The document discusses ecological concepts like zonation, climax communities, and plagioclimax communities. Zonation refers to parallel or sub-parallel bands of communities based on latitude or altitude. A climax community is an ecological community that has reached a stable state with balanced populations and feedback mechanisms. A plagioclimax community is one prevented from further development due to human influences like agriculture, hunting, or grazing.

1. The arrangement or patterning of communities into
parallel or sub-parallel bands is known as zonation.
Zonation in biomes are in latitudes and climate
Zonation in plants can be in altitude.

2. Gross productivity is low.
Energy lost through community respiration is low.
Soil becomes better structured and more fertile.
Gross productivity by producers increases.
Diversity increases.
Net productivity increases.
In climax population GPP, NPP and diversity
stabilizes

3. If the value of P/R is 1, then it is a steady state
community.
If the value of P/R is greater than 1, then
biomass accumulates.
If the value of P/R is less than 1, biomass is
depleted.

4. A CLIMAX COMMUNITY is an ecological community in which
populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in
balance with each other and their environment.
Ecosystems with more feedback mechanisms are more stable
than simple ecosystem.

5. Greater biomass
Higher levels of species diversity
More favorable soil conditions
Better soil structure
Lower pH
Taller and stronger-living plant species
More K-strategists/fewer r-strategists
Greater community complexity and stability
Greater habitat diversity
Steady-state equilibrium

6. A Plagioclimax community is an area or habitat in which the
influences of the human race have prevented the ecosystem
from developing further.
All human activities ( agriculture, hunting, clearance, burning
and grazing ) create a plagioclimax by arresting succession.