Three months later the bull was recovered and nodules
were also disappeared but with scars on the skin.
Feyisa, 2018

A four months old calf having body weight of approximately 60kg was presented to
Mobile Veterinary Clinics, Santipur Block (West Bengal)with a history of nodular
growth on diﬀerent part of the body, reduced appetite, emaciation, nasal discharge
and lameness.
Clinical examination revealed that there were high body temperatures (105˚F),
presence of various sizes of nodules on all over the body, particularly at neck region.
Depending upon the history and clinical examination the case was diagnosed as
lumpy skin disease (LSD) and accordingly therapy was given.
For medical intervention Gentamicin (@5mg/kg B.Wt.) intramuscularly, Meloxicum
(@0.2mg/kg B.Wt.) intramuscularly, antihistamine,multivitamins and antiseptic
dressing of the lesions were given.
Animal respond to the treatment and complete recovery was reported within 21 days.
Bithika Halder and Basarat Seikh, 2022

✓ Treatment of LSD was initiated with enrofloxacin (Inj. Fortivir TM) @
7.5 mg/kg b.wt. i/mly at 48 hours interval for seven occasions,
Chlorpheniramine meleate (Inj. Anistamin TM) @ 0.5 mg/kg
SID and NSAID (Inj. Melonex TM) @ 0.5 mg/kg SID i/mly
for three consecutive days.
✓ Topically Himax TM ointment was
applied on the erupted lesions for prompt healing. Marked
recovery and start of feeding was observed after 7 days of
treatment (Islam et al., 2021)

A New Approach to the Treatment of Lumpy Skin Disease Infection in Cattle by
using Propolis Encapsulated within ALG NPS was tried . It was also effective.
The study aimed to treat the clinically infected cattle with LSDV using Propolis-
Alginate nanoparticles (Propolis-ALg NPs) through diﬀerent routes such as eye
drop, oral route and topical spray revealed a 100 % recovery.
Farag et al., 2021
(Farag, T.K., El-Houssiny, A.S., Abdel-Rahman, E.H. and Hegazi, A.G., 2020. A new approach to the
treatment of lumpy skin disease infection in cattle by using propolis encapsulated within alg nps. Adv.
Anim. Vet. Sci, 8(12), pp.1346-1355)

➢ Ivermectin strongly inhibits in vitro replication stage
of lumpy skin disease virus (99.82% inhibition) and
sheeppox virus (99.87% inhibition).
➢ Treatment of LSDV with 2.5 μM ivermectin reduced the
number of infectious virions at the attachment,
penetration and replication stages.
➢ It can be used for therapeutic purpose.
(Yesilbag et al., 2021; Toker et al., 2022)

❑ Ivermectin can be used as prophylaxis of LSD @ 1 ml/ 50 kg
of 1% s/c or 0.2 mg /kg once in 10 days and three such
injections can be administered to prevent the gowth of the
virus.
❑ In affected animal also, ivermectin may prevent the
formation of the maggots in the nodules of the skin.
❑ The skin condition will also improve.
❑ Along with this enrofloxacin inj im 5 mk /kg for 5 days may
be administered will reduce secondary bacterial infection.
❑ Meloxicam inj 0.5 mg/kg im for 3 days will reduce pain.
❑ If itching is there then chlorpheniramine meleate 20 ml may
also be administered.
Shridhar, 2022

119
Severity Symptoms Suggestive treatment
Very mild
cases
Only skin
nodules, no fever
No treatment required
Mild cases Skin nodules +
Fever (104-
106/107°F)
Antipyretics (injectables) (like NSAIDS meloxicum,
ketoprofen)
• Inj.B-Complex.
• Inj.Vitamin C
• Fluids (i/v) as per requirement
Moderate
cases
Skin nodules +
Fever (104-
106/107°F)
not responding to
treatment
• Antibiotics (injectables)
(potentiated-sulpha, strepto penicillin, oxytetracycline)
• Antipyretics(injectables) (like Analgin.
Meloxicum.
Ketoprofen)
• Inj.B-Complex.
• Inj.vitamin C
• Fluids (i/v) as per requirement
Suggestive treatment protocol for Lumpy skin disease (LSD) cases by Guru
Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

120
Severity Symptoms Suggestive treatment
Severe
cases
Skin nodules + Fever (104-
106/107°F) not responding to
treatment, Lymph node
enlargemen,dependent
oedema,salivation,
pneumonia etc.
➢ Antibiotics (injectables) (Enrofloxacin
and/or ceftiofur)
➢ Antipyretics(injectables) (like Analgin,
Meloxicum.Ketoprofen)
➢ Inj.B-Complex.
➢ Inj.vitamin C
➢ Fluids (i/v) as per requirement
If skin nodules rupture and
become wounds
➢ • Cleaning of wounds with povidone iodine,
chlorhexedene and application antibiotic
ointments or zinc ointments
Continued.......
As per expenence and as per raw data from field veterinarians of Punjab, most of
these cases show skin lesions (nodules) initially followed by fever to the tune of 104-
1060
F.

121
➢ These may not have not have other symptoms like
lymph node enlargement, rhinitis, conjunctivitis,
salivation and iimb/brisket oedema.
➢ About 5-10% cases have lymph node enlargement and
very few cases (1-2%) have senous complications like
pneumonia.
(Advisory of GADVASU,Ludhiana, Punjab)

122
Advised blood testing for hemoprotozoans in case of high fever not
responding to treatment.
Use treatment for anaplasmosis/ theileriosis as per blood reports. Many time,
there will be co-exhistance of these hemoprotozoan disease
✓ Keep hygienic conditions at the farm.
✓ Restrict movement of diseased animals and segregate the affected animals
✓ Control flies, mosquitoes and tick on your farm.
✓ Vaccinate all the healthy animals including calves at your farm with Live
attenuated Goat pox vaccine 3 ml subcutaneously.

ETHNOVETERINARY TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
 Neem oil
 Ocimum sanctum (Fresh Tulasi leaves)
 Neem fresh leaves
 Alium sativam
 Curcuma longa
 Aloe vera
 0.5 l
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
123
Mix well and paint the animal for 10-15 days and the lesions will subside
(Shridhar et al., 2021)

Prevention and control
➢ Sanitary prophylaxis
Disease Free countries: (India was free till 2019)
 Import restrictions on animals and selected animal products.
 Surveillance measures to detect LSD are recommended over a
distance of at least 20 kilometres from an infected country or zone
Infected countries:
 Restriction of movement of cattle in infected regions, removal of
clinically affected animals, and vaccination.
 Proper disposal of dead animals (e.g. incineration), and cleaning and
disinfection of premises and implements are recommended for LSD.
 There is currently no evidence of the efficacy of vector control in
preventing disease
124

Mosquito nets
Vector population control measures
Spray or fogging
126

Avoiding animal gathering
127

128

Sodium hypochlorite (2-
3%)
Ether (20%)
Chloroform
Formalin (1%)
Some detergents
Phenol (2% for 15
minutes)
Iodine (1:33)
Cleaning animal shed with
129

ETHNOVETERINARY TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
 Neem oil
 Ocimum sanctum (Fresh Tulasi leaves)
 Neem fresh leaves
 Alium sativam
 Curcuma longa
 Aloe vera
 0.5 l
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
130
Mix well and paint the animal for 10-15 days and the lesions will subside
(Shridhar et al., 2021)

Herbal mixture composed of
➢ Haldi,
➢ Aloevera gelly,
➢ Baking soda,
➢ Neem leaves,
➢ Betal leaves,
➢ Garlic & Peppers.
Its coctail after grinding are fed to cattle BID for 14 days.
Along with this the affected animals are moped/washed with water (which has
been boiled with Neem leaves ,strained & aftet cooling use it to mope the whole
body by using cotton cloath twice a week.)

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133

136
Before treatment After treatment

 “Homologous” LSDV live attenuated vaccine strain for example
“Neethling” LSD strain
 “Heterologous” sheep pox or goat pox virus live attenuated vaccine
strain.
 A local reaction at the site of inoculation, as well as fever and reduction
in milk yield, may follow vaccination with live, attenuated capripox
virus.
 Currently, no new generation recombinant capripox vaccines are
commercially available
VACCINATION OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
137

138
VACCINATION OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE

140
▪ Vaccination of animals leads to liver dysfunction.
▪ This is manifested by an increase in the activity of alkaline
phosphatase by 6%, the content of bilirubin by 39.3%,
▪ cholesterol by 19.9%.
▪ The activity of alkalinephosphatase in comparison with the
initial value decreases by 15.1%, the content of bilirubin
▪ increased only by 8.4%, and the content of cholesterol
decreased by 5.5%.
▪ There are many adverse reactions to LSD vaccines
Burkov et al., 2021

141
(a) Microscopic examination of a skin lesion seen after administration of live attenuated vaccines against lumpy
skin disease in cattle. The vasculature exhibited marked vascular necrosis, vasculitis and/or vascular
thrombosis that were infiltrated and surrounded by large numbers of inflammatory cells. H&E. Bar = 50 lm
Abutarbush et al., 2016

142
b) Microscopic examination of a skin lesion seen after administration of live attenuated vaccines
against lumpy skin disease in cattle. Occasional eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies w
present within the macrophages (arrow).
H&E. Bar = 10 l

143
➢ The minimum protective dose of a BEI-inactivated LSDV-Serbia field strain
adjuvanted with a low-molecular-weight copolymer adjuvant.
➢ Even the lowest dose tested, with a virus titer of 104 CCID50 before inactivation,
was able to provide complete clinical protection in all vaccinated cattle.
➢ Moreover, none of the vaccinated cattle showed viremia or viral shedding,
indicating the high efficacy of the prototype vaccine even with a relatively low
antigen amount. (Wolff et al., 2022)

144
Selected references
1. Hatzade, R.I., Bhikane, A.U., Waghmare, S.P. and Pajai, K.S., 2022. Clinical,
haemato-biochemical alterations and therapeutic regimens in lumpy skin disease
(LSD) affected cattle in Maharashtra State, India. Research Square; 2022. DOI:
10.21203/rs.3.rs-1549525/v1.
2. Toker, E.B., Ates, O. and Yeşilbağ, K., 2022. Inhibition of bovine and ovine
capripoxviruses (Lumpy skin disease virus and Sheeppox virus) by ivermectin occurs
at different stages of propagation in vitro. Virus Research, 310, p.198671.
3. Yesilbag, K., Toker, E.B. and Ates, O., 2021. Ivermectin also inhibits the replication of
bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV) in vitro. Virus
research, 297, p.198384.
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AN UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE WITH TREATMENT AND PREVENTION MEASURES

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