The document discusses the political divisions that emerged in the U.S. during the presidency of James Monroe, known as the Era of Good Feelings. Sectional differences arose over issues like tariffs and the role of the federal government. The nation was dividing into three sections - the Northeast, South, and West - each promoting their own economic self-interest. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 maintained the balance of power between slave and free states as the nation expanded.

1. James MonroeJames Monroe
“The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”
James MonroeJames Monroe
“The Era of Good Feelings”“The Era of Good Feelings”

2. JamesJames
MonroeMonroe

3. James Monroe - 1816James Monroe - 1816
Continued the Virginia Dynasty
Last Federalist candidate got 34
electoral votes
Monroe went on a goodwill tour
of the states
Period called “The Era of Good
Feelings”

4. Era of Good Will?Era of Good Will?
Sectional differences developed
over:
Tariffs
Bank of the United States
Internal Improvements
Public lands
Slavery

5. EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
________________________
Role ofRole of
GovernmentGovernment
NORTHEASTNORTHEAST
•Business and
Manufacturing
•Daniel Webster
_______________
•Wanted Tariffs
•Backed internal
improvements
End to cheap public
land
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery &
believed the Govt.
must abolish it.
SOUTHSOUTH
•Cotton-growing
•John C. Calhoun
_______________
•Opposed tariffs
and government
spending on
American System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any steps
of the U.S. Govt. to
try and abolish it.
WESTWEST
•Frontier agriculture
•Henry Clay
_____________
•Supported internal
improvements and
American System.
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery but
some supported
letting the people
decide the slavery
issue
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sectionsU.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections
with each trying to promote their self-interest.with each trying to promote their self-interest.

6. EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole of
GovernmentGovernment
NORTHEASTNORTHEAST
•Business and
Manufacturing
Daniel Webster
____________
•Wanted Tariffs
•Backed internal
improvements
•Wanted end to
cheap public land
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery
and believed the
U.S. Govt. must
abolish it.

7. SOUTHSOUTH
•Cotton growing
•John C. Calhoun
_____________
•Opposed tariffs
and government
spending on
American System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any steps
of the U.S. Govt.
to try and abolish
it.
EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole of
GovernmentGovernment

8. WESTWEST
•Frontier
agriculture
•Henry Clay
_____________
•Supported
internal
improvements
•Wanted cheap
land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery
but some
supported letting
the people decide
the slavery issue
EconomyEconomy
LeaderLeader
____________________
Role ofRole of
GovernmentGovernment

9. Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816
First truly protective tariff
20-25% duty on imports
Supported by South - John C.
Calhoun
Opposed by North - Daniel
Webster
“Great Triumvirate”
Calhoun, Webster, & Clay

10. Clay’s American SystemClay’s American System
Tariffs would protect growing
industries
Revenues used to build internal
improvements
Roads & canals would connect
the Ohio Valley & Mississippi to
the East

11. Food & raw materials from the
South & West exchanged for
finished goods from North &
East
West heavily supported Clay
Clay’s Bonus Bill fails in 1817
leaving improvements to states

12. Panic of 1819Panic of 1819
Causes:
Overspeculation in land
Curtailment of credit
Congress ordered banks to make
payment in hard currency
(specie) instead of paper
Investors became overextended

13. Effects:
Deflation, bankruptcy, debtors
imprisoned, & unemployment
Collapse of many state banks
Banks foreclosed on farm
mortgages
Rise of sectionalism – West &
South vs. Northeast

14. First of many panics toFirst of many panics to
occur on an approximateoccur on an approximate
20 year cycle.20 year cycle.

15. Long Term Fallout:
Led to the Land Act of 1820
smaller & cheaper land parcels
made available
Small farmers & poorer
classes support “Jacksonian
Democracy”

16. The Land Act of 1820The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a
buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an
acre in cash; the West demanded transportation

17. Legislation passed ending
debtor prisons
Farmer’s mistrust of eastern
banking establishment

18. Growth of the WestGrowth of the West
9 frontier states added by
1819
Alternating free & slave
11 free & 11 slave

22. Reasons for westward
expansion:
Ohio fever
Soil exhaustion
Land speculation
The Embargo

23. Indian removal
Immigration
Transportation Improvements
Cumberland & Natchez roads
1807 - Steamboat
1825 - Erie Canal

24. InternalInternal
ImprovementsImprovements
•Help unite
the country as
well as
improve the
economy and
the infant
industry.
•Because of
the British
blockade
during the
War of 1812, it
was essential
for internal
transportation
improvements.

25. Westerners called for
cheap land
cheap transportation
cheap money

26. New States in the UnionNew States in the Union
Order of AdmissionOrder of Admission
1791 -- Vermont - 14th (Free)
1792 -- Kentucky - 15th (Slave)
1796 -- Tennessee - 16th (Slave)
1803 -- Ohio - 17th (Free)

27. 1812 -- Louisiana - 18th (Slave)
1816 -- Indiana - 19th (Free)
1817 -- Mississippi - 20th (Slave)
1818 -- Illinois - 21st (Free)
1819 -- Alabama - 22nd (Slave)

29. SECTIONAL BALANCESECTIONAL BALANCE
Free States
New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New York,
Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Rhode Island, Vermont, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois
11 States

30. Slave States
Virginia, Maryland, Delaware,
North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
11 States

31. The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise
1819 - Missouri seeks
statehood as 23rd
state
Would have entered the union as
a slave state

32. Tallmadge Amendments:
House passed series of
amendments to statehood bill:
Banned further introduction of
slaves into Missouri
Declared children of slaves born
after statehood to be freed at age
25

33. North more populous -
controlled the House
Opposed by South & West
Bill defeated in Senate
South still even in Senate

34. South feared any attempts to
control the expansion of
slavery
South wanted to protect its
“peculiar institution” &
economic balance

35. The Missouri Compromise:
1820 – drafted by Henry Clay
Missouri admitted as a slave
state
Maine is admitted as a free
state

36. Slavery prohibited in future
states north of the 36º 30’ line
Dirty Bargain or Savior of the
Union?
Slavery becomes dominant
issue in American politics

38. Election of 1820Election of 1820
James Monroe reelected by
nearly unanimous electoral
count in 1820
one elector voted against him
to maintain Washington’s
uniqueness

39. The Marshall CourtThe Marshall Court
1801-1835
Decisions greatly
increased power
of the federal
government over
the states

40. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
“Yazoo Land Controversy”
Court’s right to invalidate state
laws
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)
Supremacy clause upheld
Supreme Court over states

41. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
BUS constitutional
Denied MD right to tax BUS
Dartmouth College v.
Woodward (1819)
Safeguarded business from state
Gave corps. escape from gov’t

42. Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Supremacy of SC over state court
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Only Congress could regulate
interstate commerce

43. Monroe’s
Secretary of State
Deliberately
sought to create
an American
Continental
Empire
JQ AdamsJQ Adams && Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

44. The Rush-Bagot Agreement
(1817) had limited American
& British naval forces on the
Great Lakes

45. Rush-Bagot Treaty of
1818 with Great Britain
49th
Parallel

46. Treaty of 1818 with Great
Britain
Fixed Canadian border at 49th
parallel
Allowed American fishing off
Newfoundland
10 year joint occupation of
Oregon

48. 49th
Parallel

49. Florida “Purchase”
1812: Congress ratified
conquest of West Florida
Latin Am. Revolutions left
Florida without Spanish
troops

50. 1818 – Monroe authorized
Andrew Jackson to pursue
Indians into Florida
hanged 2 Indian Chiefs,
executed 2 British traders,
deposed Spanish Governor

51. Adams informed Spain that
Jackson was reacting to
Spain’s failure to live up to
the Treaty of 1795

52. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Spain ceded Florida & gave
up claims to Oregon
U.S. gave up all claims to
Texas
Gave US a border extending
to Pacific Ocean

53. 49th
Parallel

54. The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine
European monarchs were
reasserting their power…
End of the Napoleonic Wars
Democratic & nationalistic
revolts in Europe & Latin
America

55. 1821 - Tsar Alexander I of
Russia decreed the west
coast of North America
south to 54 º 40’ line off
limits to foreign ships

56. •Claimed by the US, Great Britain and
Russia
•Russia was claiming California too
Rush-Bagot

57. 1822 - US extended formal
recognition to Latin
American republics

58. New Latin American
countries formed
from successful
revolutions
US acts as protector
of the new
democracies in
Western Hemisphere

59. British trade with Latin
America led George
Canning, British Foreign
Secretary, to propose a
treaty of joint protection
of the western
hemisphere with the US

60. Western
Hemisphere or
the Americas

61. Adams warned against
being a “cockboat in the
wake of the British Man-of
War”

62. 1823 – Monroe issued his
doctrine outlining the
principles of:
non-colonization
non-intervention

63. Monroe Doctrine was not a
law - simply one president’s
policy statement
Not enforceable, but
became a major foreign
policy tradition for the US

64. • Referred to as America’s Self
Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President
Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led
the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
US protector of new
democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
No European
Colonization in the
Americas
US will stay out
of European
affairs
Monroe
Doctrine
US recognized
existing
European
Colonies
The Monroe Doctrine