Systematics of Eustylini - Reclassification of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae).
Poster presented at the 2015 Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, Nov 17, 2015
V korneyev new contributions to the taxonomic revision sValery Korneyev
This document provides an overview of the taxonomic revision of the fly family Ctenostylidae. It discusses the history of classification of the family and genera. Key points include that ctenostylids are small, nocturnal flies with an uncertain parasitic larval stage. There is debate around their phylogenetic placement, with arguments that they are most closely related to tephritid flies or toxopyrgota flies. The document outlines morphological characteristics of the family and genera and provides an analysis of proposed phylogenetic relationships between genera.
Circumscription of a monophyletic family for the tapaculos (aves rhinocryptid...herculanoalvarenga
This article examines the phylogenetic relationships and systematic placement of two genera - Melanopareia and Psilorhamphus - within the family Rhinocryptidae (tapaculos). Molecular analysis shows that while Psilorhamphus is nested within Rhinocryptidae, Melanopareia falls outside of that clade. As a result, a new family is erected for Melanopareia to accurately reflect its distinct evolutionary history. The article also reviews the complex taxonomic history of classifying these two problematic genera among tapaculos and related bird groups.
New Species of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) of Common M...Premier Publishers
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) are obligatory parasites of birds and mammals. Little attention has been given to chewing lice species in Pakistan; hence this is a contribution towards the chewing lice fauna of the country. In the present work, two new species of chewing lice were recovered from common and native bird Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna) (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in Sindh, Pakistan. During the examination of 80 birds of A. tristis, 65 birds produced two new species of chewing lice, belonging to genus Myrsidea (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and genus Sturnidoecus (Ischnocera: Philopteridae); however, all birds were prevalent to chewing lice of genus Brueelia and Menacanthus. The new species are described in detail, illustrated and compared with their closest allied species found on birds of family Sturnidae.
Hidden generic diversity in neotropical birds molecular and anatomical data s...herculanoalvarenga
This document presents molecular and anatomical data that supports establishing a new genus for the Scytalopus indigoticus species group, which is currently classified within the genus Scytalopus. Analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences and anatomical features found strong evidence that Scytalopus is paraphyletic, with the S. indigoticus group forming a distinct clade separate from other Scytalopus species. The data supports elevating the S. indigoticus group to a new genus, questioning the presumed monophyly of the widely diverse genus Scytalopus. This highlights the importance of formally testing assumptions of monophyly, even for well-established bird groups.
This document summarizes key characteristics of different invertebrate groups. It describes that invertebrates lack backbones and can be divided into groups like arthropods, molluscs, and others. Arthropods include insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. Insects have 3 body sections, 6 legs and most have wings. Arachnids have 2 body sections, 8 eyes and 8 legs. The life cycle of a butterfly is also summarized, going from egg to larvae/caterpillar, to chrysalis/pupa, and finally adult butterfly.
This document provides a taxonomy of lagomorphs and rodents, describing their classification and listing examples of families and species. It divides rodents into 5 suborders including Sciuromorpha, Castorimorpha, Myomorpha, Anomaluromorpha, and Hystricomorpha. Examples of rodent families and species are provided for each suborder. Lagomorphs are also classified, including the families Leporidae (hares and rabbits), Ochotonidae (pikas), and Prolagidae.
The document discusses different types of literature used in systematics and ecology, including primary sources like experimental data and journal articles, secondary sources like reviews and meta-analyses that interpret primary sources, and tertiary sources like encyclopedias and textbooks that compile and distill primary and secondary sources. It also discusses grey literature produced by organizations. The document outlines tools for synthesizing information like narrative reviews, vote counting, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, and discusses best practices for conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses, such as choosing search terms and refining searches.
This document summarizes research on the diversity and evolution of bacterial symbionts in weevils. The key points are:
1) Over 70,000 described weevil species harbor diverse bacterial symbionts across different tissues, with functions like nutrient provision and host development.
2) Analysis of DNA from 246 weevil specimens identified over 900 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with over 39% unable to be assigned to known taxa.
3) Two putative weevil-specific symbionts, "Candidatus Nardonella" and "Candidatus Curculioniphilus", were identified through reciprocal BLAST searches and phylogenetic placement, with "Candidatus Nardonella" found conserved across we
V korneyev new contributions to the taxonomic revision sValery Korneyev
This document provides an overview of the taxonomic revision of the fly family Ctenostylidae. It discusses the history of classification of the family and genera. Key points include that ctenostylids are small, nocturnal flies with an uncertain parasitic larval stage. There is debate around their phylogenetic placement, with arguments that they are most closely related to tephritid flies or toxopyrgota flies. The document outlines morphological characteristics of the family and genera and provides an analysis of proposed phylogenetic relationships between genera.
Circumscription of a monophyletic family for the tapaculos (aves rhinocryptid...herculanoalvarenga
This article examines the phylogenetic relationships and systematic placement of two genera - Melanopareia and Psilorhamphus - within the family Rhinocryptidae (tapaculos). Molecular analysis shows that while Psilorhamphus is nested within Rhinocryptidae, Melanopareia falls outside of that clade. As a result, a new family is erected for Melanopareia to accurately reflect its distinct evolutionary history. The article also reviews the complex taxonomic history of classifying these two problematic genera among tapaculos and related bird groups.
New Species of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) of Common M...Premier Publishers
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) are obligatory parasites of birds and mammals. Little attention has been given to chewing lice species in Pakistan; hence this is a contribution towards the chewing lice fauna of the country. In the present work, two new species of chewing lice were recovered from common and native bird Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna) (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in Sindh, Pakistan. During the examination of 80 birds of A. tristis, 65 birds produced two new species of chewing lice, belonging to genus Myrsidea (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and genus Sturnidoecus (Ischnocera: Philopteridae); however, all birds were prevalent to chewing lice of genus Brueelia and Menacanthus. The new species are described in detail, illustrated and compared with their closest allied species found on birds of family Sturnidae.
Hidden generic diversity in neotropical birds molecular and anatomical data s...herculanoalvarenga
This document presents molecular and anatomical data that supports establishing a new genus for the Scytalopus indigoticus species group, which is currently classified within the genus Scytalopus. Analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences and anatomical features found strong evidence that Scytalopus is paraphyletic, with the S. indigoticus group forming a distinct clade separate from other Scytalopus species. The data supports elevating the S. indigoticus group to a new genus, questioning the presumed monophyly of the widely diverse genus Scytalopus. This highlights the importance of formally testing assumptions of monophyly, even for well-established bird groups.
This document summarizes key characteristics of different invertebrate groups. It describes that invertebrates lack backbones and can be divided into groups like arthropods, molluscs, and others. Arthropods include insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans. Insects have 3 body sections, 6 legs and most have wings. Arachnids have 2 body sections, 8 eyes and 8 legs. The life cycle of a butterfly is also summarized, going from egg to larvae/caterpillar, to chrysalis/pupa, and finally adult butterfly.
This document provides a taxonomy of lagomorphs and rodents, describing their classification and listing examples of families and species. It divides rodents into 5 suborders including Sciuromorpha, Castorimorpha, Myomorpha, Anomaluromorpha, and Hystricomorpha. Examples of rodent families and species are provided for each suborder. Lagomorphs are also classified, including the families Leporidae (hares and rabbits), Ochotonidae (pikas), and Prolagidae.
The document discusses different types of literature used in systematics and ecology, including primary sources like experimental data and journal articles, secondary sources like reviews and meta-analyses that interpret primary sources, and tertiary sources like encyclopedias and textbooks that compile and distill primary and secondary sources. It also discusses grey literature produced by organizations. The document outlines tools for synthesizing information like narrative reviews, vote counting, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, and discusses best practices for conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses, such as choosing search terms and refining searches.
This document summarizes research on the diversity and evolution of bacterial symbionts in weevils. The key points are:
1) Over 70,000 described weevil species harbor diverse bacterial symbionts across different tissues, with functions like nutrient provision and host development.
2) Analysis of DNA from 246 weevil specimens identified over 900 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with over 39% unable to be assigned to known taxa.
3) Two putative weevil-specific symbionts, "Candidatus Nardonella" and "Candidatus Curculioniphilus", were identified through reciprocal BLAST searches and phylogenetic placement, with "Candidatus Nardonella" found conserved across we
Zhang Franz ESCJAM 2015 Exophthalmus Reclassificationtaxonbytes
This study reclassifies genera within the polyphyletic Exophthalmus weevil genus complex using both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of 138 species. The results recognize five valid genera: (1) Pachnaeus is redefined to contain Cuban and Jamaican species. (2) Tropirhinus is expanded to include species from the former Tetrabothynus, Compsoricus, and some Exophthalmus. (3) Rhinospathe incorporates continental Exophthalmus species and the synonymized Chauliopleurus. (4) Diaprepes remains unchanged. (5) Exophthalmus is narrowed to only include West Indian striped species. This new classification reflects the
This document provides an overview of the invisible world of marine plants through a series of topics:
1. It discusses picoplanktons like cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus that were some of the earliest photosynthetic organisms.
2. It mentions fossilized cyanobacterial biofilms called stromatolites that provide evidence of deep geological time.
3. Some cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically.
4. Several examples of microalgae are provided, including the green algae Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris and the red microalgae Pooja.
5.
La fundación Globalis organizará una conferencia el 27 de febrero sobre los beneficios fiscales de la investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+I). La conferencia contará con expertos en proyectos de I+D+I, auditoría, calidad y finanzas de pymes. El objetivo es explicar los requisitos de los proyectos de I+D+I, sus mecanismos de financiación y deducciones fiscales como incentivos para proyectos empresariales. También se presentará la plataforma Pyme-Finance, una herramienta integral
Badminton is a racquet sport played by two opposing players or doubles teams on a rectangular court divided by a net. Unlike other racquet sports, badminton uses a projectile called a shuttlecock rather than a ball. The shuttlecock consists of a cork or plastic base surrounded by feathers which allows it to travel more slowly through the air. This aerodynamic design provides resistance to the trajectory of the projectile, giving rhythm to movements and avoiding deviations in windy conditions. Competitions also typically take place indoors.
Letter to Andrew Dilnot, UK Statistics AuthorityCityHallLabour
This letter summarizes concerns about discrepancies between actual police officer numbers in London from October 2011 and the numbers cited in the Mayor's Draft Police and Crime Plan. Specifically:
1) The numbers in the Plan do not match official statistics and the reasons given for the discrepancy are unverifiable.
2) This is the first time the public has been told the Plan's figures are not actual numbers from October 2011.
3) Using actual October 2011 numbers shows different outcomes, with half of boroughs losing officers rather than gains as projected in the Plan. Clarification is requested from the UK Statistics Authority.
El documento presenta un mapa conceptual de las ramas del derecho. Divide el derecho en público y privado. El derecho público se refiere a las normas que rigen las relaciones entre el Estado y los ciudadanos, mientras que el derecho privado regula las relaciones entre particulares. Dentro del derecho público y privado se encuentran el derecho sustantivo, que establece obligaciones, y el derecho adjetivo, que regula cómo se aplica y hace cumplir el derecho sustantivo.
This document appears to contain a code of some kind, XAT226419, and an email address, Vinishu@22. There is very little contextual information provided, making it difficult to determine the purpose or meaning of the codes and address. Overall, the document simply lists a code and email address but provides no other details.
Aventura has a warm climate where people can spend time outdoors year-round, but broken air conditioners can cause suffering from heat, especially for babies, children and elderly. While most HVAC companies only offer repairs during regular business hours, Polar Air Conditioner Corp recognizes the need for 24-hour AC repairs in Aventura to care for the health and well-being of the community.
Rommel Ramírez nació en 1972 en una familia de pocos recursos en Ecuador. A pesar de su origen humilde, se destacó por sus excelentes calificaciones en la escuela y estudió ingeniería en sistemas en la Universidad de Cuenca, donde se graduó con honores. Actualmente trabaja como profesor en la capital de Ecuador, habla cuatro idiomas y ha viajado por muchas partes del mundo.
Was haben Java, HTML, JPG, Bitmap und SQL mit Haustüren zu tun? Nun, ganz einfach: All diesen Sprachen und Formaten haben wir es zu verdanken, dass es mittlerweile möglich ist, Interaktion zwischen Kunden und Herstellern beziehungsweise Kunden und Lieferanten mittels Internet zu ermöglichen.
This document describes four new species of Clavicornaltica, a genus of tiny flea beetles. Two new species, C. dali and C. longsheng, are described from China, while C. tamdao and C. vietnamensis are described from Vietnam. Descriptions of the wing and metathorax of Clavicornaltica are also provided for the first time. A key is presented to differentiate the four new species. Male genitalia are illustrated for one known species.
First attempts using NGS in Senecio (Asteraceae)
Building a robust phylogeny of Culcitium group: a baseline for addressing further evolutionary questions for the genus in the Andes
Taxonomic study of the family Scoliidae (Hymenoptera; Aculeata) in Iraq - JBESInnspub Net
In this study, 117 specimens of the hairy wasps (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae), collected from different region of Iraq are investigated. Five species belonging to three genera were determined; this species are: Campsomeriella thoracica (Fabricius), Megascolia maculata (Drury), Scolia flaviceps Eversmann, S. turkestanica Betrem, S. hirta (Schrank) and S. schrenkii (Eversmann). The last two species have been recorded for the first time in Iraq. Identification keys to genera, species and figured of male genitalia are illustrated. Get the original articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/taxonomic-study-of-the-family-scoliidae-hymenoptera-aculeata-in-iraq/
1) A new genus and species of bamboo coral, Jasonisis thresheri, is described from specimens collected at a depth of over 2000 meters off southern Tasmania.
2) Jasonisis possesses unusual characteristics including a fleshy tegument containing nematocysts, hollow axial internodes partitioned internally, and scale-shaped sclerites with an uncommon morphology.
3) Molecular data places Jasonisis in the subfamily Keratoisidinae, altering the definition of this subfamily to incorporate the novel characteristics. Definitions of other isidid subfamilies are also updated based on new observations of genera.
A Discussion of the Trematode Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Digenea: Pleorc...RahulGupta2015
Two new species of Trematodes of family Pleorchiidae are reported from the intestine of marine fishes from sea coast of Deegha, West Bengal, India (Indian Ocean): Pleorchis santoshai n.sp. from Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier) and Pleorchis keshavai n.sp. from Trachynotus botla (Shaw). In this study, status of genus Pleorchis, has also been critically discussed, and it is proposed that the genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 must be classified as member of superfamily Lepocreadioidea (Odhner, 1905) Bray, 2005 and family Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926.
This document discusses a study that found molecular and morphological evidence suggesting that the flagellate Ancyromonas is closely related to the common ancestor of metazoans, fungi, and choanoflagellates. Analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences from major eukaryotic lineages using maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, and maximum parsimony supported Ancyromonas forming its own lineage, called Ancyromonadida, that is more closely related to opisthokonts than its nearest protist relatives. However, low bootstrap support for deep nodes limits the ability of 18S rDNA to fully resolve this aspect of eukaryotic phylogeny.
This document provides a classification of various arthropod taxa with symbiotic members, beginning with an introduction to arthropod phylogeny. It then details the classification of taxa within the phylum Arthropoda, including subphyla such as Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda. For each major taxon, one or two representative classes are described in terms of their defining physical characteristics and numbers of species. The purpose is to convey the diversity of arthropod forms and establish evolutionary relationships among them.
The Ctenophora are a phylum of marine animals commonly known as comb jellies. They have transparent gelatinous bodies and swim using rows of ciliary plates. There are about 80 known species found in coastal waters. They were formerly classified under Coelenterata but are now placed in their own phylum. Ctenophorans can be divided into two classes - Tentaculata which have two tentacles, and Nuda which lack tentacles and includes only the predatory genus Beroe.
This study analyzed DNA sequences from nine genes (three plastid, three mitochondrial, and three nuclear) from 100 plant species to better understand relationships among basal angiosperms. Phylogenetic analyses strongly supported Amborella, Nymphaeaceae, and Austrobaileyales as the earliest diverging lineages of flowering plants. The analyses also supported magnoliids as a monophyletic group consisting of Magnoliales, Laurales, Piperales, and Canellales. However, relationships among Ceratophyllum, Chloranthaceae, magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots were mostly unresolved with low support. Examination of substitution patterns supported placement of Amborella and others
Osteology of the shoulder girdle in the piciformes, passeriformes and related...herculanoalvarenga
This document presents a comparative study of the bones of the shoulder girdle in several orders of birds, including Piciformes, Passeriformes, and Coraciiformes. The study analyzed 109 skeletons from 83 bird species across 31 families. The findings provide osteological evidence that Picidae, Capitonidae, Ramphastidae, and Indicatoridae should be grouped as Piciformes, and that Piciformes and Passeriformes share a close phylogenetic relationship. However, Galbulidae and Bucconidae more closely resemble Coraciiformes like Meropidae, Coraciidae, and Brachypteraciidae. Among Coraciiformes, Upupidae resemble Phoenicul
Zhang Franz ESCJAM 2015 Exophthalmus Reclassificationtaxonbytes
This study reclassifies genera within the polyphyletic Exophthalmus weevil genus complex using both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of 138 species. The results recognize five valid genera: (1) Pachnaeus is redefined to contain Cuban and Jamaican species. (2) Tropirhinus is expanded to include species from the former Tetrabothynus, Compsoricus, and some Exophthalmus. (3) Rhinospathe incorporates continental Exophthalmus species and the synonymized Chauliopleurus. (4) Diaprepes remains unchanged. (5) Exophthalmus is narrowed to only include West Indian striped species. This new classification reflects the
This document provides an overview of the invisible world of marine plants through a series of topics:
1. It discusses picoplanktons like cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus that were some of the earliest photosynthetic organisms.
2. It mentions fossilized cyanobacterial biofilms called stromatolites that provide evidence of deep geological time.
3. Some cyanobacteria like Nostoc and Anabaena are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically.
4. Several examples of microalgae are provided, including the green algae Dunaliella salina and Chlorella vulgaris and the red microalgae Pooja.
5.
La fundación Globalis organizará una conferencia el 27 de febrero sobre los beneficios fiscales de la investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+I). La conferencia contará con expertos en proyectos de I+D+I, auditoría, calidad y finanzas de pymes. El objetivo es explicar los requisitos de los proyectos de I+D+I, sus mecanismos de financiación y deducciones fiscales como incentivos para proyectos empresariales. También se presentará la plataforma Pyme-Finance, una herramienta integral
Badminton is a racquet sport played by two opposing players or doubles teams on a rectangular court divided by a net. Unlike other racquet sports, badminton uses a projectile called a shuttlecock rather than a ball. The shuttlecock consists of a cork or plastic base surrounded by feathers which allows it to travel more slowly through the air. This aerodynamic design provides resistance to the trajectory of the projectile, giving rhythm to movements and avoiding deviations in windy conditions. Competitions also typically take place indoors.
Letter to Andrew Dilnot, UK Statistics AuthorityCityHallLabour
This letter summarizes concerns about discrepancies between actual police officer numbers in London from October 2011 and the numbers cited in the Mayor's Draft Police and Crime Plan. Specifically:
1) The numbers in the Plan do not match official statistics and the reasons given for the discrepancy are unverifiable.
2) This is the first time the public has been told the Plan's figures are not actual numbers from October 2011.
3) Using actual October 2011 numbers shows different outcomes, with half of boroughs losing officers rather than gains as projected in the Plan. Clarification is requested from the UK Statistics Authority.
El documento presenta un mapa conceptual de las ramas del derecho. Divide el derecho en público y privado. El derecho público se refiere a las normas que rigen las relaciones entre el Estado y los ciudadanos, mientras que el derecho privado regula las relaciones entre particulares. Dentro del derecho público y privado se encuentran el derecho sustantivo, que establece obligaciones, y el derecho adjetivo, que regula cómo se aplica y hace cumplir el derecho sustantivo.
This document appears to contain a code of some kind, XAT226419, and an email address, Vinishu@22. There is very little contextual information provided, making it difficult to determine the purpose or meaning of the codes and address. Overall, the document simply lists a code and email address but provides no other details.
Aventura has a warm climate where people can spend time outdoors year-round, but broken air conditioners can cause suffering from heat, especially for babies, children and elderly. While most HVAC companies only offer repairs during regular business hours, Polar Air Conditioner Corp recognizes the need for 24-hour AC repairs in Aventura to care for the health and well-being of the community.
Rommel Ramírez nació en 1972 en una familia de pocos recursos en Ecuador. A pesar de su origen humilde, se destacó por sus excelentes calificaciones en la escuela y estudió ingeniería en sistemas en la Universidad de Cuenca, donde se graduó con honores. Actualmente trabaja como profesor en la capital de Ecuador, habla cuatro idiomas y ha viajado por muchas partes del mundo.
Was haben Java, HTML, JPG, Bitmap und SQL mit Haustüren zu tun? Nun, ganz einfach: All diesen Sprachen und Formaten haben wir es zu verdanken, dass es mittlerweile möglich ist, Interaktion zwischen Kunden und Herstellern beziehungsweise Kunden und Lieferanten mittels Internet zu ermöglichen.
This document describes four new species of Clavicornaltica, a genus of tiny flea beetles. Two new species, C. dali and C. longsheng, are described from China, while C. tamdao and C. vietnamensis are described from Vietnam. Descriptions of the wing and metathorax of Clavicornaltica are also provided for the first time. A key is presented to differentiate the four new species. Male genitalia are illustrated for one known species.
First attempts using NGS in Senecio (Asteraceae)
Building a robust phylogeny of Culcitium group: a baseline for addressing further evolutionary questions for the genus in the Andes
Taxonomic study of the family Scoliidae (Hymenoptera; Aculeata) in Iraq - JBESInnspub Net
In this study, 117 specimens of the hairy wasps (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae), collected from different region of Iraq are investigated. Five species belonging to three genera were determined; this species are: Campsomeriella thoracica (Fabricius), Megascolia maculata (Drury), Scolia flaviceps Eversmann, S. turkestanica Betrem, S. hirta (Schrank) and S. schrenkii (Eversmann). The last two species have been recorded for the first time in Iraq. Identification keys to genera, species and figured of male genitalia are illustrated. Get the original articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/taxonomic-study-of-the-family-scoliidae-hymenoptera-aculeata-in-iraq/
1) A new genus and species of bamboo coral, Jasonisis thresheri, is described from specimens collected at a depth of over 2000 meters off southern Tasmania.
2) Jasonisis possesses unusual characteristics including a fleshy tegument containing nematocysts, hollow axial internodes partitioned internally, and scale-shaped sclerites with an uncommon morphology.
3) Molecular data places Jasonisis in the subfamily Keratoisidinae, altering the definition of this subfamily to incorporate the novel characteristics. Definitions of other isidid subfamilies are also updated based on new observations of genera.
A Discussion of the Trematode Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Digenea: Pleorc...RahulGupta2015
Two new species of Trematodes of family Pleorchiidae are reported from the intestine of marine fishes from sea coast of Deegha, West Bengal, India (Indian Ocean): Pleorchis santoshai n.sp. from Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier) and Pleorchis keshavai n.sp. from Trachynotus botla (Shaw). In this study, status of genus Pleorchis, has also been critically discussed, and it is proposed that the genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 must be classified as member of superfamily Lepocreadioidea (Odhner, 1905) Bray, 2005 and family Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926.
This document discusses a study that found molecular and morphological evidence suggesting that the flagellate Ancyromonas is closely related to the common ancestor of metazoans, fungi, and choanoflagellates. Analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences from major eukaryotic lineages using maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, and maximum parsimony supported Ancyromonas forming its own lineage, called Ancyromonadida, that is more closely related to opisthokonts than its nearest protist relatives. However, low bootstrap support for deep nodes limits the ability of 18S rDNA to fully resolve this aspect of eukaryotic phylogeny.
This document provides a classification of various arthropod taxa with symbiotic members, beginning with an introduction to arthropod phylogeny. It then details the classification of taxa within the phylum Arthropoda, including subphyla such as Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda. For each major taxon, one or two representative classes are described in terms of their defining physical characteristics and numbers of species. The purpose is to convey the diversity of arthropod forms and establish evolutionary relationships among them.
The Ctenophora are a phylum of marine animals commonly known as comb jellies. They have transparent gelatinous bodies and swim using rows of ciliary plates. There are about 80 known species found in coastal waters. They were formerly classified under Coelenterata but are now placed in their own phylum. Ctenophorans can be divided into two classes - Tentaculata which have two tentacles, and Nuda which lack tentacles and includes only the predatory genus Beroe.
This study analyzed DNA sequences from nine genes (three plastid, three mitochondrial, and three nuclear) from 100 plant species to better understand relationships among basal angiosperms. Phylogenetic analyses strongly supported Amborella, Nymphaeaceae, and Austrobaileyales as the earliest diverging lineages of flowering plants. The analyses also supported magnoliids as a monophyletic group consisting of Magnoliales, Laurales, Piperales, and Canellales. However, relationships among Ceratophyllum, Chloranthaceae, magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots were mostly unresolved with low support. Examination of substitution patterns supported placement of Amborella and others
Osteology of the shoulder girdle in the piciformes, passeriformes and related...herculanoalvarenga
This document presents a comparative study of the bones of the shoulder girdle in several orders of birds, including Piciformes, Passeriformes, and Coraciiformes. The study analyzed 109 skeletons from 83 bird species across 31 families. The findings provide osteological evidence that Picidae, Capitonidae, Ramphastidae, and Indicatoridae should be grouped as Piciformes, and that Piciformes and Passeriformes share a close phylogenetic relationship. However, Galbulidae and Bucconidae more closely resemble Coraciiformes like Meropidae, Coraciidae, and Brachypteraciidae. Among Coraciiformes, Upupidae resemble Phoenicul
This document summarizes a study on the phylogeny of predatory stink bugs in the subfamily Asopinae. The analysis recovered the monophyly of Asopinae, which was supported by 16 synapomorphies. Eighteen of the 19 genera included in the analysis with multiple species were monophyletic, while the genus Podisus was paraphyletic. The pseudoclaspers found in males may have contributed to the evolutionary success of Asopinae by enhancing copulatory performance compared to other pentatomids.
Ramalina carminae is described as a new lichen species found in several locations in Portugal, Spain, and Sardinia, Italy. It is characterized by a shrubby thallus up to 6 cm long with profuse and irregular branching. The branches are twisted and grooved with scattered soralia of diverse morphology. Chemically, it contains only variolaric acid in the medulla. This sets it apart from similar species in the Ramalina capitata complex and justifies its description as a new species.
photo of moss by Angie Jane Gray (1).pdfFamilyGray1
This study analyzed phylogenetic relationships within the class Sphagnopsida (peat mosses) using nucleotide sequences from the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes. The results resolved three lineages within the Sphagnopsida: 1) Sphagnum sericeum, 2) S. inretortum plus Ambuchanania leucobryoides, and 3) all remaining species of Sphagnum. While sister relationships among these three clades could not be determined, the results indicate that the divergent morphology of A. leucobryoides is derived rather than ancestral. Based on these findings, a new classification of the Sphagnopsida is proposed with one order, three families,
This document discusses phylogeny and the tree of life. It explains that all life is interconnected through descent from common ancestors. Systematics aims to determine evolutionary histories and relationships between organisms. Phylogenetic classification groups organisms based on inferred evolutionary history, reflecting patterns of evolution more accurately than phenetic classification which is based only on overall similarity. Reconstructing phylogenies uses data on shared derived characteristics and sequences to determine which groupings require fewer evolutionary changes. This reveals how organisms are related through recency of common ancestry.
Angiosperm phlogeny group taxonomy classificationharitha shankar
The document summarizes the recent APG system of plant classification based on phylogenetic analysis. It describes the following key points:
1. The APG system adopted in 1998 uses DNA sequences and morphology to arrange angiosperms into monophyletic groups or clades at different hierarchical levels, from informal groups to orders and families.
2. Major clades include basal angiosperms, magnoliids, eudicots, rosids, and asterids. Monocots are placed within basal angiosperms.
3. The classification recognizes relationships between groups more accurately than previous systems, adopting the phylogenetic principle of monophyly for formal taxonomic ranks. It is based on evidence from multiple sources
Angiosperm phlogeny group taxonomy classificationharitha shankar
The document summarizes the recent APG system of plant classification which is based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences and morphological data. It outlines the main clades recognized in the system including basal angiosperms containing Amborellaceae, Nymphaeales and monocots. Magnolids contain four orders while eudicots are divided into basal and core eudicots. Core eudicots include rosids and asterids, with rosids further divided into eurosids I and II. Each clade contains representative orders and families. The APG system strictly follows the principle of monophyly and is based on evidence from multiple sources, though some limitations remain regarding placement of some families.
Prevalence and morphological details of Nyctotherus periplanetae in the host ...IOSR Journals
Nyctotherus periplanetae is very common intestine dwelling ciliate in invertebrates. During the period of two years total number of 1842 intestinal samples of Periplaneta americana were checked. The percentage of prevalence of ciliates was found quite high and it was 57.77% during the year 2007 and 60.75% in 2008.
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in 2007 and 60.75% in 2008, with the highest rates occurring after monsoon rains.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval in shape, 100-175μ in length, with a straight cytopharynx, irregularly shaped macronucleus, and slit-like cytopy
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in the first year and 60.75% in the second year. Prevalence peaked after monsoon rains and was lowest during summer.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval shaped, 100-175μ in length, with a macronucleus, cytopharynx, and slit-like
Similar to Zhang franz esc_esa_2015_exophthalmus_1.0_franz_zhang_edit (20)
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Zhang franz esc_esa_2015_exophthalmus_1.0_franz_zhang_edit
1. 18-0 18-1
16—Rostrum, dorsal surface
(0) plane or medially sulcate, not carinate
(1) medially carinate
17—Rostrum, dorso-lateral angle
(0) smoothly curved, any angulation weak
(1) conspicuously angulate
18—Rostrum, medio-longitudinal sulcus
(0) absent
(1) present
21—Rostrum, dorsolateral fovea
(0) absent
(1) present
28—Rostrum, occipital suture
(0) short, not reaching eye
(1) reaching middle of eye ventrally
16-0 16-1
17-117-0
21-0 21-1
45—Pronotum, surface
(0) smooth or finely rugose
(1) irregularly excavate
29—Rostrum, ventral surface
(0) medially flat, not impressed
(1) medially with triangular impression
79—Elytral vestiture, curled serrate setae
(0) absent
(1) present
79-1
80—Elytral vestiture, series of stripes
(0) absent
(1) present
80-1
60—Metatibial apex, vestiture
(0) ventrally lacking linear, suberect setae
(1) ventrally with sparse, suberect setae
116—Aedeagus, endophallus, sclerites
(0) separate or contiguous, lacking bridge
(1) connected through arched bridge
116-1
119—Aedeagus, endophallus, posterior sclerite
(0) width constant, basally not enlarged
(1) basally enlarged, arched 119-1
48—Pronotum, postocular vibrissae
(0) absent
(1) present
48-1
67—Elytra, apex
(0) not projected, may be acute
(1) distinctly projected
60-1
110—Aedeagus, endophallus, tubular sclerite
(0) absent
(1) present
111—Aedeagus, endophallus, tubular sclerite
(0) not divided into two regions
(1) divided into anterior/posterior region
111-1
24—Rostrum, hypostomal-labial suture
(0) reduced, short, or foveate
(1) long, linear, reaching prementum
29-129-0
24-0 24-1
Figure 5. Core morphological characters (orange color in Fig. 2).
45-145-0
41—Pronotum, disc
(0) convex
(1) flattened
41-141-0
110-1
28-128-0
144—Vestiture, circular glossy metallic scales
(0) absent; if metallic, not circular or glossy
(1) present; often arranged as fasciae or stripes
144-1144-1
67-0 67-1
The New World tribe Eustylini Lacordaire, 1863, pertains to the broad-nosed weevils
(Entiminae) and currently comprises 23 genera. Members of Eustylini include
agriculturally important species, e.g., Diaprepes abbreviatus (Linnaeus, 1758), an
introduced citrus pest in the continental U.S. Franz (2012) published the first phylogeny
of Eustylini based on morphological characters. Eustylini were recovered as polyphyletic
and re-circumscribed to include several genera previously placed in other tribes. As a
result, all but two of the sampled eustyline genera formed a monophyletic clade. The
Exophthalmus genus complex is positioned within that clade and contains eight
sampled genera, the largest (with 95 species) being Exophthalmus Schoenherr, 1823.
The 2012 analysis uncovered systematic problems that motivate the current study.
Exophthalmus remains polyphyletic, with its species separated into at least three
clades. Thus Exophthalmus needs to be redelimited and its current members reassigned
to phylogenetically appropriate generic membership. The clade of continentals species
also contains Rhinospathe Chevrolat, 1878, and Chauliopleurus Champion, 1911,
warranting generic synonymy. Tropirhinus Schoenherr, 1823, Tetrabothynus Labram &
Imhoff, 1852, Compsoricus Franz, 2012, and part of Exophthalmus exhibit ambiguous
boundaries. These groups need to be either re-circumscribed or synonymized.
Systematics of the Exophthalmus genus complex – current status
1
2
3
4
5
1. Test and delimit generic boundaries within the Exophthalmus genus complex based on both
morphological and molecular phylogenetic inferences.
2. Revise generic classification within the Exophthalmus genus complex.
3. Redefine the limit of Exophthalmus and reclassify its current constituent species.
Research objectives
Morphological phylogeny. Character matrix (144 characters, examples in Figs 4 & 5) was extracted
and modified from Franz (2012). Thirty-eight species of eight genera in the Exophthalmus genus
complex were sampled, along with 52 species of other eustylines or from other tribes. Phylogenetic
trees were inferred with NONA and character optimizations with WinClada under parsimony.
Molecular phylogeny. Seventy ingroup terminals were included, representing > 65 species and
seven genera. The outgroup contained 105 terminals. Six gene fragments (COI, COII, Ef1-α, Arginine
kinase, 12S, 28S) were sequenced, aligned, and concatenated to generate a 4787 bp data set.
Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using parsimony in TNT.
Materials & methods
(1) Pachnaeus Schoenherr, 1826
Synapomorphies: Hypostomal-labial suture
long, reaching prementum (24-1, Figs. 2 &
5); postocular vibrissae present (48-1);
anterior endophallic sclerite membranous,
posteriorly tubular (113-1).
Distribution: Cuba & Jamaica.
(2) Tropirhinus Schoenherr, 1823
Taxonomic amendments: Tetrabothynus
Labram & Imhoff, 1852, and Compsoricus
Franz, 2012, placed as junior synonyms.
Exophthalmus species in clade 2 transferred
to Tropirhinus.
Synapomorphies: Pronotal disc flattened or
impressed (41-1); elytral apex projected (67-
1); circular metallic scales forming fasciae
(144-1).
Distribution: Cuba, Hispaniola & Puerto Rico.
(3) Rhinospathe Chevrolat, 1878
Taxonomic amendments: Chauliopleurus
Champion, 1911, placed as junior synonym.
Continental Exophthalmus spp. transferred to
Rhinospathe.
Diagnosis: Rostrum with dorsolateral fovea
(21-1); rostrum ventrally with a short, deep,
triangular impression (29-1).
Distribution: Southern Mexico, Central
America & northern South America.
(4) Diaprepes Schoenherr, 1823
Synapomorphies: Rostrum dorsolaterally
carinate (17-1); occipital suture extends to
middle part of eye (28-1); pronotum
irregularly excavate (45-1).
Distribution: Lesser Antilles & Puerto Rico.
(5) Exophthalmus Schoenherr, 1823
Taxonomic amendments: Exophthalmus re-
circumscribed to refer to a clade containing
its type species E. quadrivittatus (Olivier,
1807). More than 50 species transferred to
other genera.
Synapomorphies: Rostrum dorsally plane,
lacking carina or groove (15-1, 16-0);
Pronotum and elytra with curled, serrate
scales (79-1), arranged into stripes or patches
(80-1).
Distribution: Cuba, Jamaica & Hispaniola.
Figure 1 (left). Proposed new generic classification within the Exophthalmus genus complex, and habitus images of
select species. Five genera are recognized (Figs. 2 & 3). Three are placed in synonymy. Exophthalmus is redefined.
Habitus image (current, unchanged names): (1-3) Pachnaeus spp., Cuba (4) Pachnaeus marmoratus (5) Pachnaeus sp., Jamaica (6) Compsoricus maricao (7)
Exophthalmus humeridens (8) E. regalis (9) E. roseipes (10) E. quindecimpunctatus (11) Tetrabothynus spectabilis (12) Tropirhinus elegans (13) Tropirhinus
nr. lepidus (14) Tropirhinus Cuba GZ48 (15) T. lepidus (16) E. agrestis (17) E. impositus (18) E. jekelianus (19) E. lunaris (20) Exophthalmus Mexico (21)
Exophthalmus nr. annulonotatus (22) E. opulentus (23) Exophthalmus PA[Panama].GZ65 (24) Exophthalmus CR[Costa Rica].GZ147 (25) Exophthalmus
CR.GZ163 (26) E. triangulifer (27) E. verecundus (28) Exophthalmus nr. vermiculatus (29) E. sulcicrus (30) Rhinospathe v-album (31) Diaprepes abbreviatus
(32) D. boxi (33) D. doublierii (34) D. maugei (35) D. rohrii (36) E. cinerascens (37) E. hieroglyphicus (38) E. pictus (39) E. similis (40) E. scalaris (41) E.
quadrivittatus (42) Exophthalmus DR[Dominican Republic] sp. nov. (43) Exophthalmus DR6 (44) Exophthalmus nr. sulphuratus (45) E. vittatus.
Both morphological and molecular phylogenies recover the monophyly of the Exophthalmus genus
complex and the polyphyly of Exophthalmus. They are broadly congruent in five clades, although
the relationships among the clades differ between the two analyses. Five genera can be delimited
within these clades (Fig. 1). Two (Clades 1 & 4 in Figs. 2 & 3) correspond to Pachnaeus and
Diaprepes. Clade 2 contains Tetrabothynus, Tropirhinus, Compsoricus, and Exophthalmus spp.
Tropirhinus is considered the valid name for this clade, hence the other two genera are
synonymized. A large continental clade (3) is obtained, now referred to as Rhinospathe. The genus
Exophthalmus is narrowed to include only West Indian species with a "stripy look" (Figs. 1 & 5).
Future work will focus on increasing species sampling, expanding the character range, combining
morphological and molecular data in phylogeny reconstructions, and describing new species.
Results, taxonomic proposals & conclusions
Figure 2 (above). Morphological phylogeny of the Exophthalmus
genus complex, with character optimizations.
Figure 3 (above). Molecular phylogeny
reconstructed using parsimony.
1
2
4
5
3
57
9893
78
Franz N.M. 2012. Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex
(Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini). Zoological Journal of the
Linnean Society 164: 510–557.
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-1155984) and the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (Agreement No. 58-1275-1-335).
Dr. Charles W. O'Brien assisted with species identifications. Lin Pan, Will Sides,
Julian Jones, and Joseph Hunter captured habitus or head images.
Reference & acknowledgements
Figure 4 (left).
Morphological diversity of
the rostrum (dorsal view).
Orange numbers denote "core
characters" (see Fig. 5).
Numbers
shown above
branches are
jackknifing
resampling
values.
85
91