Plegable biomol

1. TRANSCRIPTION
Giliana Velásquez Londoño
Medicine Student

2. TRANSCRIPTION
By: Giliana Paola Velásquez
Londoño
Molecular Biology Teacher:
Lina María Martinez
Sanchez
BIBLIOGRAPHYMEDICAL UTILITY
Riboswitches can serve as
regulators of gene expression.
This section controls whether
the protein encoded in that
RNA is synthesized or not.
On the other hand, transposons
are segments of DNA with the
ability to move along the
genome. This feature of
transposons can be exploited to
be used as gene vectors for
manipulation of the genome.
MARTINEZ SÁNCHEZ, Lina
María. Biología molecular. 8.
ed. Medellín: UPB. Fac. de
Medicina, 2015.
MADIGAN M; Martinko. Brock
Biology of Microorganisms, 11.
ed. Prentice Hall. 2005.
LODISH, Harvey. Biologia
celular y molecular. 5. ed.
Panamericana. 2011.

3. INTRODUCTION
REGULATION OF DNA
TRANSCRIPTION IN
BACTERIA
Transcription is the first step
of gene expression, consisting
of the synthesis of RNA from
a DNA template strand,
transcribed information is
valuable to obtain proteins.
Enzymes called RNA
polymerases perform the
transcription, they bind to a
sequence called a promoter
almost at the start of a gene
and bind nucleotides to form
an RNA strand, the
transcriptional process has 3
stages: initiation, elongation
and termination.
The research group of Harald
Schwalbe presents us a study on
the action of the riboswitch so
far.
According to the study the role of
riboswitch in transcription is to
signal RNA polymerase to
continue or to stop RNA
synthesis.
They found that the riboswitch
makes a conformational change
every so often and that this
determines the arrest of RNA
polymerase function.
RETROTRANSPOSONS
AND TRANSCRIPTION
Retrotransposons are repetitive
elements that are part of the
genomeScientists at the Helmholtz
Zentrum München investigated the
role of the L1 transposon family in
embryonic development.
Their conclusions were
Very low or very high expression
of L1 stops the embryonic
development this is due to its
regulation in the accessibility to
the chromatin.

4. INTRODUCTION
Transcription is the first step
of gene expression, consisting
of the synthesis of RNA from
a DNA template strand,
transcribed information is
valuable to obtain proteins.
Enzymes called RNA
polymerases perform the
transcription, they bind to a
sequence called a promoter
almost at the start of a gene
and bind nucleotides to form
an RNA strand, the
transcriptional process has 3
stages: initiation, elongation
and termination.
INTRODUCTION
Transcription is the synthesis of a RNA molecule from a
template DNA molecule and is given in the 5'-3
'direction. This process is carried out by RNA
polymerase in eukaryotes (II, III and I) and in
prokaryotes.
Initiation
Binding of RNA
polymerase and
promoter
Elongation
Formation of
nascent RNA
Termination
Dissociation of
RNA
polymerase

5. REGULATION OF DNA
TRANSCRIPTION IN
BACTERIA
The research group of Harald
Schwalbe presents us a study on
the action of the riboswitch so
far.
According to the study the role of
riboswitch in transcription is to
signal RNA polymerase to
continue or to stop RNA
synthesis.
They found that the riboswitch
makes a conformational change
every so often and that this
determines the arrest of RNA
polymerase function.
PAUSE TO READ THE TRAFFIC SIGN:
REGULATION OF DNA TRANSCRIPTION IN
BACTERIA
2017, July 18

6. PAUSE TO READ THE TRAFFIC SIGN:
REGULATION OF DNA
TRANSCRIPTION IN BACTERIA
A riboswitch is a regulatory segment of a messenger
RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting
in a change in the production of proteins encoded by
the mRNA.

7. PAUSE TO READ THE TRAFFIC SIGN:
REGULATION OF DNA
TRANSCRIPTION IN BACTERIA
The binding of the aptamer to the target
molecule results in a conformational
change of the expression platform, thus
affecting gene expression.
Parts of the riboswitch are
Can either be turned off or activated
depending on the specific function of
the small molecule.
APTAMER
PLATFORM OF
EXPRESSION

8. PAUSE TO READ THE TRAFFIC SIGN:
REGULATION OF DNA
TRANSCRIPTION IN BACTERIA
The xpt is a guanine riboswitch, the presence of guanine
promotes the binding of certain ligands to the aptamer to
cause an arrest in the transcription of a given gene.

9. Student’s opinion
I think that riboswitch is a good way to regulate
the expression of certain genes which would be
reflected in the synthesis of certain proteins,
besides it is easy to operate since its activation
has a high spectrum of ligands.

10. Retrotransposons are repetitive
elements that are part of the
genomeScientists at the Helmholtz
Zentrum München investigated the
role of the L1 transposon family in
embryonic development.
Their conclusions were
Very low or very high expression
of L1 stops the embryonic
development this is due to its
regulation in the accessibility to
the chromatin.
REPETTITIVE ELEMENTS SHAPE
EMBRYONIC CHROMATIN
LANDSCAPE
RETROTRANSPOSONS
AND TRANSCRIPTION
2017, August 28

11. REPETTITIVE ELEMENTS SHAPE
EMBRYONIC CHROMATIN
LANDSCAPE
LINE1 also L1 are transposable elements in the DNA of
some organisms and belong to the group of Long
interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). They are DNA
sequences that can "copy and paste" their genetic code
throughout the genome. By breaking down the genes, L1
may be responsible for some rare cases of genetic diseases.
TRANSPOSON

12. REPETTITIVE ELEMENTS SHAPE
EMBRYONIC CHROMATIN
LANDSCAPE
They used TALE to
Inhibit L1 expression Stimulating L1 expression
Detention of
development

13. REPETTITIVE ELEMENTS SHAPE
EMBRYONIC CHROMATIN
LANDSCAPE
The regulation in the embryonic development by the
retrotransposons is given by means of the change in
chromatin, which is necessary for proper embryonic
development.
L1 acts on the
chromatin

14. Student’s opinion
I believe that the role of retrotransposons is
important not only in embryonic development but
also in other vital processes regulated by gene
expression, given that they intervene in the form
that chromatin takes.

15. MEDICAL UTILITY
Riboswitches can serve as
regulators of gene expression.
This section controls whether
the protein encoded in that
RNA is synthesized or not.
On the other hand, transposons
are segments of DNA with the
ability to move along the
genome. This feature of
transposons can be exploited to
be used as gene vectors for
manipulation of the genome.
MEDICAL UTILITY

16. Artificial riboswitches that modify gene expression can now
be generated.
An important use of riboswitches is a bacterial level acting
as an antibiotic. The riboswitch is essential so that the
bacterial cell can synthesize certain molecules that are
necessary for it svital metabolism. If the riboswitch is
blocked or inactivated in some way, the bacterial cell
disorganizes and dies.
MEDICAL UTILITY

17. MEDICAL UTILITY
The riboswitches have multiple cases per
genome, where each case controls an operon
containing many genes, many of which are
essential for the survival of the bacteria.
Therefore, for bacteria to develop resistance to
the antibiotic by mutations in the riboswitch,
all riboswitches must be transformed.

18. MEDICAL UTILITY
Retrotransposons can be used as
vectors for somatic and germline cell
transgenesis and in the generation of
mutants with both loss of function
and gain of function.

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
MARTINEZ SÁNCHEZ, Lina María. Biología
molecular. 8. ed. Medellín: UPB. Fac. de
Medicina, 2015, 117-124 p.
MADIGAN M; Martinko. Brock Biology of
Microorganisms, 11. ed. Prentice Hall. 2005.
LODISH, Harvey. Biologia celular y molecular. 5.
ed. Panamericana. 2011.

20. “SCIENCE IS MADE UP OF
ERRORS THAT IN TURN ARE
THE STEPS TOWARDS TRUTH”
JULIO VERNE