About housing and policy ,summarize of habitat III paper ,and housing case study

1. HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
HSTU ,DINAJPUR, BANGLADESH
DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
BATCH-2014

2. HOUSING
A house is a shelter for rest, safety, and comfort; and for protection from enemies
and vagaries of climate. It includes space for rest, sleeping, cooking, and bathing.
Also it includes those qualities of comfort, convenience and amenities, which are
essential for emotional and social well being of families.
Housing is a physical commodity, which includes other than dwellings, various utility
facilities and services such as water supply, electricity, sanitation, and access
provision. Again, housing is not only looked upon as a physical phenomenon, but
emphasis is also given on its economic and socio-cultural aspects. As an element of
urban growth and income distribution, housing fulfills a social need and satisfies
criteria for remunerative urban investment. Safety and comfort are the basic
essentials for housing.CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSING
• regarded as a salable commodity
• a composite social goods and not produced or consumed piecemeal
• extensive restructuring of economic decision making systems
• once created, is a community resource of great importance, and in one way or another is
managed
• structure of social, moral, legal and business relationship in the community is relentlessly
relevant to the economics of its housing sectorthere exists single family houses, duplexes,
apartments, row houses, permanent, semi-permanent, and temporary houses. Housing is
not only sold but rented
• Its not only sold but also rented. It can be built at a time or through incremental
development whereas ownership reflects the achievement of both economic and social
goals.
• a housing environment can be an index of the social health, happiness, social justice, and

3. Rural house types of Bangladesh
• the housing processes are more vernacular in nature
• generally constructed of locally available indigenous materials
• rural houses are apparently temporary in nature
• The layering technique involves building with large earth blocks
or sun dried bricks
• another commonly used technique, which is plastering bamboo
mat walls with mud
the following types of houses are usually found
• Bamboo walled houses
• Mud walled houses
• Timber houses
• Timber and brick built houses
• Corrugated iron (CI) /tin sheet houses

4. Bamboo walled houses
• curved roof built on
high plinths
• Shapes are
predominantly
oblong
• A small verandah
with wood or
bamboo support is
the common design
• roof is separated to
that of the verandah
Housing having bamboo
walls and Golpata as
roofing materials
A rural house built of bamboo
Mud walled houses
Common mud house in rural Bangladesh

5. Timber houses
• houses are normally built on
wooden distinctive
architectural tradition
• The houses are usually built
on wooden platform above the
ground
Timber and brick built house
• plinth are made of brick
• the rest of the wall is made of
reed or bamboo matting
• plastered with cement or mud
on both sides
Timber and brick built housesTimber houses

6. Urban house types of Bangladesh
• Detached house.
• semi-detached house.
• row house.
• Duplex.
• triplex.
• apartments .
• tenement house.
 tenement houses can often be of row housing
types
 duplex type of units is often found in row houses
or in apartment buildings

7. Detached house
• independent of any other structure.
• one or two storied building
Semi-detached or semi-attached house
• utilizing a common wall between two houses
• similar characteristics as of detached house

8. Row house or town houses
• common walls are used on both sides of
the structure.
• The shape tends to be narrow and deep
• the number of units in a row
Duplex house
• one unit is shared between two floors
• an internal staircase

9. Triplex house
• one house is shared between three floors
Apartment house
• Height is usually three to five stories
• both load bearing brick walls and concrete
structures are used.

10. Tenement house
• Maximum height is five or six storied.
• located in old parts of the city.

11. Low income housing
 we mean those persons who cannot afford permanent, safe and
sanitary housing at places suitable for their jobs and economic activities.
 low-income housing in private land is normally known as
slums
 The unauthorized low income housing in public land is called
squatter settlements
low-income settlements is mainly
of three types
• owner occupant
• tenant occupant
• free occupant

12. Physical characteristics of the low income
urban housing in Bangladesh
Major portions of the low-income settlements
• temporary type (kutcha)
• a few are permanent
• semi-permanent
The houses, which are made of jute, hessian, polythene sheets, and
paperboards. are normally termed as Jhupri. Majorities of these
houses are squatter settlements.
• Municipal and community services within the low-
income housing are very poor and inadequate
• unauthorized electric connect
• Environmental (water, air, soil , noise etc ) pollution
• Drainage and sewerage facilities are very
unsatisfactory
• road condition is very bad

13. Housing sub-system of the low income people of Dhak
 low-income people of Dhaka city live in different types of housing systems
 six major sub-systems
1) Squatters,
2) Refugee rehabilitation colonies and squatter resettlement camps,
3) Bastees
4) Conventional tenement slums,
5) Employee’s housing,
6) Other sub-systems
Squatters
 include persons or
families residing or
squatting in terminals,
pavements, and public or
semi-public office buildings
 characterized by the most
rudimentary shelter e.g.
makeshift shacks or
thatched huts
 lack of basic services Urban slums

14. Resettlement camp
 where
people
reside in
large groups
occupying a
single piece
of land in
crowded and
congested
condition
Bastees
• authorized settlements
• having very high area density as
well as high room crowding
bastee settlement usually includes:
i) the rental house,
ii) the rental mess units,
iii) the owner occupied units
Conventional inner city tenement slu
• slums have very
high residential
densities due to
room crowding
and vertical
development
• one of the major types of low-income
housing
• This system provides accommodation
for about 9 percent of the total
population
Employee’s housing

15. Low income rural housing
• rural homeless people will migrate to
the cities in pursuit of survival.
However, the rest will stay in the
villages and try to find a home as
best they can
two major categories
1) Squatter housing
2) 2) Dependent housing
A rural slum
Housing on stilts Housing on stilts

16. Low-cost housing
 Housing which has lower prices than those having
conventional building materials are normally called low-cost
housingThese low-cost housing are generally devised by the owners and builders themselves in
response to scarcity and limitation of resources. The rural people of Bangladesh are so
poor that they are unable to afford any innovative technology. Absence of land tenure
right is the main reason for non-utilization of low-cost housing technology in slums and
squatter settlements of large cities
Low-cost housing technology developed by
Housing and Building Research Institute
(HBRI)• The main government agency with this responsibility is the Housing
and Building Research Institute (HBRI) under the ministry of Housing
and Works. Considering the overall situation in Bangladesh, it has
developed some low-cost housing materials and techniques
These are
Ferro-cement channels,
concrete slabs using low
carbon steel, R.C.C. hollow
column/beams and fiber
reinforced sandUse of these materials can reduce cost by 20-30% compared to
conventional materials and have a greater durability of 10 to 12 years or

17. The advantage of low-cost pre-stressed concrete micro-
piles is that these are durable, water resist and long lasting.
These can be carried easily and are sunk at lower cost.
• Chemically
treating of
bamboo
• Mixing cement
with mud
• Steel truss
instead of
bamboo or
wooden truss
• Ferro-concrete
thin shell roof
Low cost Ferro-concrete housing

18. Construction technology and indigenous
practices in housing development
• mainly modern construction technology is used for
permanent buildings, while in rural areas, indigenous
technology and traditional building materials are more
commonly used for typical rural housing.
Urban housing development
two general construction technologies are commonly used
1. load bearing
construction.
2. frame structure.
• masonry walls.
• less amount of rod (reinforcement) and
cement
• the limitation is that it is not possible to
shift or move walls
• the load of the building is transferred by
column & beam.
• expensive
• suitable for multistoried building and for
poor soil
conditions

19.  Another type of construction technology is building with
steel or wooden truss and GI sheets.
low-cost buildings and factory premises of Bangladesh
are built using this system.
construction materials for urban housing
• bricks
• cement,
• reinforcement (rod),
• timber
• Glass
• steel,
• tinted glass,
• fiberglass
 A number of indigenous practices can be seen in urban
housing development.
• bamboo is used as scaffolding structure.
• during the piling work of buildings, wooden poles and planks are used

20. Rural housing development
 In rural Bangladesh, the housing processes are vernacular in
nature, which evolved through ages.
It is developed in the rural areas in relation to the
physical environment and with the development of socio-economic
and cultural set up
Design process
• Land level is one of the major criteria in selecting housing site
Bangladesh is predominantly a flood plain/delta terrain.
For this reason, a major part of the high lands are preferred for building a house.
Where high lands are not available or scarce, as in the Haor (marshland) areas,
houses are built on artificially raised ground. Moreover, the availability of housing
materials and their regional differences have an impact on housing construction and
design.
Slanted roof is the common design to drain off rainfall quickly.
• the orientation or location of individual housing units. For example, sleeping units
in the houses are generally made south facing by both the Muslims and the
Hindus (two major sects of Bangladesh), while kitchens are normally constructed
west-facing

21. Structure of a rural house

22. Housing layout
• Rooms are different in sizes and
shape, though rectangular
• Around a rectangular or square
courtyard
• housing units/rooms are
constructed
• cowshed and latrine away from
the main housing area
• Kitchens, normally smaller in
sizes
House form
• The family owning a house made
of corrugated iron sheets
• attached verandah is
aesthetically more attractive
• high windows
• The plinth of these types of
houses is sometimes made of
cement
Amenities and services
• Amenities and services enjoyed
by a household in rural areas
• water supply, latrine, sewerage,
drainage, electricity, etc. do not
seem
to have priority in the housing
structure in rural Bangladesh.
• Natural sources of water are still
vital in rural livelihood .
A rural homestead

23. Construction materials
• bamboo,
• straw,
• grass,
• jute stuck,
• golpata,
• mud
• CI sheet
 Bamboo is widely used as a
common house building material.
 CI sheets and thatch/leaves (like
golpata) roofing is found
 the floor is made of mud
 Cemented floor
 Inner courtyard
 brick built wall and concrete roofing
used to be rare in the rural areas of
the country
Construction technology for rural hou
 It has been observed that straw and bamboo are the most
commonly used building materials in the construction of housing in
rural areas of the country.
 Provision of infrastructure like physical access provision, electricity
and telecommunication facilities would definitely increase the
quality of life of rural people. Finally, financial assistance (either in
cash or kind) would eventually enable the rural people safe and
permanent houses

24. A History Of Social Housing In The UK
20th October 2016 by Tamir Davies
The provision of social housing boasts a long, rich, yet up-and-down history in the
UK, going back as far as both world wars.
Housing has been a constant priority for governments, and continues to be today.
This article examines the acts that were passed
by governments to provide housing for all, clear slums and close the gap between
the rich and poor, as well as addressing barriers that
were faced in the wake of housing plans. This important history has influenced
housing and property as we know it today.

25. In pre-war Britain, buying a house was
reserved for the very wealthy and taking out
loans for mortgages from banks was
uncommon. However, as the population
increased, more and more people started
relocating to the big cities for work, and
pushed into over-crowded inner-city slums.
These slums caused public health concerns,
especially from the middle class who were
worried about the spread of disease.
Therefore, the government recognised a
need to provide new homes for the poorest
sectors of society and to replace the inner-
city slums with better quality housing.
The first effort to provide social housing was
the '1890 housing for the working classes'
Act. This act granted local authorities power
to shut down unhealthy slum housing and
made landlords more liable for the health of
their tenants, by setting standards of health
to be met. Efforts was made to build and
regulate private Common Lodging Houses
that catered for those in need. These were
known as the first council houses in the
world.

26. World war 1
During world war 1, building costs had inflated and there was a lack of building
materials. Consequently, fewer building works took place and the country faced a
housing shortage. It became a government priority to build new houses.
The Government felt particularly responsible for providing homes for the soldiers
returning from war. This lead to the 'Homes fit for Heroes' Act in 1919, also known as the
Addison Act, after Minister of Health, Dr Christopher Addison.
The act promised government subsidies to help finance the construction of 500,000
houses within three years. However, as the economy rapidly weakened in the early
1920’s, funding had to be cut, and only 213,000 homes were actually completed under
the Act's provisions.
High quality garden estates were built, usually on the outskirts of cities. Although these
provided nice homes for some; these were still too expensive for the most needy.
.

27. World War 2
Again there was a halt in the build of new homes and England yet again faced a
housing and building materials shortage. Houses were bombed in the war, and left a
shortage of 750,000 homes.
Prime Minister at the time, Winston Churchill, made housing central to his
government. He ordered for the build of temporary homes; known as pre-fabricated
homes. These were quick and easy to build, and contained fully-fitted kitchens and
bathrooms, unlike houses built beforehand.
Despite only being temporary fixes, supposed to last approximately 10 years,
prefabs were popular and a few are still in existence today.
.

28. Housing central to government
1950s
The 1950's saw the peak of production of
houses; 45 families per week were being
housed. The government needed
another quick and cheap method of
building houses that were more long
lasting than the 'pre-fab'. They also
needed to be easier to construct, as
England faced a skills shortage. This
resulted in pre-cast reinforced concrete
houses (PRC's), housing the generation
of ‘baby boomers’.
Thirty years later it was discovered that
the materials used to build houses were
liable to deterioration of reinforcing steel
and the cracking of concrete panels; as
they were extremely cheap.
Subsequently, houses stopped being
made from these materials.

29. The streets in the sky
During the 1950's and 1960's pre-
fabricated high rise blocks (known as
'streets in the sky') started popping
up over the UK, replacing poor quality
rows of terraced houses. They were
cheap and easier to build, and helped
to alleviate the then current problem
of overcrowded houses. The
government was providing subsidies
for blocks higher than 6 storey’s,
which meant that developers had an
incentive to build higher blocks.
Neighborhoods' around the country
were being demolished and rebuilt
with mixed estates of high and low-
rise buildings.
Councils had the power of 'slum
clearances' which meant they could
control and purchase land for housing
developments, and houses could be
demolished for new developments;
although some communities fought

30. By the 1960s, over 500,000 new flats
had been added to London’s stock.
These housed the rising population.
Unfortunately, these blocks of flats
weren't very well constructed; the
structure and design was poor and so
many of them needed constant
repairing and maintenance. A notable
example is the collapse of some of the
Ronan point, following a gas
explosion, which caused a plunge in
confidence in high-rise buildings.
Thankfully this lead to changes in
building regulations

31. 1980's
In the 1980's, Margaret Thatcher's
government implemented the 'Right to Buy'
scheme, which gave those living in council
houses the ability to buy their homes at a
huge discount; 1 in 3 were able to buy. By
1987, more than 1,000,000 council houses
in Britain had been sold to the tenants, and
for some who sold on their council houses,
made a healthy profit years later.
The legislation was put in place as it
reflected the ingrained British desire to own
a home. It would also mean
homebuyers would take more pride in where
they lived, and many of the unattractive
buildings would be improved and
modernised.
Although extremely positive for some, it did
leave the house stock with a lack of social
housing for those who could not afford to
buy. Most of the homes that were sold were
houses rather than flats which meant that
there was a reduced supply of family homes.
Many of the old poor quality PRC’s were
The situation today
In 1979, 42% of Britons lived in council
homes. Today that figure is just under 8%.
The UK finds itself faced with a stock of
older council houses that were built in the
1960’s and 70’s and desperately need to
be brought up to modern living standards.
With a huge population of around 64
million, the UK’s need for houses, in
particular affordable houses, is ever
present today.
These properties require lots of
maintenance to keep them up to date, due
to their poor build and design. They also
need to be made more attractive and more
in-line with modern taste.
Recent governments have made some
efforts to regenerate older properties. In
the past 10 years, 50 former council
estates across London have been granted
planning permission for substantial
regeneration attempts. Examples of this
are: 2,760-home estate regeneration in
Hackney and the Grahame park

32. THE OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY ARE TO:
• make accessible to all strata of society
• make suitably located land at affordable price
• develop effective strategies for reducing the need to seek
shelter formation or slums, unauthorized constructions,
encroachments and shanty dwelling units
• rehabilitate disaster as well as fire affected households
• promote use of locally developed materials and
construction techniques and increase production of
forest-based building materials such as timber, bamboo
or grass
• develop new strategies and undertake revision of the
policy to cope the emerging housing needs and problems
• develop a property tax base to promote housing

33.  PROPOSED STRATEGY (In context of Bangladesh)
The Fourth -Five Year Plan (1991-95) objectives indicate that the mobilization of
resources for developrnent would be shifted from the Government to the private
sector. Keeping this in view, the strategy of the Government will be to act as
promoter and facilitator of housing by the private sector, while retaining the
Government's role as a provider to a limited extent.
The salient features of the housing strategy are:
• Housing will be given due priority in the national development plans treating it
as a separate sector by itself.
• Government will works as a promoter or facilitator
• Greater emphasis will be laid on affordability, personal savings, selfhelp and
cost recovery
• Encroachments on public land and forrmation of unauthorized constructions
will be discouraged
• wider application of low cost technology and optimum use of resources at the
individual and national levels both in public and private sectors.
• Regeneration of forest-based building materials considering environmental
conservation
• Due attention to the shelter in disaster affected land and fire prone areas

34. • Special care would be taken for the preservation of cultural heritage &
architecture in new housing projects.
• The National Housing Policy will be co-ordinated with other development
policies e.g. land, environment, population, employment, social -welfare,
fiscal and monetary policies at national and local levels.
 HOUSING SITUATION IN BANGLADESH
• an acute housing crisis in both rural and urban area
• housing shortage estimated in 1991 to be about 3.10 million units,
composed of 2.15 million units in rural areas and 0.95 million units in urban
areas.
• current housing stock is deteriorating fast due to aging, general neglect,
poverty and civic apathy on the part of the dwellers (gob, 1993).
• about 80% of the people live in rural areas and 86 % of the dwelling units
are located in rural areas. there has however, been very little public sector
involvement in rural housing.
• traditionally, rural housing has been taken care of by the villagers
themselves.
• government could not make any significant contribution in this respect
except the distribution of some construction materials as relief measures in
the areas ravaged by natural calamities such as flood, cyclone etc.

35. • at present about 30% of the rural families do not have their own homesteads; they
live in ejmali, mortgaged or rented homesteds and 85% of the houses in rural
areas are kutcha (temporary houses)
• has been no concomitant construction of affordable housing and there is an
acute shortage of funds for the development of settlements and extension of
urban infrastructure, both in the public and private sectors.
• growth of slums and informal settlement and severe pressure on civic services.
• unchecked growth of slums and squatter and encroachments on publicly owned
land and other vacant land are the direct outcome of these pressure
• only 5% of the housing units constructed in bangladesh are financed from
formal sources, whereas for the rest, financing comes from saving informal
sources
• public housing has, in general, failed to strike a balance between proper
housing design, standard and architectural style on the one hand and use of the
innovative building materials and affordable housing on the other hand
• private housing sector,houses have been constructed by the well-to-do people
and it has not paid any mentionable attention to the construction of houses
considering majority of the population

36. HOUSING POLICY
Housing policy refers to the actions of government, including legislation and program
delivery, which have a direct or indirect impact on housing supply and availability, housing
standards and urban planning. Through legislation, the allocation of resources, tax policies
and housing policy can also impact house prices and affordability, as well as the
availability of an adequate supply of rental housing. Policies around housing can result in
an investment in social housing, support for alternative types of rental housing (such as
co-ops) or tax policies to encourage the private sector to build and operate more rental
housing.
The policy created by a government outlining the vision, aims and specific detail of how it
will create and provide an affordable variety of housing to meet the current and future
need including financial support .It may be defined as government action to achieve
housing objectives. These objectives could include the improvement of the quality of the
housing stock of dwellings or dealing with homelessness.
 HOUSING POLICY IN BANGLADESH
After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Bangladesh Government formulated five
year plans for planned development of the country. Thus Housing policies are incorporated
in these five year plans:
• FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1973-1978)
• multistoried apartment houses in the urban areas (for low and lower middle income
groups) in the public sector
• Building of minimum shelter in a planned environment
• Developing “sites and services schemes” through urban development agencies and
local bodies for private apartment houses
• Organizing and financing of cooperative apartment houses

37. SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN (1981-1985)
• Construction of large number of low-cost semi-permanent housing units, which would
require less time and resources, to fill in the shortfall of public servants’ housing.
• Provision of developed land, with utilities and easy terms of finance.
• Changing of present entitlement of residential accommodation, with a view to providing
more accommodation units within the available resources.
• Lowering and standardizing the specification for structures, fittings and finishes to reduced
cost.
• Provision of small sized serviced plots with nucleus units to government employees on hire
purchase basis.
• Provision of suitable land, with utilities and services, and easy terms of finance to
government, and semi-government employees to help them build their own houses.
THIRD FIVE YEAR PLAN
• major thrust for housing sector in this plan was to formulate necessary policy
prescriptions to stimulate enhanced private sector participation.
• Public sector investment is to be made only in those areas where it is inescapable,
such as land development, road construction, water supply and construction of
residential buildings for public servants.
• Rehabilitation of squatter families was considered to be the responsibility of the
public sector,
Besides the construction of 384 units of low-cost multistoried flats in major cities, 1911
flats in upazila complexes and 980 flats in new district towns are considered. A low-
income housing and environment improvement project at Kaibalyadham, Chittagong, to
be undertaken. Two low-income housing projects in Dhaka were considered: one of
them is a squatter resettlement program at Mirpur, and the other is at Dattapara. These
two projects are intended for about 5,000 families, with the provision of sites and
services schemes, and sale of plots through seed money provided by the government.

38. FOURTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1991-1995)
The main objective of housing policy was to provide long-term acceptable living environment for all groups
of people.Separate policy guidelines are formulated for public and private sector.
Public sector policy
• Public sector involvement should be limited to housing provision for only those people, who can not afford
houses without direct government support.
• A National Housing Authority (NHA) to be formed to facilitate housing for the low and lower middle income
group.
• Public and semi-public agencies would concentrate on land development projects for middle and lower
income groups.
• Public sector would go for nucleus housing, skeletal housing and expandable housing to suit the varying
degree of affordability of people.
• Priorities to be given on slum upgrading and environmental improvement program, for health and safety of
urban dwellers.
Private sector policies
• Government should develop necessary physical and financial facilities to promote private sector
housing in both rural and urban areas.
• Semi-autonomous, autonomous and private corporate sectors would develop housing estates for their
employees.
• Private developers would be allocated land at suitable locations for providing housing for the middle and
upper income group.
• Fiscal incentives and concessional investment credit should be extended to develop building material
industries at suitable locations of the country.

39. FIFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1997-2002)
A major concern is to improve the physical facilities of living such as housing, water supply,
sanitation and environment.
(Physical planning Objectives )
• Preparation of land use master plans for both rural and urban areas to derive maximum
benefit out of the limited land resources through effective coordination among the
concerned agencies.
• Preparation of regional development plans as well as master plans for all metropolitan
cities and district towns in different phases.
• Improvement and development of infrastructure such as road, water supply, sanitation,
drainage, flood control, solid waste management, retail and community facilities in all
metropolitan cities, district towns and thana headquarters.
• Provision of basic infrastructures in urban slums and squatter settlements; and
.
(Policies )
• Formulations of an appropriate policy to maximize the use of rural land, including re-fixing
land ceiling for agricultural and nonagricultural use.
• Planned development of urban areas to provide a better land use pattern, and improved
environment.
• Greater involvement of local government bodies in planning, development, operation and
maintenance of physical infrastructures at district, thana, unions and village levels.
• Effective involvement of the private sector and NGOs in improvement of slums, waste
disposal and sanitation activities; and
• Integrated development of urban areas, providing a better coordination of different
components e.g. housing, water supply, sanitation, transport, and slum improvement.

40. HOUSING POLICY: ESSENTIAL ELEME
• LAND
• INFRASTRUCTURES
• BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
• FINANCE
• LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

41. 1. LAND
• Increase the supply of serviced land for housing for various income groups
• Access of the poorer sections and vulnerable groups to affordable serviced land with
secure land tenure .
• Encourage the involvement of the private sector in land developrnent, infrastructure
developrnent and construction.
• Special provisions for the handicapped, the destitute and the very poor
• Initiate area development schemes to maximize the availability of housing per unit of
land
• Formation of Urban Land Bank and Rural Land Bank
• khas lands for the landless and agriculture only . Restriction for housing, industries etc
in khas land
2. INFRASTRUCTURE
• balanced pattern of urbanization through a policy of decentralization of investments
and incentives
• Stop unregulated conversion of agricultural and forest land for the purpose of housing
• integrated and planned development of the region and to reduce migration to the
larger cities
• improve mobility of people through public transport and traffic network
• Infrastructure construction which are cost effective, incrementally upgradable, and
environmentally appropriate
• Recognize peoples initiative in the design and involvement in the community

42. 3. BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
• access of rural households to traditional materials considering environmental
preservation as well as forest conservation
• Stimulate the increased production and availability of conventional low cost
technologies and materials in the national standards (cement, steel and bricks and
traditional materials like )
• Promotion of small scales industries as a industrial policy
• Promote low-cost environmentally-sound technology
• Use of indigeneous resources, including mud, wherever appropriate
• Development, manufacture and use of materials based on industrial and agricultural
wastes
• Incorporate the low cost technologies and materials
4. FINANCE FOR HOUSING
• formal sector housing finance programmes, such as ,House Building Advance' from the
Ministry of Finance to Government employees
• evolve an elastic and widespread resource mobilization strategy to tap household
savings in the formal and informal sectors
• Bangladesh Bank as the apex agency charged with linking the housing finance system
with the financial sector
• National Home Lending programme accessible to the poorer segments of the
households through low income housing fund
• Disburse loans to the individuals, cooperatives, community associations, legally
resistered companies, private developers/builders, public corporations and the local
government agencies etc.

43. • housing finance system as a whole self-financing
• Capable of meeting the needs of different income groups
• longer repayment periods ,graduated payments and simplified procedures,
• Bring down the cost of shelter for the pooor to affordable levels
• Co-operative housing movement
• Promotion of reliable housing finance companies
• Private housing banks
• Specialized and mixed institutions will be encouraged to operate in the field of
housing finance

44. 5. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK:
• provision of Land Reforms Act to ensure proper rehabilitation of those displaced by
projects and to preserye user rights over forest and common lands;
• Though governemnts is only a facilitator, it will act directly only in the emergency
situation for poor and landless people
• Slums and Squatter Settlements
• Housing Needs of Women and Aged detached from the family
• Disaster Affected Housing Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
• revision of land use plans, planning and building regulation and infrastructure standards
by the Governrnent and local auihorities
• suitable laws to restrict scattered spreading of homesteads in rural areas and to
conserve agricultural land
• Suitable amendments in the laws and procedures to ensure speedy readjustment with
due regard to the interest of the landowners
• In-situ upgradation and confirment of occupancy right
• Water supply and sanitation
• Community involvement

45. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND FISCAL POLICY
• A National Housing committee will be set up by the Honourable Minister for
works as its chairman
• The National Housing committee will be constituted with
• The Ministry of works will be renamed as the Ministry of Housing and
Public works which will provide policy supports and programme
coordination
• The Housing and Settlement Directorate and the office of the Deputy
commissioner of Settlement would be transformed into a National
Housing
• Authority (NHA) for boosting up and accelerating housing programmes
• Mayors of Municipal corporations,
• five Mermbers of Parliament from five administrative Divisions,
• Governor,
• Bangladesh Bank
• other government officials concerned, and
• the representations of the concerned professional associations, experts
and private developers

46. • investment in rental or ownership housing, specially for low-income
employees
• manufacture of new building materials and components produced out of
industrial wastes and agricultural wastes
• Fiscal incentives will be provided in order to promote desired investment in
housing activity
• Government would encourage housing schemes to channel investment of non-
residental Bangladeshis in convertible foreign exchange to residential property
to stimulate large flow in such investment
• Use fiscal and municipal taxation policy, including tax on vacant urban land
designated for residential, commercial and industrial use
• Modify the tax structure related to purchase and transfer of land in order to
reduce the cost of land transfer

47. GOVERNMENT’S ROLE
• The Government will devise and implement strategies which will enable the
various agencies
• act as facilitator housing
• Its role as a provider will be limited to the poorest and vulnerable sections
• control speculation and profitering through appropriate tax and fiscal
measures
• Encourage NGos and the voluntary and community based agencies
• Promote decentralized execution with active participation of beneficiaries
• Reorient the Government housing agencies to act more as promoters
• Make building materials available at a reasonable cost through necessary
changes in fiscal and policies
• suitable locations/core areas of the urban centres at a market price
• Take steps to integrate housing activity, income generation and employment.
• Give priority to the preservation of buildings and monuments, structures of
architectural varue, and the preservation of speciai natural features

48. WHO WORKS ON HOUSING POLICY
• BANGLADESH HOUSING POLICY AUTHORITY
• CITY LEVEL AUTHORITY
• HBRI
• PWD
• NHA
• HBFC
• HBRI
• DOA
• ARCHITECTS
• ENGINEERS
• MINISTRY OF WORKS
• MINISTRY OF LAND
• MINISTRY OF FINANCE
• NATIONAL ECONOMICAL COUNCIL (NEC)

49. HABITAT –III
The challenges given for the policy paper calls for a renewed commitment and a different approach.
Combining multiple solutions—land, finance, and construction—with multiple partnerships — governments,
private sector, civil society and donors —will close the affordable housing gap. Beyond increasing financing,
this policy paper invites the global community to pursue a new strategic approach that includes reforms in
five areas:-
1. Create an integrated housing framework: is a integrate housing programs into decision-
making;
2. Adopt an inclusive approach: support participatory processes and fair housing policies,
and address housing for vulnerable and special needs groups;
3. Expand affordable housing: improve affordability of home ownership; subsidize low-
income households to rent or own adequate housing; expand and improve the affordable
housing stock;
4. Improve housing conditions:
• improve habitability (protection from natural elements, hazards and diseases) in urban and
rural locations,
• access to basic services (water, sanitation, lighting, electricity, and garbage disposal),
• legal right to secure tenure (including compliance with a continuum of land rights,
• promotion of gender‐equal land rights, and
• prohibition of housing discrimination and forced eviction); and
5. Upgrade informal settlements: support neighborhood upgrading programs and
incremental housing in informal settlement

50. 1. VISION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE POLICY PAPER’S
CONTRIBUTION TO THE NEW URBAN AGENDA
2. POLICY CHALLENGES
3. PRIORITIZING POLICY OPTIONS – TRANSFORMATIVE ACTIONS
FOR THE NEW URBAN AGENDA
4. KEY FACTORS FOR ACTION – ENABLING INSTITUTIONS
5. POLICY DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
How To Achieve Global Housing Goals ?????
To achieve goals from all these five agendas mentioned above they has to be
compaire and relate with five dimensions of housing and housing policy.
DIMENSIONS :-
1. Integrated Housing Framework
2. Inclusive Housing
3. Affordable Housing
4. Adequate Housing
5. Informal Settlement Upgrading
It can be achieved by followings agendas :-

51. ( 1 ) VISION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE POLICY PAPER’S CONTRIBUTION TO
THE NEW URBAN AGENDA
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call upon member countries to “ensure
access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade
slums [by 2030]”
• The global housing goals are hence comprised of improving the lives of the 881 million
urban people presently in informal settlements; and of ensuring opportunities for the
additional growth in global population by 1.18 billion people by 2030
Relationship between Housing Policy and the New Urban Agenda
a. Social Cohesion
The linkages between housing and social cohesion are critical for responding to the housing needs of
low-income residents, integrating refugees, and ensuring safety.
b. Urban Frameworks
Collaboration between levels of government, along with civil society and housing developers, will optimize
affordable housing production.
c. Spatial Development
land allocation practices, density thresholds, floor-area ratios, and plots sizes— have large implications
on the supply of affordable housing
d. Urban Economy
expand employment in the building sector and increase employment , live/work housing options and
neighborhood revitalization.
e. Urban Ecology
including enforcing building codes. Efforts to encourage medium and high-density housing will reduce
transportation costs and air pollution.

52. The achievement of global housing goals will be possible through programmatic
attention to five dimensions: an integrated housing framework, inclusive housing,
affordable housing, adequate housing, and informal settlement upgrading.iii
 Integrated housing framework
• the embedding of housing into urban plans and both citywide and national
sectoral investment strategies (as they relate to urban services, land use,
transportation and environmental sustainability)
 Inclusive Housing
• housing for special needs groups;
• Fair housing policy
 Affordable Housing
• the adoption of policies and measures to improve affordability
 Adequate Housing
• measures that provide for habitability (protection from natural elements, hazards,
and disease), access to basic services (including to water, sanitation, lighting,
electricity, and garbage disposal), legal right to secure tenure (including
compliance with a continuum of land rights, promotion of gender‐equal land rights,
and prohibition of housing discrimination and forced eviction)
 Informal settlement upgrading
• support of neighborhood upgrading programs and protection of incremental
housing.

53. (2) POLICY CHALLENGES
• Progress in the monitoring of global housing needs
• Reinforcement of local governments and their role in housing provision
• most governments reduced their role in direct provision of housing supply, without providing
compensatory incentives
• Less government intervention in the majority of cases resulted in fewer or no housing
opportunities for the poorest and the most vulnerable.
to serve member states better, given the vast interconnections that bind these geographies
together
1. Integrated Housing Framework
• transportation, infrastructure, and land use – that fail to consider housing in their plans.
• The lack of an integrated housing framework has worked against density and has,
instead, contributed to urban sprawl and segregation.
• When slum areas are physically isolated and disconnected from the main urban fabric,
residents endure longer commuting times and higher transportation costs than they would
if their neighborhoods were more integrated into city systems
(a) severe job restrictions;
(b) high rates of gender disparities;
(c) deteriorated living conditions;
(d) social exclusion and marginalization;
(e) lack of social interaction; and high incidence of crime

54. 2. Inclusive Housing
• Sustainable Housing, poor, disadvantaged, and vulnerable populations often lack
affordable and adequate housing as well as other public services such as water and
sanitation.
• increase in housing costs undermines access to adequate and affordable housing
• for example :- in Africa, incremental self-build housing is becoming increasingly difficult
due to high cost and/or lack of land, putting increasing strain on already vulnerable
groups.
• welfare and housing regimes –e.g. safety net issues, legal and institutional frameworks
– as countries struggle with significant income differentials.
• Exclusionary zoning is another factor that significantly affects the supply of adequate,
affordable housing.
• Lack of mixed use zoning regulations equally contributes to segregation
• Indigenous people and women particularly face housing discrimination.
3. Affordable Housing
• Most low-income households face barriers in accessing funding (including subsidized
mortgage) from formal financial institutions, including:
(1) minimum deposit requirements in savings accounts;
(2) high fees;
(3) collateral security (titles);
(4) income stability

55. 4. Adequate Housing
a) Access to improved water – unsafe and unaffordable water supply,
b) Access to improved sanitation facilities- only 63% aground the globe gets proper water
supply (2010 data )
c) Sufficient living area
d) Structural quality/durability of dwellings
e) Security of tenure
5. Informal Settlement Upgrading
Around one quarter of the world’s urban population continue to live in
slums and informal settlements. Although the global proportion of urban
slum dwellers in developing countries has declined since 2000 , the
number of slum dwellers around the world continues to grow at around 10
percent every year, intensifying the problem worldwide. The proportion of
the urban slum dwellers is most acute in
• Africa (61.7 percent),
• Asia (30 percent),
• Latin America
• the Caribbean (24 percent),
• Arab States (13.3 percent).

56. 3. PRIORITIZING POLICY OPTIONS – TRANSFORMATIVE ACTIONS FOR THE NEW
URBAN AGENDA
To assist policy- and other decision-makers implement the proposed policy framework, experts
appointed for Policy Unit 10 hereby put forth practical guidelines and a menu of prioritized actions.
Housing at the Center of the New Urban Agenda Principles
• Housing is inseparable from urbanization
• Housing is a socioeconomic development imperative
• Systemic reforms, strong states and long-term policy and finance are needed to enable
access to adequate housing for all
• Housing and slum upgrading policies should be accompanied by national strategies
• Human rights principles and standards are of extraordinary relevance for urban
development, to create socially sustainable and inclusive cities

57.  Intregated housing frame work
• Adoptation of regional as well as municipal policies to expand
infrastructure networks(land, water supply , transport etc) and
facilities
 Inclusive housing
• fair and inclusive housing policies at all levels that prevent
discrimination and which address housing for special needs
groups
• Government funding to the exceptional groups
 Affordable housing
• housing policies that expand and improve the affordable housing
stock
• policies that support green infrastructure , forest conservation
and use of agricultural waste in construction

58.  Adequate housing
• housing polices that ensure the health, safety and security of the zone
• Energy efficiency practices and policy to improve the global warming
• policies that improve access to lighting, electricity and garbage disposal
in urban and developed rural areas.
• Adopt policies that support a land registration and cadastral system.

59. 4. KEY ACTORS FOR ACTION – ENABLING INSTITUTIONS
The sections below provide several models to encourage key actors to
collaborate in monitoring and implementing housing policies.
• National, Regional, State, and Local Government
• Civil society organizations
• Private Sector
• Donors

60. 5. POLICY DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
• Housing Policy Framing
• Housing Policy Design
• Implementation and Analysis of Financial Resources Required
• Monitoring and Evaluation of Housing Policies

61.  HOUSING ALL OVER THE GLOBE
The Bon Kai area is located in central Bangkok, and includes an active fresh market,
a mix of NHA-built housing,
• The site is on a busy road, Rama IV, which makes it prime property, and is not far
from the Bangkok Port.
• 352 sqft per unit
• 3272 numbers of unit
• 15 year loan by government
• Low income housing
• Both the users and owners as well as government contributed in it
Fig:- Nha Bon Kai Community
1. BANGKOK , THAILAND
• Area – 60800 sqm
• Facilities – Parking,
multipurpose space at ground ,
play ground,community center,
neighbourhood park, market
and day care center
• Ownership - Co-opperative/
rental
• Target people – low income
830 us dollar

62. 2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Taking two years to complete (1941-1942) the Pueblo del
Rio Housing Project (52nd Street and Long Beach Avenue),
located in one of the older residential areas of Los Angeles,
• Was built to house the city's growing population of
defense industry workers.
• Because of its use as primarily as housing for defense
workers, Pueblo del Rio was given a priority rating by the
national Office of Production Management.
• Per unit 5000sq/ft
• subsidy by government and private managament
Fig-Pueblo Del Rio Housing
• Area –84,0000sq/f
• Facilities –
Education,employment
traning,job placement,job
retention,recreation,resident
advisory counsil,
• Ownership - Mixed finance
public housing
• Target people – Laborer of
factories

63. 3. NEPAL
Fig – Musahar community
• Facilities – Education,employment
traning,job placement,recreation, skill to
the women, market
• Ownership – personal saving, public
donation , mixed finance
• Target people – earthqauke and
homeless people
• Giranchaur of Sindhupalchowk district was
completely turned into a pile of rubbles when
the catastrophic earthquake struck the country
last April 2015 .
• The cost of reconstruction of this integrated
settlement is estimated to be around Rs 500
million.
• 5,000 people and organizations have donated
to carry out the reconstruction works.
• All houses are earthquake resilient and
includes basic facilities such as toilets,
separate kitchens, bathrooms, taps among
others
• Government worked as a facilitator and land
supplier in necessary zones .

64.  HOUSING POLICY ALL AROUND THE G
• land - Ensuring availability of land and conferring homestead rights
• Infrastructure - Providing the necessary back up to support the construction of
new and additional units and upgradation of the existing ones, Minimizing
displacement of rural households by developmental projects . Providing basic
infrastructure
• Finance - Capital investment programs and subsidies focusing on rural areas had
strained government finances, and the direct provision of affordable public
housing for ownership was proving to be expensive
• Building materials -. Promoting the use of locally available materials and
construction practices; Reorganizing the then existing system of distribution of
essential building materials, such as steel, cement, coal, etc., and taking steps to
reduce the high prices of these materials which are all subject to price controls,
and, for this purpose, conducting necessary investigations..
• Legal and regulatory frame work - Undertaking adequate rehabilitation measures
for people affected by natural calamities; Offering protective discrimination to the
weaker sections of society ( lower and lower middle class ).
1 . INDIA ( with elements of housing and housing policy )

65. 1 . SINGAPORE ( with elements of housing and housing policy )
• land - 90% of Land owned by the Government , Land Cost is not factored
into the sale price of public housing for buyers , Nearly half of the
available land in Singapore is already built up, while a considerable
proportion consists of land designated as water catchment areas, forest
reserves and for military establishments, which can never be put to
economic use.
• Infrastructure – According to HDB , adequate supply to meet the needs of
construction industry at reasonable cost should be ensured.
• Finance – Both employers and employes contribute a certain percentage
of the employee’s monthly salary to the fund , CPF funds are also used to
purchase government bonds that are partly used to finance loans and
subsidies to the HDB to draw from the savings of the public to finance
public housing.
• Building materials - The HDB helps local and foreign materials
manufactures develop suitable new materials.
• Legal and regulatory frame work -It is also in line with the policy of
providing squatter and slum dwellers with a better standard of housing and
living. 2. Resettlement policies aim at providing equitable compensation,
resulting in minimum adjustment and making a real improvement in the
housing conditions of the squatters, small-scale farmers and slum dwellers
• Ownership - Home Ownership for the People’ Scheme was introduced to
provide and assist people to purchase low-cost flats.