The document discusses the political divisions that emerged in the U.S. during the presidency of James Monroe, known as the Era of Good Feelings. Sectional differences arose over issues like tariffs and the role of the federal government. The nation was dividing into three sections - the Northeast, South, and West - each promoting their own economic self-interest. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 maintained the balance of power between slave and free states as the nation expanded.
1. James MonroeJames Monroe
“The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”
James MonroeJames Monroe
“The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”
3. James Monroe - 1816James Monroe - 1816
Continued the Virginia Dynasty
Last Federalist candidate got 34
electoral votes
Monroe went on a goodwill tour
of the states
Period called “The Era of Good
Feelings”
4. Era of Good Will?Era of Good Will?
Sectional differences developed
over:
Tariffs
Bank of the United States
Internal Improvements
Public lands
Slavery
5. EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
________________________
Role ofRole of
GovernmentGovernment
NORTHEASTNORTHEAST
•Business and
Manufacturing
•Daniel Webster
_______________
•Wanted Tariffs
•Backed internal
improvements
End to cheap public
land
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery &
believed the Govt.
must abolish it.
SOUTHSOUTH
•Cotton-growing
•John C. Calhoun
_______________
•Opposed tariffs
and government
spending on
American System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any steps
of the U.S. Govt. to
try and abolish it.
WESTWEST
•Frontier agriculture
•Henry Clay
_____________
•Supported internal
improvements and
American System.
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery but
some supported
letting the people
decide the slavery
issue
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sectionsU.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections
with each trying to promote their self-interest.with each trying to promote their self-interest.
7. SOUTHSOUTH
•Cotton growing
•John C. Calhoun
_____________
•Opposed tariffs
and government
spending on
American System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any steps
of the U.S. Govt.
to try and abolish
it.
EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole of
GovernmentGovernment
9. Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816
First truly protective tariff
20-25% duty on imports
Supported by South - John C.
Calhoun
Opposed by North - Daniel
Webster
“Great Triumvirate”
Calhoun, Webster, & Clay
10. Clay’s American SystemClay’s American System
Tariffs would protect growing
industries
Revenues used to build internal
improvements
Roads & canals would connect
the Ohio Valley & Mississippi to
the East
11. Food & raw materials from the
South & West exchanged for
finished goods from North &
East
West heavily supported Clay
Clay’s Bonus Bill fails in 1817
leaving improvements to states
12. Panic of 1819Panic of 1819
Causes:
Overspeculation in land
Curtailment of credit
Congress ordered banks to make
payment in hard currency
(specie) instead of paper
Investors became overextended
14. First of many panics toFirst of many panics to
occur on an approximateoccur on an approximate
20 year cycle.20 year cycle.
15. Long Term Fallout:
Led to the Land Act of 1820
smaller & cheaper land parcels
made available
Small farmers & poorer
classes support “Jacksonian
Democracy”
16. The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a
buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an
acre in cash; the West demanded transportation
26. New States in the UnionNew States in the Union
Order of AdmissionOrder of Admission
1791 -- Vermont - 14th (Free)
1792 -- Kentucky - 15th (Slave)
1796 -- Tennessee - 16th (Slave)
1803 -- Ohio - 17th (Free)
29. SECTIONAL BALANCESECTIONAL BALANCE
Free States
New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New York,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Rhode Island, Vermont, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois
11 States
30. Slave States
Virginia, Maryland, Delaware,
North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
11 States
31. The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise
1819 - Missouri seeks
statehood as 23rd
state
Would have entered the union as
a slave state
32. Tallmadge Amendments:
House passed series of
amendments to statehood bill:
Banned further introduction of
slaves into Missouri
Declared children of slaves born
after statehood to be freed at age
25
33. North more populous -
controlled the House
Opposed by South & West
Bill defeated in Senate
South still even in Senate
34. South feared any attempts to
control the expansion of
slavery
South wanted to protect its
“peculiar institution” &
economic balance
35. The Missouri Compromise:
1820 – drafted by Henry Clay
Missouri admitted as a slave
state
Maine is admitted as a free
state
36. Slavery prohibited in future
states north of the 36º 30’ line
Dirty Bargain or Savior of the
Union?
Slavery becomes dominant
issue in American politics
37.
38. Election of 1820Election of 1820
James Monroe reelected by
nearly unanimous electoral
count in 1820
one elector voted against him
to maintain Washington’s
uniqueness
39. The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court
1801-1835
Decisions greatly
increased power
of the federal
government over
the states
40. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
“Yazoo Land Controversy”
Court’s right to invalidate state
laws
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)
Supremacy clause upheld
Supreme Court over states
41. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
BUS constitutional
Denied MD right to tax BUS
Dartmouth College v.
Woodward (1819)
Safeguarded business from state
Gave corps. escape from gov’t
42. Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Supremacy of SC over state court
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Only Congress could regulate
interstate commerce
46. Treaty of 1818 with Great
Britain
Fixed Canadian border at 49th
parallel
Allowed American fishing off
Newfoundland
10 year joint occupation of
Oregon
50. 1818 – Monroe authorized
Andrew Jackson to pursue
Indians into Florida
hanged 2 Indian Chiefs,
executed 2 British traders,
deposed Spanish Governor
51. Adams informed Spain that
Jackson was reacting to
Spain’s failure to live up to
the Treaty of 1795
52. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Spain ceded Florida & gave
up claims to Oregon
U.S. gave up all claims to
Texas
Gave US a border extending
to Pacific Ocean
54. The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine
European monarchs were
reasserting their power…
End of the Napoleonic Wars
Democratic & nationalistic
revolts in Europe & Latin
America
55. 1821 - Tsar Alexander I of
Russia decreed the west
coast of North America
south to 54 º 40’ line off
limits to foreign ships
56. •Claimed by the US, Great Britain and
Russia
•Russia was claiming California too
Rush-Bagot
57. 1822 - US extended formal
recognition to Latin
American republics
58. New Latin American
countries formed
from successful
revolutions
US acts as protector
of the new
democracies in
Western Hemisphere
59. British trade with Latin
America led George
Canning, British Foreign
Secretary, to propose a
treaty of joint protection
of the western
hemisphere with the US
62. 1823 – Monroe issued his
doctrine outlining the
principles of:
non-colonization
non-intervention
63. Monroe Doctrine was not a
law - simply one president’s
policy statement
Not enforceable, but
became a major foreign
policy tradition for the US
64. • Referred to as America’s Self
Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President
Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led
the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
US protector of new
democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
No European
Colonization in the
Americas
US will stay out
of European
affairs
Monroe
Doctrine
US recognized
existing
European
Colonies
The Monroe Doctrine
Editor's Notes
Responding to Russian territorial claims along the northern Pacific coast, and concerned that European nations would attempt to seize recently independent Latin American states, President James Monroe announced a new national policy. No new colonies would be allowed in the Americas, and European powers were not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. This mural depicts a discussion among the president and members of his cabinet; from left to right are President James Monroe, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Attorney General William Wirt, Secretary of War John Calhoun, and Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard.