THERAPEUTIC UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR

1. LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B SHRIDHAR
Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar
Prof (Dr.) N .B.SHRIDHAR
Professor and Head
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology
Veterinary College, Shivamogga-577204
THERAPEUTIC UPDATE ON LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
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Lumpy Skin Disease
INTRODUCTION
International Common Names
English: Lumpy skin disease, Capripoxvirus, Yak pox
English acronym: LSD
Lumpy skin disease (LSD)
▪ Poxviral disease - Significant morbidity in cattle.
▪ Morbidity rate is 10 to 20% (OIE, 2021)
▪ Mortality rate is generally low (1-5%)
▪ Economic losses result from loss of condition, decreased milk
production, abortions, infertility and damaged hides.
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Incidence in Animals
➢ Cattle ( 30.8 %)
➢ Buffaloes (1.6%)
➢ Arabian Oryx (1.0%)
➢ Giraffe (1.0%)
➢ Impala (1.0%)
➢ Yak (1.0%)

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Clinical signs
 Fever that may exceed 41°C (105°F)
 Marked reduction in milk yield in
lactating cattle.
 Depression, anorexia and emaciation.
 Rhinitis, conjunctivitis and excessive
salivation.
 Enlarged superficial lymph nodes
 Pregnant cows may abort and be in
anoestrus for several months.
 Bulls may become permanently or
temporarily infertile.
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 Cutaneous nodules of 2–5 cm in diameter develop, particularly on the
head, neck, limbs, udder, genitalia and perineum within 48 hours of
onset of the febrile reaction.
 These nodules are circumscribed, firm, round and raised, and involve
the skin, subcutaneous tissue and sometimes even the underlying
muscles.
 Large nodules may become necrotic and eventually fibrotic and
persist for several months (“sitfasts”); the scars may remain
indefinitely.
 Small nodules may resolve spontaneously without consequences.
Clinical signs
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 Myiasis of the nodules may occur
 Vesicles, erosions and ulcers may develop in the mucous membranes
of the mouth and alimentary tract and in the trachea and lungs.
 Limbs and other ventral parts of the body, such as the dewlap, brisket,
scrotum and vulva, may be oedematous, causing the animal to be
reluctant to move
Clinical signs
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Decreased milk
Anorexia and Emaciation
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Economic Loss in leather industry
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Repeat breeding
Abortion
Abortions and Repeat breeding
Pregnant cow
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Calf get infected during suckling
Death in 1-5%
affected animals
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Post Mortem Lesions
 Characteristic skin nodules
 Lesions in the mucous membranes
throughout the GI tract
 Nodules in lungs
 Hemorrhages in spleen, liver, rumen
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Early skin lesions
Late-stage
skin lesions
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Advanced skin
lesions
Symptoms
Lesions on the muzzle
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Lesions in the trachea
An LSD (pox) lesion in the tracheal mucosa. LSD lesions in the lung are areas of
atelectasis and interlobular oedema.
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Necrotic areas in trachea

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Oral cavity ulcers Skin cross section

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Tracheal ulcers
Gall bladder ulcers

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Economic Importance
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Sampling
 Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper
authorities should be contacted
 Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to
authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease
Laboratory diagnosis
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Biochemical findings in LSD

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TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
➢ There are no GOOD TREATMENT or vaccines to
combat Lumpy Skin Disease.
➢ The only treatment available is good and supportive care
of cattle.
➢ However, many veterinary doctors suggest the use of
sprays to cure skin lesions and the use of antibiotics to
prevent secondary skin infections and pneumonia.
➢ Anti-inflammatory painkillers can be used to keep up the
appetite of affected animals.

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Treatment of lumpy skin disease
➢ Tere are no specific antiviral drugs available but,supportive treatment can be
given to the infected animals which include the treatment of the skin lesions and
antibiotics against secondary skin infection and pneumonia, and some anti-
inflammatory drugs (Babiuk, 2018;Tomas, 2002;Vinothrajet al., 2020).
➢ Treatment with enrofoxacin along with antihistaminics, NSAIDs, and Vit B-
complex for 3-10 days depending upon the severity of cases was the most
cost-effective as compared to other treatment protocols.

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➢ The use of diclofenac gel in the swelling region and the application of
sulphonamide power on nodular lesions was found effective by Paul
(2020).
➢ Feyisa (2018) found out the combination therapy of Dexamethasone for
three days and broad-Spectrum antibiotics were effective in LSD virus
infection.
➢ Dexamethasone has good anti-inflammatory action (Tsurufuji et al.,
1984) and broad-spectrum antibiotics were found effective to check the
secondary bacterial growth (Pandeya et al., 2021).
➢ The tropical application of antiseptic ointment with fly repellent
properties can be a good choice (Islam et al., 2021; Vinothraj et al.,
2020).

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➢ A combination therapy of dexamethasone 0.2 mg/kg/day
for three consecutive days and 10% oxytetracycline 10
mg/kg/day for five successive days were managed.
➢ Three months later the bull was recovered and nodules
were also disappeared but with scars on the skin.
Feyisa, 2018

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✓ Treatment of LSD was initiated with enrofloxacin (Inj. Fortivir TM) @
7.5 mg/kg b.wt. i/mly at 48 hours interval for seven occasions,
Chlorpheniramine meleate (Inj. Anistamin TM) @ 0.5 mg/kg
SID and NSAID (Inj. Melonex TM) @ 0.5 mg/kg SID i/mly
for three consecutive days.
✓ Topically Himax TM ointment was
applied on the erupted lesions for prompt healing. Marked
recovery and start of feeding was observed after 7 days of
treatment (Islam et al., 2021)

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➢ Ivermectin strongly inhibits in vitro replication stage
of lumpy skin disease virus (99.82% inhibition) and
sheeppox virus (99.87% inhibition).
➢ Treatment of LSDV with 2.5 μM ivermectin reduced the
number of infectious virions at the attachment,
penetration and replication stages.
➢ It can be used for therapeutic purpose.
(Yesilbag et al., 2021; Toker et al., 2022)

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❑ Ivermectin can be used as prophylaxis of LSD @ 1 ml/ 50 kg
of 1% s/c or 0.2 mg /kg once in 10 days and three such
injections can be administered to prevent the gowth of the
virus.
❑ In affected animal also, ivermectin may prevent the
formation of the maggots in the nodules of the skin.
❑ The skin condition will also improve.
❑ Along with this enrofloxacin inj im 5 mk /kg for 5 days may
be administered will reduce secondary bacterial infection.
❑ Meloxicam inj 0.5 mg/kg im for 3 days will reduce pain.
❑ If itching is there then chlorpheniramine meleate 20 ml may
also be administered.
Shridhar, 2022

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ETHNOVETERINARY TREATMENT OF LUMPY SKIN DISEASE
 Neem oil
 Ocimum sanctum (Fresh Tulasi leaves)
 Neem fresh leaves
 Alium sativam
 Curcuma longa
 Aloe vera
 0.5 l
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
 100 g
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Mix well and paint the animal for 10-15 days and the lesions will subside
(Shridhar et al., 2021)

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Prevention and control
➢ Sanitary prophylaxis
Disease Free countries: (India was free till 2019)
 Import restrictions on animals and selected animal products.
 Surveillance measures to detect LSD are recommended over a
distance of at least 20 kilometres from an infected country or zone
Infected countries:
 Restriction of movement of cattle in infected regions, removal of
clinically affected animals, and vaccination.
 Proper disposal of dead animals (e.g. incineration), and cleaning and
disinfection of premises and implements are recommended for LSD.
 There is currently no evidence of the efficacy of vector control in
preventing disease
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Mosquito nets
Vector population control measures
Spray or fogging
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Avoiding animal gathering
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Sodium hypochlorite (2-
3%)
Ether (20%)
Chloroform
Formalin (1%)
Some detergents
Phenol (2% for 15
minutes)
Iodine (1:33)
Cleaning animal shed with
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 “Homologous” LSDV live attenuated vaccine strain for example
“Neethling” LSD strain
 “Heterologous” sheep pox or goat pox virus live attenuated vaccine
strain.
 A local reaction at the site of inoculation, as well as fever and reduction
in milk yield, may follow vaccination with live, attenuated capripox
virus.
 Currently, no new generation recombinant capripox vaccines are
commercially available
➢Medical prophylaxis
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Herbal mixture composed of
➢ Haldi,
➢ Aloevera gelly,
➢ Baking soda,
➢ Neem leaves,
➢ Betal leaves,
➢ Garlic & Peppers.
Its coctail after grinding are fed to cattle BID for 14 days.
Along with this the affected animals are moped/washed with water (which has
been boiled with Neem leaves ,strained & aftet cooling use it to mope the whole
body by using cotton cloath twice a week.)

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56. Before treatment
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After treatment

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Before treatment After treatment

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Selected references
1. Hatzade, R.I., Bhikane, A.U., Waghmare, S.P. and Pajai, K.S., 2022. Clinical,
haemato-biochemical alterations and therapeutic regimens in lumpy skin disease
(LSD) affected cattle in Maharashtra State, India. Research Square; 2022. DOI:
10.21203/rs.3.rs-1549525/v1.
2. Toker, E.B., Ates, O. and Yeşilbağ, K., 2022. Inhibition of bovine and ovine
capripoxviruses (Lumpy skin disease virus and Sheeppox virus) by ivermectin occurs
at different stages of propagation in vitro. Virus Research, 310, p.198671.
3. Yesilbag, K., Toker, E.B. and Ates, O., 2021. Ivermectin also inhibits the replication of
bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BPIV-3, BoHV-1, BCoV and BVDV) in vitro. Virus
research, 297, p.198384.
4. Das, M., Chowdhury, M.S.R., Akter, S., Mondal, A.K., Uddin, M.J., Rahman, M.M.
and Rahman, M.M., 2021. An updated review on lumpy skin disease: Perspective of
southeast asian countries. J. Adv. Biotechnol. Exp. Ther, 4(3), pp.322-333.

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9448059777
LUMPY SKIN DISEASE BY DR N B
SHRIDHAR
shridharvet@gmail.com