A Discussion of the Trematode Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Digenea: Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926) With Description of Two New Species From the Intestine of Marine Fishes From the Indian Ocean
Two new species of Trematodes of family Pleorchiidae are reported from the intestine of marine fishes from sea coast of Deegha, West Bengal, India (Indian Ocean): Pleorchis santoshai n.sp. from Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier) and Pleorchis keshavai n.sp. from Trachynotus botla (Shaw). In this study, status of genus Pleorchis, has also been critically discussed, and it is proposed that the genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 must be classified as member of superfamily Lepocreadioidea (Odhner, 1905) Bray, 2005 and family Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926.
On First Record of a Trematode Parasite of Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Di...RahulGupta2015
The genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 is designated to rare digenetic distomes living as parasite in the intestine of marine fishes, having numerous testes arranged in four longitudinal rows in hindbody. A total of 14 species have been attributed to the genus, while another 4 species are no longer considered the member of Pleorchis. In this study a new form is described and we critically overviewed the genus. Collection of two ovigerous specimens was recovered live at Deegha, West Bengal, India (Indian Ocean) from the intestine of a marine fish, Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider) out of 40 examined. The present form differs from all nominal species of the Pleorchis in having 48 testes, unequal anterior intestinal caeca, vitellaria extending from a little anterior of ovary up to hind end of body and an entire unlobed ovary. In view of unique morphoanatomical characters it seems that the present form deserves the status of a new species with a specific name Pleorchis srivastavai n. sp. All known species of genus seems to be rare digeneans as evident by their respective studies and these are important link of marine ecosystem.
Two New Species of the Genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Qu...RahulGupta2015
Two New Species of the Genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) from the Intestine of Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) from the River Gomti at Lucknow, India
On a new Acanthocephalan Raosentis (Patta, 1928) Recovered from intestine of ...RahulGupta2015
Acathocephalan of genus Raosentis are intestinal parasites of fresh water fishes. Subfamily Pallisentinae of order Gyracanthocephala includes four genera namely Acanthosentis (Verma & Datta,1929), Acanthogyrus (Thaper, 1927), Pallisentis (Van Cleave,1928) and Raosentis (Datta, 1947). The genus Raosentis was established By Datta (1947) with Raosentis podderi as its type species from a fresh water fish Mystus cavasius from Culcutta. The genus Raosentis differs from all the above genus in having proboscis armed with anterior two circle of hooks longer than posterior two circle with hook less space between second and third circle of hooks. The present study deals with the description of Raosentis lucknowensis n.sp.
On Wardianum witenbergi n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) from Numenius arquata...RahulGupta2015
During the study of the helminth parasites of birds from the Lucknow, specimens of an undescribed species of Wardianum (Family Cylcocoelidae Kossack, 1911) were collected from Eurasian Curlew, Numenius arquata Linn. The Genus Wardianum Witenberg, 1923 including the trematodes of air sacs of birds. Body of these parasites markedly tapered anteriorly, caeca without diverticules, testes juxtaposed inside caecal arch, ovary just pretesticular, median or submedian. Vitellaria directly lateral to caeca, not united posteriorly.
On two new species of Acanthocephalan Genus Acanthosentis Verma and Dutta, 19...RahulGupta2015
The order Gyracanthocephala Van Cleave, 1936 includes family Quadrigyridae Van Cleave, 1920 divided into two sub-families Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920, with one genus Quadrigyrus from India and Pallisentinae Amin, 1985, with four genera Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928; Acanthosenus Verma and Dutta, 1929; Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927 and Raosentis Dutta, 1947) from India. Galvan (1959) synonymised Acanthosentis Verma and Dutta, 1929 with Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927 and reduced Acanthoseniis to a subgenus further Galvan (l 994) reconsidered the generic status of Acanthosentis. Amin (2005) in agreement with Amin ( 1985) and Amin & Hendrix (1999) retained the status of Acanthosentis as sub-genus, most probably he has not got access of literature of Verma and Dutta, 1929. Bhattacharya (2007) in agreement with Verma and Dutta, 1925 given Acanthosentis to full generic status with proper justification supported by key, and authors are also in agreement with this. The type species Acanthosentis antespinus Verma & Dutta, 1929 was reported from fish Mystus gulio at Calcutta, India. Other species reported from India are A. duttai Podder, 1938; A. sircari Podder, 1941; A. giuris Soota and Sen, 1954; A. betwai Tripathi, 1959; A. indicus Tripathi, 1959; A. cameroni Gupta and Kajaji, 1969; A. thapari Prashad et al. 1969; A. bacailai Verma, 1973; A. vittatusi Verma, 1973; A. golvani Gupta & Jain, 1980; A. shuklai Agrawal & Singh, 1982; A. vancleavi Gupta & Fatma 1985; A. bilaspurensis Chowhan er al, 1987; A. gobindi Chowhan et al. 1987; A. putitorae Chowhan et al. 1988 and A. seenghalae Chowhan et al, 1988. In this paper we have described two new species of Genus Acanthosentis Verma and Dutta, 1929 recovered from the intestine of fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.) of river Gomti at Lucknow. India.
On Paralueheia guptai n. gen. & n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Plagiorhynchinae Meye...RahulGupta2015
Paralueheia guptai n. gen. & n. sp. from the intestine of a marine fish Stromateus sinensis Day, from Deegha, West Bengal, India, is described. As compared with other genera of subfamily Plagiorhynchinae Meyer, 1931, the new genus was found to possess unique morpho-anatomical characters: proboscis having 20 longitudinal rows of hooks with 17-18 hooks per row; testes pre-equatorial and tandem; two cement glands. Diagnostic characters of the new genus and a key of genera are provided.
On a new species of the genus Tenuiproboscis meyeri from a marine fish Scatop...RahulGupta2015
Acanthocephalans are among the most important and injurious groups of parasites infesting the fishes of India. It has been estimated that out of 800 reported species of acanthocephalans, 229 species are from India (Alfred, 1998). Fishes seem to tolerate high intensity of worms without showing pronounced symptoms of infection, and its complications (Taraschewski, 2000). Due to lack of symptoms in early stage of acanthocephalan infection in fishes, no diagnostic tool is available except postmortem investigations and identification by a helminth taxonomist. In the present paper, an account of a new acanthocephalan parasite recovered from the intestine of a marine fish Scatophague argus (Cuv. and Val.) from Deegha, West Bengal, has been given.
Longicollum dattai n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchidae Yamaguti, 1939) f...RahulGupta2015
During examination of intestine of marine fish, Drepane punctata (Cuv. & Val.) collected from Deegha, West Bengal, three specimens of an acanthocephalan parasite belonging to the genus Longicollum Yamaguti (1939), including two female and one male, were recovered from the intestine of the host. On subsequent study, the worm appears to be new and is described here in as new species.
On First Record of a Trematode Parasite of Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Di...RahulGupta2015
The genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 is designated to rare digenetic distomes living as parasite in the intestine of marine fishes, having numerous testes arranged in four longitudinal rows in hindbody. A total of 14 species have been attributed to the genus, while another 4 species are no longer considered the member of Pleorchis. In this study a new form is described and we critically overviewed the genus. Collection of two ovigerous specimens was recovered live at Deegha, West Bengal, India (Indian Ocean) from the intestine of a marine fish, Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider) out of 40 examined. The present form differs from all nominal species of the Pleorchis in having 48 testes, unequal anterior intestinal caeca, vitellaria extending from a little anterior of ovary up to hind end of body and an entire unlobed ovary. In view of unique morphoanatomical characters it seems that the present form deserves the status of a new species with a specific name Pleorchis srivastavai n. sp. All known species of genus seems to be rare digeneans as evident by their respective studies and these are important link of marine ecosystem.
Two New Species of the Genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Qu...RahulGupta2015
Two New Species of the Genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) from the Intestine of Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) from the River Gomti at Lucknow, India
On a new Acanthocephalan Raosentis (Patta, 1928) Recovered from intestine of ...RahulGupta2015
Acathocephalan of genus Raosentis are intestinal parasites of fresh water fishes. Subfamily Pallisentinae of order Gyracanthocephala includes four genera namely Acanthosentis (Verma & Datta,1929), Acanthogyrus (Thaper, 1927), Pallisentis (Van Cleave,1928) and Raosentis (Datta, 1947). The genus Raosentis was established By Datta (1947) with Raosentis podderi as its type species from a fresh water fish Mystus cavasius from Culcutta. The genus Raosentis differs from all the above genus in having proboscis armed with anterior two circle of hooks longer than posterior two circle with hook less space between second and third circle of hooks. The present study deals with the description of Raosentis lucknowensis n.sp.
On Wardianum witenbergi n. sp. (Digenea: Cyclocoelidae) from Numenius arquata...RahulGupta2015
During the study of the helminth parasites of birds from the Lucknow, specimens of an undescribed species of Wardianum (Family Cylcocoelidae Kossack, 1911) were collected from Eurasian Curlew, Numenius arquata Linn. The Genus Wardianum Witenberg, 1923 including the trematodes of air sacs of birds. Body of these parasites markedly tapered anteriorly, caeca without diverticules, testes juxtaposed inside caecal arch, ovary just pretesticular, median or submedian. Vitellaria directly lateral to caeca, not united posteriorly.
On two new species of Acanthocephalan Genus Acanthosentis Verma and Dutta, 19...RahulGupta2015
The order Gyracanthocephala Van Cleave, 1936 includes family Quadrigyridae Van Cleave, 1920 divided into two sub-families Quadrigyrinae Van Cleave, 1920, with one genus Quadrigyrus from India and Pallisentinae Amin, 1985, with four genera Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928; Acanthosenus Verma and Dutta, 1929; Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927 and Raosentis Dutta, 1947) from India. Galvan (1959) synonymised Acanthosentis Verma and Dutta, 1929 with Acanthogyrus Thapar, 1927 and reduced Acanthoseniis to a subgenus further Galvan (l 994) reconsidered the generic status of Acanthosentis. Amin (2005) in agreement with Amin ( 1985) and Amin & Hendrix (1999) retained the status of Acanthosentis as sub-genus, most probably he has not got access of literature of Verma and Dutta, 1929. Bhattacharya (2007) in agreement with Verma and Dutta, 1925 given Acanthosentis to full generic status with proper justification supported by key, and authors are also in agreement with this. The type species Acanthosentis antespinus Verma & Dutta, 1929 was reported from fish Mystus gulio at Calcutta, India. Other species reported from India are A. duttai Podder, 1938; A. sircari Podder, 1941; A. giuris Soota and Sen, 1954; A. betwai Tripathi, 1959; A. indicus Tripathi, 1959; A. cameroni Gupta and Kajaji, 1969; A. thapari Prashad et al. 1969; A. bacailai Verma, 1973; A. vittatusi Verma, 1973; A. golvani Gupta & Jain, 1980; A. shuklai Agrawal & Singh, 1982; A. vancleavi Gupta & Fatma 1985; A. bilaspurensis Chowhan er al, 1987; A. gobindi Chowhan et al. 1987; A. putitorae Chowhan et al. 1988 and A. seenghalae Chowhan et al, 1988. In this paper we have described two new species of Genus Acanthosentis Verma and Dutta, 1929 recovered from the intestine of fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.) of river Gomti at Lucknow. India.
On Paralueheia guptai n. gen. & n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Plagiorhynchinae Meye...RahulGupta2015
Paralueheia guptai n. gen. & n. sp. from the intestine of a marine fish Stromateus sinensis Day, from Deegha, West Bengal, India, is described. As compared with other genera of subfamily Plagiorhynchinae Meyer, 1931, the new genus was found to possess unique morpho-anatomical characters: proboscis having 20 longitudinal rows of hooks with 17-18 hooks per row; testes pre-equatorial and tandem; two cement glands. Diagnostic characters of the new genus and a key of genera are provided.
On a new species of the genus Tenuiproboscis meyeri from a marine fish Scatop...RahulGupta2015
Acanthocephalans are among the most important and injurious groups of parasites infesting the fishes of India. It has been estimated that out of 800 reported species of acanthocephalans, 229 species are from India (Alfred, 1998). Fishes seem to tolerate high intensity of worms without showing pronounced symptoms of infection, and its complications (Taraschewski, 2000). Due to lack of symptoms in early stage of acanthocephalan infection in fishes, no diagnostic tool is available except postmortem investigations and identification by a helminth taxonomist. In the present paper, an account of a new acanthocephalan parasite recovered from the intestine of a marine fish Scatophague argus (Cuv. and Val.) from Deegha, West Bengal, has been given.
Longicollum dattai n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchidae Yamaguti, 1939) f...RahulGupta2015
During examination of intestine of marine fish, Drepane punctata (Cuv. & Val.) collected from Deegha, West Bengal, three specimens of an acanthocephalan parasite belonging to the genus Longicollum Yamaguti (1939), including two female and one male, were recovered from the intestine of the host. On subsequent study, the worm appears to be new and is described here in as new species.
New Species of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) of Common M...Premier Publishers
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) are obligatory parasites of birds and mammals. Little attention has been given to chewing lice species in Pakistan; hence this is a contribution towards the chewing lice fauna of the country. In the present work, two new species of chewing lice were recovered from common and native bird Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna) (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in Sindh, Pakistan. During the examination of 80 birds of A. tristis, 65 birds produced two new species of chewing lice, belonging to genus Myrsidea (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and genus Sturnidoecus (Ischnocera: Philopteridae); however, all birds were prevalent to chewing lice of genus Brueelia and Menacanthus. The new species are described in detail, illustrated and compared with their closest allied species found on birds of family Sturnidae.
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Tremat...Innspub Net
The present findings are related to reporting of the helminth parasitic infection in the Jungle babbler, at District: Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are non-migratory, former friendly, earth-colored siblings inhabit but internal visceral organs consisting intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and dissected on a weekly basis under laboratory conditions at the Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All were found with the helminth population of digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter than the hind body, protrusible rounded oral suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at the post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx, short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary, and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral Stellaria and dark brown colored eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L. longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from the present host and the result of the present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
Maddison D.R., Moore W., Baker M.D., Ellis T.M., Ober K.A., Cannone J.J., and Gutell R.R. (2009).
Monophyly of terrestrial adephagan beetles as indicated by three nuclear genes (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Trachypachidae).
Zoologica Scripta, 38(1):43-62.
Prevalence and morphological details of Nyctotherus periplanetae in the host ...IOSR Journals
Nyctotherus periplanetae is very common intestine dwelling ciliate in invertebrates. During the period of two years total number of 1842 intestinal samples of Periplaneta americana were checked. The percentage of prevalence of ciliates was found quite high and it was 57.77% during the year 2007 and 60.75% in 2008.
01. Anguilla anguilla (Eel).pdf. The Asian swamp eel is a facultative air-bre...Saiqa Riaz
Teleost fish, or eels, have longer bodies than other
fish.
• They lack a pelvic girdle and a ventral fin.
• The eel's elongated body shape gives it a narrow
head that aids in hiding in mud, sand, and small
openings.
• They consist of marine morays and freshwater eels.Electric Eels are not true eels, they belong to
order Gymnotiformes.
• There are over 800 species of eels so they are
very diverse.
• Eels do not have pelvic fins. They have
continuous dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.
• The Asian swamp eel is a facultative air-breathing
fish with reduced gills (Damsgaard et al., 2014).
• Eels have a keen sense of smell and have a highly
developed olfactory system.
New Species of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) of Common M...Premier Publishers
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) are obligatory parasites of birds and mammals. Little attention has been given to chewing lice species in Pakistan; hence this is a contribution towards the chewing lice fauna of the country. In the present work, two new species of chewing lice were recovered from common and native bird Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna) (Passeriformes: Sturnidae) in Sindh, Pakistan. During the examination of 80 birds of A. tristis, 65 birds produced two new species of chewing lice, belonging to genus Myrsidea (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and genus Sturnidoecus (Ischnocera: Philopteridae); however, all birds were prevalent to chewing lice of genus Brueelia and Menacanthus. The new species are described in detail, illustrated and compared with their closest allied species found on birds of family Sturnidae.
Prevelance of Lyperosomum longicauda Rudolphi, 1809 (Dicrocoeliioidae: Tremat...Innspub Net
The present findings are related to reporting of the helminth parasitic infection in the Jungle babbler, at District: Naushahro Feroze. Host species were investigated from the month of June to August, 2018. These birds are non-migratory, former friendly, earth-colored siblings inhabit but internal visceral organs consisting intensity of parasites. Total (n=16) of T. striata were captured and dissected on a weekly basis under laboratory conditions at the Department of Zoology, SALU-Khairpur. All were found with the helminth population of digenean trematode but high prevalence was found in the month of June followed by other months. During surgical examination (n=44) specimens were recovered in the gall bladder of the host, morphologically having tapered ends at terminal body point, forebody is shorter than the hind body, protrusible rounded oral suckers but ventral suckers are rounded, maximum width at the post-acetabular region, oval-shaped pharynx, short esophagus, diverticular caeca, median-shaped ovary, and oblique testes, un-equal bands of lateral Stellaria and dark brown colored eggs. These features of the worms resemble already identified as; L. longicauda hence; identified as such. This species of fluke was first time recovered from the present host and the result of the present study revealed that it is a new host record from upper Sindh.
The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (aves, phorusrhacidae) from the lat...
Similar to A Discussion of the Trematode Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Digenea: Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926) With Description of Two New Species From the Intestine of Marine Fishes From the Indian Ocean
Maddison D.R., Moore W., Baker M.D., Ellis T.M., Ober K.A., Cannone J.J., and Gutell R.R. (2009).
Monophyly of terrestrial adephagan beetles as indicated by three nuclear genes (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Trachypachidae).
Zoologica Scripta, 38(1):43-62.
Prevalence and morphological details of Nyctotherus periplanetae in the host ...IOSR Journals
Nyctotherus periplanetae is very common intestine dwelling ciliate in invertebrates. During the period of two years total number of 1842 intestinal samples of Periplaneta americana were checked. The percentage of prevalence of ciliates was found quite high and it was 57.77% during the year 2007 and 60.75% in 2008.
01. Anguilla anguilla (Eel).pdf. The Asian swamp eel is a facultative air-bre...Saiqa Riaz
Teleost fish, or eels, have longer bodies than other
fish.
• They lack a pelvic girdle and a ventral fin.
• The eel's elongated body shape gives it a narrow
head that aids in hiding in mud, sand, and small
openings.
• They consist of marine morays and freshwater eels.Electric Eels are not true eels, they belong to
order Gymnotiformes.
• There are over 800 species of eels so they are
very diverse.
• Eels do not have pelvic fins. They have
continuous dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.
• The Asian swamp eel is a facultative air-breathing
fish with reduced gills (Damsgaard et al., 2014).
• Eels have a keen sense of smell and have a highly
developed olfactory system.
Snapper shrimp is a symbiotic organism usually hidden under the rocks, sponges and pen shells in the seagrass and coral habitats. The relationship study within snapper shrimp and pen shell was conducted from Merambong shoal, one of the biggest seagrass beds in peninsular Malaysia. A total of 40 individual pen shells were collected randomly and four species of pen shells were identified. 40 Anchistus custoides were found inhabiting symbiotically in the mantle cavity of the pen shell as solitary males and females and heterosexual pairs. Pen shell, Pinna bicolour and Atrina vexillum recorded the highest average SH 217.79±53.15 mm, SV 2.62±1.36 dm3 and SH 164.10-224.78 mm with the SV 1.18±0.43 dm3, respectively compared to the other species. The size of Anchistus custoides ranged from 15.00 to 20.00 mm in length and it was determined to be female due to the presence of eggs in the pleopods. The length of the cephalothorax and its length were highly related (rs=0.563, p≤0.01, N=40) and found wider in females. A little difference in size between the left and right chela in males of identical length was noticed, although the left chela is much bigger than the right. The significant relationship (rs=0.450, p≤0.01, N=40) between the pen shell length and shrimp (male-female) length revealed that the size of the shell is important to be hosted the snapper shrimp in the shell cavity.
Similar to A Discussion of the Trematode Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Digenea: Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926) With Description of Two New Species From the Intestine of Marine Fishes From the Indian Ocean (20)
Adverse Environment and Pest Management for Sustainable Plant ProductionRahulGupta2015
In the era of rapid industrialization, there is increasing global concerns pertaining to anthropogenic activities mediated massive enhancement in atmospheric greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, etc., thereby triggering global warming phenomenon. The global warming mediated climate change has been found to impose long-lasting detrimental impact on the environment. In contrast, adverse environment poses new unsightly challenges to agriculture sector like changes in precipitation pattern, temperature variations, pest infestation patterns and so on. Plant health management essentially contributes to socio-cultural sustainability, economic and environment sustainability as well as food security. The development of next-generation Integrated Pest Management programmes equipped with Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology based tools would be a milestone for the protection of water, soil/land, wild species, environmental safety, improved plant productivity and profitability. This chapter provides an overview on the scientific approaches/strategies towards the prevention of climate change mediated impacts on agricultural plant/crop health and productivity with some notable eco-friendly pest management solutions. Overall, the better global treaties of coordination, cooperation and collaboration would lead to improved management of adverse environment and pests and plant/crop production can sustain the life on earth.
Endocrine role of osteocalcin in homeostatic regulation of glucose metabolismRahulGupta2015
Osteocalcin, a well-known bone formation marker, is secreted from osteoblasts and exists in fully carboxylated, partially carboxylated, and completely uncarboxylated forms. The endocrine involvement of uncarboxylated osteocalcin in glucose homeostasis has recently been confirmed. It has been demonstrated that double recessive osteocalcin mutant mice are hyperglycemic, hypoinsulinemic, and have reduced β cell numbers and insulin resistance. In contrast, leptin (an adipocyte-derived hormone) indirectly regulates the secretion of insulin in part through inhibition of osteocalcin conversion to uncarboxylated form via β2 adrenergic receptor signaling in osteoblasts. Because uncarboxylated osteocalcin is a secretagogue of insulin, which in turn positively regulates the bone formation, osteocalcin lies at the centre of the complex mechanism of glucose homeostasis and bone remodeling network.
Contribution of indigenous anti-diabetic herbs to alternate medicine of diabe...RahulGupta2015
Recently, diabetes mellitus has become the common disease of world. Though, advanced technology is being used in modern treatment system, yet we are far away in exploration of many aspects and remedy of this disease. Some oral antidiabetic agents of modern medicine are not up to the mark due to their harmful side effects. Therefore, search for indigenous antidiabetic herbs is continued. Indigenous antidiabetic herbs, today gaining the popularity among alternative forms of medicine because, it is providing sound health and economic support to rural and tribal people also.
Impact of Bioengineered Copper Quantum Dots on Germination, Photosynthetic Pi...RahulGupta2015
Cycles of light/ dark play a vital role in physiology/growth of plants by triggering different metabolic responses. Plants not only sense the commencement of dark stress environment but also utilize it for coordinating growth phenomenon. Likewise, copper as a vital micronutrient is needed by plants for mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant activity and so on. Currently, copper nanoparticles are receiving huge consideration owing to their economical, easier availability and so on. The present study examined the impacts of bioengineered copper quantum dots (Cu-QDs) in the range of 100-900 ppm on the seed germination, photosynthetic pigment as well as antioxidant response of darks stress environment exposed chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L.). The supplementation of 500-700 ppm Cu-QDs for 72 h under dark stress was significantly found to boost the germination of chick-pea seeds over control (that lacking Cu-QDs treatment). The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid) of dark and 600-700 ppm Cu-QDs treated chick-pea seedlings were also enhanced substantially over control. However, under the dark stress environment with the supplementation of 600-700 ppm Cu-QDs, the chick-pea seedlings recorded minimum antioxidant responses of reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase compared to control. These results indicate the role of Cu-QDs as scavenging agent for reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, this investigation could be exploited to boost chick-pea seeds efficiency towards germination/ crop production during low-light intensity/ dark stress environment.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
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Hollywood Ventures
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UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
A Discussion of the Trematode Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Digenea: Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926) With Description of Two New Species From the Intestine of Marine Fishes From the Indian Ocean
1. Pakistan J. Zool., 43 (1), pp. 191-199, 2011.
A Discussion of the Trematode Genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896
(Digenea: Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926) With Description of Two New
Species From the Intestine of Marine Fishes From the Indian Ocean
Rahul Gupta1
, Samta Johri2
, Satish Chandra1
and A.M. Saxena1
*
1
Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow-226 007, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Zoology, Mahila P.G. College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract.- Two new species of Trematodes of family Pleorchiidae are reported from the intestine of marine
fishes from sea coast of Deegha, West Bengal, India (Indian Ocean): Pleorchis santoshai n.sp. from Parascorpaena
picta (Cuvier) and Pleorchis keshavai n.sp. from Trachynotus botla (Shaw). In this study, status of genus Pleorchis,
has also been critically discussed, and it is proposed that the genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 must be classified as
member of superfamily Lepocreadioidea (Odhner, 1905) Bray, 2005 and family Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926.
Keywords: Digenea, Intestinal parasites, Lepocreadioidea, Pleorchiidae, Pleorchis.
INTRODUCTION
Conditions on the earth are not favorable
everywhere for every living being, in this way all
animals adapted specifically for their benefits and
survival in suitable environment. Digeneans of
genus Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 are rare distomes
living as parasite in the intestine of marine fishes. In
this study, two new species of the genus Pleorchis
are described on the basis of living ovigerous
specimens recovered from the intestine of marine
fishes at sea coast of Deegha (latitude 21.68° N and
longitude 87.55° E), West Bengal, India (Indian
Ocean) on account of having unique morphological
features. The current status of family Pleorchiidae
Poche, 1926, has also been discussed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The ovigerous specimens of the trematode
were collected live from the intestine of
Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier) and Trachynotus
botla (Shaw) respectively, fixed under a slight
pressure of coverglass in AFA fixative (50%
alcohol, formaline and acetic acid in a ratio of
100:6:2.5). The parasites were stained in aqueous
Acetoalum carmine, differentiated in acid water,
dehydrated through ascending series of ethanol,
___________________________
* Corresponding author: anandmsaxena@rediffmail.com
0030-9923/2011/0001-0191 $ 8.00/0
Copyright 2011 Zoological Society of Pakistan.
cleared in xylol and mounted in Canada balsam. The
diagrams were made with the aid of camera lucida.
The measurements of ovigerous specimens are
given in millimeter (mm). In the present work
distance between anterior extremity of the body and
anterior margin of the ventral sucker is referred as
‘forebody’ and the distance between posterior
margin of the ventral sucker and posterior extremity
of the body is referred as ‘hindbody’. The voucher
specimens submitted to the depository of the
Helminthological Society of India of Late Prof. S.P.
Gupta, University of Lucknow, India.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Poche (1926) was placed the genus Pleorchis
Railliet, 1896 and Schistorchis Lühe, 1906 under
family Pleorchiidae. Cable and Hunninen (1942)
considered the family Pleorchiidae invalid,
revealing that Pleorchis and Schistorchis are not
closely related. They were placed the Pleorchis in
family Acanthocolpidae. Yamaguti (1942) was
separated the Pleorchis and Schistorchis. He was
placed the genus Pleorchis under family
Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926, and erected a new family
Schistorchiidae for the genus Schistorchis.
Caballero y Caballero (1952) was considered the
Pleorchis as member of sub-family Pleorchiinae of
Acanthocolpidae. After it, some workers considered
the Pleorchis as member of Acanthocolpidae Lühe,
1906 (Caballero y Caballero, 1952; Skrjabin, 1954;
Parukhin, 1974; Bartoli et al., 2004). It seems that,
2. R. GUPTA ET AL.
192
the above workers were tentatively considered the
character ‘spiny tegument’ for establishing the
family of Pleorchis. But spiny tegument is not
found in all known species of Pleorchis. Several
other workers were considered the family
Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926 for Pleorchis
(Hafeezullah, 1971; Vicente and Santos, 1973;
Gupta and Gupta, 1976; Bilqees, 1977; Gupta and
Puri, 1979; Amato, 1983; Shen, 1983; Madhavi and
Narasimhulu, 1985; Bray, 1986; Nahhas et al.,
1998; Saxena et al., 2010). It was probably due to
consideration of other features including, shape of
intestine, number and arrangement of testes, and
acinated ovary which are peculiar to Pleorchiidae.
Molecular study of Bray et al. (2005)
conducted on Pleorchis polyorchis (Stossich, 1889)
and Pleorchis uku Yamaguti, 1970 reveals that a
clade, comprised of Zalophotrema hepaticum
Stunkard and Alvey (1929), above Pleorchis spp.
and Tormopsolus orientalis (Yamaguti, 1934), is
close to a monophyletic clade of Stephanostomum
(Acanthocolpidae). But they admitted it less well
resolved.
Bartoli et al. (2004) and Madhavi and
Narasimhulu (1985) were considered the key
characters, shape of intestinal caeca, wide variation
in number of testes and extension of vitelline
follicles, for species separation in Pleorchis. In
Pleorchis puriensis Gupta and Ahmad, 1976 (syn.
Parapleorchis Al-Yamani and Nahhas, 1981) H-
shaped intestine is absent, and it also having some
character different to all known species of
Pleorchis. But despite this, Madhavi and
Narasimhulu (1985) and Bray (2005) considered the
P. puriensis as a synonym of P. sciaenae Yamaguti
(1938). On above ground P. puriensis Gupta and
Ahmad, 1976 (syn. Parapleorchis Al-Yamani and
Nahhas, 1981) seems to be a valid species.
Madhavi and Narasimhulu (1985) and Bray
(1986) were considered, Pleorchis ghanensis
Fischthal and Thomas, 1968, a synonym of P.
sciaenae. But the study of Bilqees (1977) strongly
supports the validity of species P. ghanensis.
Nahhas et al., (1998) considered the P. arabicus Al-
Yamani and Nahhas, 1981 a synonym of P.
sciaenae. The genus Pleorchis agrees very well with
the description of superfamily Lepocreadioidea
(Odhner, 1905) Bray, 2005, particularly in view of
feature ‘tegument usually spinous’. Yamaguti
(1958) and Bray (2005) have been considered, the
number and formation of testes, and status of host as
diagnostic criteria for establishing several trematode
families. Collectively the characters, intestine
usually H-shaped, numerous testes arranged in 2-4
longitudinal rows and an acinous ovary, are only
found in the genus Pleorchis. Considering all known
species of Pleorchis, feature “Distomes of marine
fishes having numerous testes arranged in 2-4
longitudinal rows” is proposed as the primary
diagnostic key for the family Pleorchiidae and genus
Pleorchis. It is also proposed that the genus
Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 must be considered as
member of superfamily Lepocreadioidea, and family
Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926 (syn. Acanthocolpidae
(Lühe, 1906; Bray, 2005) with the diagnostic
features given here.
On above basis following species (in addition
to P. santoshai n.sp. and P. keshavai n.sp. described
here) are still falling within the concept of the
genus, and seems valid viz. P. polyorchis (Stossich,
1889) Stiles, 1896; P. americanus Lühe, 1906; P.
sciaenae Yamaguti, 1938; P. californiensis Manter
and Van Cleave, 1951; P. magnaporus Arai, 1963;
P. ghanensis Fischthal and Thomas, 1968; P. uku
Yamaguti, 1970; P. mamaevi Parukhin, 1974; P.
psettodesai Gupta and Gupta, 1976; P. puriensis
Gupta and Ahmad, 1976; P. indicum Gupta and
Puri, 1979; P. nibeae Shen, 1983; P. hainanensis
Shen, 1983; P. heterorchis Shaukat and Bilqees,
2006 and P. srivastavai Saxena et al., 2010 (see
Table I for parasite-host list). Out of these P.
ghanensis, P. indicum, P. heterorchis, P. srivastavai
(in addition to P. santoshai n.sp. and P. keshavai
n.sp.) are without body spines. Whereas, P.
cygnoides (Zeder, 1800) Stossich, 1898; Pleorchis
mollis (Leidy, 1856) Stiles, 1896; P. oligorchis
Johnston (1913) and P. urocotyle Parona, 1899 are
no longer considered the member of genus
Pleorchis (see Hanson, 1953; Saxena et al., 2010).
Pleorchis santoshai, new species
(Fig. 1)
Host
Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier) (Scorpaen-
idae).
3. TREMATODE GENUS PLEORCHIS 193
Table I.- Check-List of species of Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 (Lepocreadioidea: Pleorchiidae).
S.No. Pleorchis species Host and locality
1. P. polyorchis (Stossich, 1889) Stiles, 1896
Syns. Distomum polyorchis Stossich, 1889; Polyorchis
polyorchis (Stossich, 1889) Monticelli, 1896.
Corvina nigra (Cuvier) (Sciaenidae), at Triest.
2. P. americanus Lühe, 1906
Syns. Pleorchis lintoni Yamaguti, 1938; P. mollis (Leidy,
1856) Stiles 1896; Distomum polyorchis (Stossich, 1889)
Linton, 1901.
Cynoscion regalis (Bloch and Schneider) (Sciaenidae)
from off Woods Hole, USA.
3. P. sciaenae Yamaguti, 1938
Syn. Pleorchis arabicus Al-Yamani and Nahhas, 1981.
Nibea (= Sciaena) albiflora (Richardson) (Sciaenidae)
from the East China Sea.
4. P. californiensis Manter and Van Cleave, 1951. Atractoscion (= Cynoscion) nobilis (Ayres) (Sciaenidae)
off the US Pacific coast.
5. P. magnaporus Arai, 1963. Cynoscion parvipinnis (Ayres) (Sciaenidae) and Urobatis
maculatus (probably accidental host) in the Baja
California, on the Mexican Pacific coast.
6. P. ghanensis Fischthal and Thomas, 1968. Cynoscion macrognathus (Bleeker) (Sciaenidae) and
Pomadasys jubelini (Cuvier) (Haemulidae) off Ghana.
7. P. uku Yamaguti, 1970. Aprion virescens (Valenciennes) (Lutjanidae) from off
Hawaii.
8. P. mamaevi Parukhin, 1974. Ichnius sp. (probable Johnius sp.) in the Red Sea and
Indian Ocean.
9. P. psettodesai Gupta and Gupta, 1976. Psettodes erumei (Bloch and Schneider) (Psettodidae),
from India.
10. P. puriensis Gupta and Ahmad, 1976
Syn. Parapleorchis Al-Yamani and Nahhas, 1981.
Sciaena vogleri (Bleeker) syn. of Johnius borneensis
(Bleeker) Froese and Pauly, 2003 (Sciaenidae), from the
Bay of Bengal (India).
11. P. indicum Gupta and Puri, 1979. Epinephelus (= Serranus) diacanthus (Valenciennes)
(Serranidae), from India.
12. P. nibeae Shen, 1983. Nibea albiflora (Richardson) (Sciaenidae), off Hebei,
China.
13. P. hainanensis Shen, 1983. Pennahia (= Argyrosomus) anea (Bloch) (Sciaenidae),
from off Guangdong, China.
14. P. heterorchis Shaukat and Bilqees, 2006. Lutjanus johinii (Bloch) (Lutjanidae) and Otolithus
argenteus (Cuvier) (Sciaenidae), from Karachi Coast,
India.
15. P. srivastavai Saxena et al., 2010. Psettodes erumei (Bloch and Schneider) (Psettodidae),
from Deegha Coast, India.
16. P. santoshai n.sp. Parascorpaena picta (Cuvier) (Scorpaenidae), from
Deegha Coast, India.
17. P. keshavai n.sp. Trachynotus botla (Shaw) (Carangidae), from Deegha
Coast, India.
Prevalence
Two ovigerous specimens were recovered
live out of 20 fishes examined.
Description
Body flat, elongate, spear-shaped and
aspinose, rounded anteriorly and truncated
posteriorly. Posterior half of body broader than
anterior half. Body 4.89-5.42 × 1.02-1.15 mm at
level of ventral sucker, 1.21-1.37 mm wide at level
of ovary, and with maximum body width of 1.59-
1.82 mm. Forebody 1.29-1.45 mm and hindbody
3.28-3.77 mm long. Oral sucker sub-spherical,
ventro-subterminl, 0.15-0.17 × 0.20-0.23 mm. Post-
oral muscle ring absent. Prepharynx long,
cylindrical, 0.47-0.53 × 0.06-0.07 mm. Pharynx
muscular, oval in shape, measuring 0.23-0.26 ×
0.19-0.22 mm with conspicuous anterior circular
muscle ring. Oesophagus well developed, shorter
than prepharynx, measuring 0.20-0.23 × 0.07-0.08
mm. Intestine H-shaped, intestinal bifurcation in
forebody, a pair of anterior caecal diverticula
4. R. GUPTA ET AL.
194
extending well above pharynx up to just behind
posterior limit of oral sucker, posterior intestinal
caeca reach close to posterior extremity of body
with lateral out pocketings along outer margins.
Ventral sucker sub-spherical, pre-equatorial,
slightly larger than oral sucker, situated close to
caecal bifurcation, measuring 0.22-0.25 × 0.24-0.27
mm at 1.39-1.45 mm from anterior extremity i.e.
almost one-fourth of body length. Excretory vesicle
tubular, located between longitudinal rows of testes,
excretory pore terminal at posterior notch of body.
Genital pore pre-acetabular, close to anterior margin
of ventral sucker, at 1.18-1.31 mm from anterior
extremity of body. Testes 44 in number in
intercaecal space, aligned in 4 parallel rows, 2
ventral and 2 dorsal having 11 testes in each row.
Testes sub-globular, entire with anterior testes
slightly larger than posterior, extend immediately
from behind the ovary, anterior most testis measures
0.21-0.25 × 0.28-0.34 mm, and posterior most testis
measures 0.16-0.18 × 0.24-0.27 mm.
Cirrus-sac claviform, elongated, overlaps
dextral side of ventral sucker, extends midway
between ventral sucker and ovary. It is, curved,
broader posteriorly, and contains bipartite seminal
vesicle, small pars-prostatica and long ejaculatory
duct. Seminal vesicle spherical, proximal seminal
vesicle dorsal and slightly larger than distal which is
antero-ventral. Cirrus sac 0.74-0.85 × 0.21-0.24
mm, proximal seminal vesicle measures 0.16-0.18 ×
0.18-0.21 mm, and distal seminal vesicle 0.13-0.16
× 0.15-0.17 mm. Pars-prostatica 0.11-0.13 × 0.09-
0.10 mm. Ejaculatory duct opens in to genital
atrium. Genital pore small, at 1.18-1.31 mm from
anterior extremity of body, median, post-caecal
bifurcation, pre-acetabular and separated from
anterior margin of ventral sucker. Space around
vesicula seminalis and pars-prostatica surrounded
by large number of prostate gland cells. Ovary
acinous, deeply multilobed, with about 12 lobes,
median, pre-testicular, wider than long, anterior to
midbody, measuring 0.32-0.37 × 0.56-0.65 mm, at
level of 2.07-2.30 mm from anterior extremity.
Vitellaria follicular, extending from anterior
margin of ventral sucker upto posterior end of body
and to lateral body margins, confluent in post-
testicular space. Anterior body extremity to anterior
limit of vitellarium 1.29-1.44 mm.
A
B
Fig 1. Pleorchis santoshai, new species;
A, entire specimen (ventral view); B, eggs.
5. TREMATODE GENUS PLEORCHIS 195
Canalicular seminal receptacle absent.
Uterine seminal receptacle large. Uterus pre-
ovarian, uterine coils fills the space between ovary
and ventral sucker, metaterm tubular, slightly
narrow, opens into genital atrium.
Eggs numerous, ovoid, thin shelled,
operculated, usually collapsed in mounted
specimens, golden yellowish, different in size,
measure 0.055-0.065 × 0.030-0.040 mm
(measurements of intact eggs).
Remarks
The present form is referred to the genus
Pleorchis Railliet, 1896. Pleorchis santoshai n.sp.
differs from all known species of genus in having
long anterior caecal diverticula extending well
above level of pharynx and reach up to just behind
posterior margin of oral sucker. It further differs
from all known species of Pleorchis except P.
ghanensis, P. indicum, P. heterorchis, P. srivastavai
(in addition to P. keshavai n.sp.) in absence of body
spines. Present form differs from all known species
of Pleorchis except P. polyorchis, P. sciaenae, P.
magnaporus, P. ghanensis, P. psettodesai, P.
puriensis, P. indicum, P. hainanensis and P.
heterorchis in having 44 testes. Present form further
differs from P. polyorchis, P. sciaenae, P. ghanensis
and P. psettodesai in having well developed
oesophagus. It differs from P. polyorchis, P.
puriensis, P. indicum, P. heterorchis and P.
srivastavai in extension of vitelline field from
anterior margin of ventral sucker to the posterior
end of body. The present form differs from type
species P. polyorchis in having a cirrus-sac
extending further in to the hindody and containing a
large proximal part of the seminal vesicle and a
smaller distal one. It differs from P. sciaenae in
comparatively shorter length of hindbody in relation
to size of the forebody. It differs from P.
magnaporus in having pharynx with well developed
anterior circular muscle ring and intestinal caeca
reach up to posterior extremity of body. Present
form differs from P. puriensis, P. indicum, P.
heterorchis and P. srivastavai in having posteriorly
directed intestinal caeca with lateral outpocketings.
It further differs from P. srivastavai in having a
multilobed ovary. Pleorchis santoshai n.sp. differs
from P. polyorchis, P. sciaenae, P. magnaporus and
P. hainanensis in absence of post-oral muscle ring.
Accordingly the present form deserves the status of
new species with the specific name P. santoshai
new species.
The new species is named in honour of Late
Dr. (Mrs.) Santosh Kumari Saxena,
Helminthologist, Department of Zoology,
University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.
Pleorchis keshavai, new species
(Fig. 2)
Host
Trachynotus botla (Shaw) (Carangidae).
Prevalence
Three ovigerous specimens were recovered
live out of 30 fishes examined.
Description
Body flat, elongate and aspinose, body
slightly tapered anteriorly and with rounded anterior
extremity and more or less truncated and broader
posteriorly. Body 4.80-6.09 × 0.98-1.38 mm at level
of ventral sucker, 1.21-1.77 mm wide at level of
ovary, and with maximum body width of 1.51-2.06
mm. Forebody 1.11-1.45 mm and hindbody 3.41-
4.38 mm long. Oral sucker sub-spherical, ventro-
subterminl, 0.18-0.33 mm × 0.23-0.35 mm. Post-
oral muscle ring absent. Prepharynx well developed,
cylindrical, 0.47-0.55 mm long and 0.07-0.11 mm
wide. Pharynx muscular, ovoid, measuring 0.21-
0.25 mm × 0.19-0.27 mm with conspicuous anterior
circular muscle ring. Oesophagus shorter than
prepharynx, 0.19-0.20 × 0.08-0.11 mm. Intestine H-
shaped, intestinal bifurcation in forebody, a pair of
anterior caecal diverticula extending as far as
anterior limit of pharynx, posterior intestinal caeca
reach close to posterior extremity of body with
lateral out pocketings along outer margins.
Ventral sucker sub-spherical, pre-equatorial,
smaller than oral sucker, situated close to caecal
bifurcation, measuring 0.24-0.25 × 0.20-0.29 mm, at
1.11-1.45 mm from anterior extremity i.e. about
one-fourth of body length. Excretory vesicle tubular,
located between longitudinal rows of testes,
excretory pore terminal at posterior notch of body.
Genital pore immediately pre-acetabular, close to
6. R. GUPTA ET AL.
196
anterior margin of ventral sucker, at 1.04-1.33 mm
from anterior extremity of body. Testes 44 in
number in intercaecal space, aligned in 4 parallel
rows, 2 ventral and 2 dorsal having 11 testes in each
row. Testes sub-globular, entire with anterior testes
slightly larger than posterior, extend immediately
from behind the ovary, anterior most testis measures
0.20-0.33 × 0.23-0.48 mm, and posterior most testis
measures 0.13-0.22 × 0.19-0.21 mm.
Cirrus-sac claviform, overlaps dextral side of
ventral sucker, extends midway between ventral
sucker and ovary. It is, curved, broader posteriorly,
and contains bipartite seminal vesicle, pars-
prostatica and ejaculatory duct. Seminal vesicle
spherical, proximal seminal vesicle dorsal and larger
than distal which is antero-ventral. Cirrus sac 0.72-
0.76 × 0.19-0.21 mm, proximal seminal vesicle
measures 0.15-0.16 × 0.15-0.24 mm, and distal
seminal vesicle 0.12-0.13 × 0.13-0.19 mm. Pars-
prostatica 0.10-0.13 × 0.06-0.08 mm. Ejaculatory
duct opens in to genital atrium. Genital atrium
spherical and wide. Genital pore small, at 1.04-1.33
mm from anterior extremity of body, median, post-
caecal bifurcation, pre-acetabular and slightly
separated from anterior margin of ventral sucker.
Space around vesicular seminalis and pars-
prostatica surrounded by large number of prostate
gland cells. Ovary acinous, multilobed with about
10 lobes, median, pre-testicular, wider than long,
well anterior to midbody, 0.34-0.43 × 0.56-0.98
mm, at 1.89-2.32 mm from anterior extremity.
Vitellaria follicular, extending from mid level
of ventral sucker up to posterior end of body and to
lateral body margins, confluent in post-testicular
space, never reach to anterior margin of ventral
sucker. Anterior body extremity to anterior limit of
vitellarium 1.23-1.61 mm.
Canalicular seminal receptacle absent.
Uterine seminal receptacle large. Uterus pre-
ovarian, intercaecal, uterine coils fills the space
between ovary and ventral sucker, metaterm tubular,
wide and opens into genital atrium.
Eggs numerous, ovoid, thin shelled,
operculated, usually collapsed in mounted
specimens, golden yellowish, different in size,
measure 0.055-0.070 × 0.035-0.045 mm
(measurements of intact eggs).
A
Fig 2. Pleorchis keshavai, new species;
B
A, entire specimen (ventral view); B, eggs.
7. TREMATODE GENUS PLEORCHIS 197
Remarks
The present form is referred to the genus
Pleorchis Railliet, 1896. Pleorchis keshavai n.sp.
differs from all known species of Pleorchis except
P. ghanensis, P. indicum, P. heterorchis, P.
srivastavai and Pleorchis santoshai n.sp. in absence
of body spines. Present form differs from all known
species of Pleorchis except P. polyorchis, P.
sciaenae, P. magnaporus, P. ghanensis, P.
psettodesai, P. puriensis, P. indicum, P.
hainanensis, P. heterorchis and Pleorchis santoshai
n.sp. in having 44 testes. Present form further differs
from P. polyorchis, P. sciaenae, P. ghanensis and P.
psettodesai in having well developed oesophagus. It
differs from P. polyorchis, P. sciaenae, P.
psettodesai, P. puriensis, P. ghanensis, P.
heterorchis, P. srivastavai and Pleorchis santoshai
n.sp. in extension of vitelline field from mid level of
ventral sucker to the posterior end of body. It further
differs from type species P. polyorchis in having a
cirrus-sac extending further in to the hindody and
containing a large proximal part of the seminal
vesicle and a smaller distal one. The present form
differs from P. sciaenae in comparatively shorter
length of hindbody in relation to size of the
forebody. It differs from P. magnaporus in having
pharynx with well developed anterior circular
muscle ring and intestinal caeca reach up to
posterior extremity of body. Present form differs
from P. puriensis, P. indicum, P. heterorchis and P.
srivastavai in having posteriorly directed intestinal
caeca with lateral outpocketings. It further differs
from P. srivastavai in having a multilobed ovary.
Pleorchis keshavai n.sp. differs from P. polyorchis,
P. sciaenae, P. magnaporus and P. hainanensis in
absence of post-oral muscle ring. Accordingly the
present form deserves the status of new species with
the specific name Pleorchis keshavai new species.
The new species is named in honour of Prof.
Keshava C. Pandey, Eminent Helminthologist,
Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow,
Lucknow, India.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS FOR FAMILY
PLEORCHIIDAE POCHE, 1926 AND GENUS
PLEORCHIS RAILLIET, 1896
Rare digenetic distomes, intestinal parasites
in marine fishes; cosmopolitan. Body dorso-
ventrally flattened, with or without spines, oval to
elongate or spear-shaped. Oral sucker rounded or
sub-spherical, ventrally terminal or sub-terminal,
followed by well developed prepharynx. Post-oral
muscle ring present or absent. Ventral sucker
rounded or sub-spherical, generally smaller than
oral sucker, pre-equatorial, behind caecal
bifurcation. Pharynx large, oval to pyriform, with or
without anterior circular muscle ring. Oesophagus
smaller than prepharynx, sometimes indistinct or
absent. Intestine usually H-shaped. Anteriorly
directed caecal diverticula if present, equal or
unequal. Intestinal caeca usually reach to posterior
extremity, blind, with or without small lateral out
pocketings on outer margin. Testes numerous, sub-
globular, arranged in two or four longitudinal rows
in intercaecal space of hindbody, vary in size. Cirrus
sac claviform, curved, extend into hindbody. Cirrus
sac having internal bipartite seminal vesicle, short
pars-prostatica, and an unarmed ejaculatory duct.
Distal part of seminal vesicle larger than proximal
part or vice-versa. Genital atrium tubular, genital
pore median, and pre-acetabular. Metaterm weakly
developed. Uterine seminal receptacle present.
Uterus coiled and pre-ovarian. Ovary acinous, pre-
testicular, entire, oval or multilobed, in anterior
hindbody. Eggs numerous operculated, vary in size.
Vitelline follicles extend in to forebody or not.
Excretory vesicle I-shaped, located between
longitudinal rows of testes, reach ovary. Family
Pleorchiidae Poche, 1926 including only one genus
Pleorchis Railliet, 1896 with type species P.
polyorchis (Stossich, 1889) Stiles, 1896.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are grateful to Prof. Nirupama
Agrawal, Helminthologist, Department of Zoology,
University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India for
providing some rare literature related to the present
study.
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(Received 2 April 2010, revised 1 July 2010)