The document discusses different types of literature used in systematics and ecology, including primary sources like experimental data and journal articles, secondary sources like reviews and meta-analyses that interpret primary sources, and tertiary sources like encyclopedias and textbooks that compile and distill primary and secondary sources. It also discusses grey literature produced by organizations. The document outlines tools for synthesizing information like narrative reviews, vote counting, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, and discusses best practices for conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses, such as choosing search terms and refining searches.
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
They may be classified as:
Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines; and
Foreign, if conducted in foreign lands RELATED STUDIES
Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture. Importance, Purposes, and Functions of Related Literature and Studies
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
A lecture on how to do a literature review. Covers what a literature is, journal hierachies, H index, I index, types of lit review - narrative, meta and systematic, search startegies, forest, filtering literature, using databases to search and making a search string
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
Literature Review
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and by so doing, provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being investigated.
Types of literature review
On the purpose of research there are 5 main types of literature review:
Narrative Literature Review
Argumentative Literature Review
Theoretical Literature Review
Integrative Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review
A lecture on how to do a literature review. Covers what a literature is, journal hierachies, H index, I index, types of lit review - narrative, meta and systematic, search startegies, forest, filtering literature, using databases to search and making a search string
Invest in Lombardy in Bocconi: nuovi paradigmi per attrarre investimenti esteri InvestinLombardy
Invest in Lombardy Days 2015. Seminario "Invest in Lombardy in Bocconi, nuovi paradigmi per attrarre investimenti esteri ".
A cura di Stefano Nigro - Responsabile Invest in Lombardy
When Healthcare Meets Data Science (Anastasiia Kornilova Technology Stream) IT Arena
Lviv IT Arena is a conference specially designed for programmers, designers, developers, top managers, inverstors, entrepreneur and startuppers. Annually it takes place on 2-4 of October in Lviv at the Arena Lviv stadium. In 2015 conference gathered more than 1400 participants and over 100 speakers from companies like Facebook. FitBit, Mail.ru, HP, Epson and IBM. More details about conference at itarene.lviv.ua.
Gli accordi per la competitività di Regione LombardiaInvestinLombardy
Invest in Lombardy Days 2015, presentati gli accordi di competitività di Regione Lombardia. A cura di Paola Negroni - Dirigente attività Produttive, Ricerca e Innovazione Regione Lombardia
As a researcher, you are expected to start publishing early in your career. But original research could take years to complete! This does not mean you that you cannot publish a paper until you complete your research. You can disseminate your research in many other ways. These slides will help you learn more about the different types of scholarly literature so that you are able to choose the most suitable format for publishing your study.
Review of related literature , researches, Notes taking.pptxNeha Deo
A review of related research is an important step in any research.
In this presentation, the procedure of conducting a review of literature is explained,
Notes-taking is the part of conducting the review of related literature. The different ways of taking notes & use of cards are also described in this presentation.
Shrubs and invasive grass predict lizard occurrence in an arid shrublandAlessandro Filazzola
Filazzola, A., Westphal, M., Powers, M., Liczner, A.R., Johnson, B, & Lortie, C.J.The realized niche of the endangered blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila) is determined by interactions between native shrubs and invasive annual grass. ESA 100th Meeting Baltimore.
The habitat of the endangered Blunt-nosed leopard lizard is determined by an interplay between native shrub cover and invasive grass abundance. A conference presentation at the 2015 CNPS conference in San Jose.
York University Conference talk for Northern Studies Training Program. Presentation examines the cost of facilitation for cushion plants in the alpine.
Proposal for nurse-plant effects on mechanistic pathways for different plant ...Alessandro Filazzola
An introductory explanation of nurse-plant mechanisms and how my research will try to document them. Presented at York University as a part of their weekly graduate series seminars.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
3. Different types of literature
Primary sources – original materials, often empirical testing or experiments.
Examples:
- Journal articles
- Experimental data
- Communications
4. Different types of literature
Secondary sources – interpretations or summarization of primary sources
Examples:
- Reviews
- Meta-analyses
- Commentaries
5. Different types of literature
Tertiary sources – A distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources
Examples:
- Encyclopedias
- Textbooks
- Bibliographies
6. Different types of literature
Grey literature – is information or researched produced by an organization or
government.
Examples:
- Government documents
- Newsletters
- Technical reports
10. Narratives
- Reviews written about a subject that are not quantitative
- Relatively easy to write
- Biased towards authors of the article
- Typically written by experts on the subject
11. - Reviews that are based from a systematic search through the literature of a topic
- More difficult to write, requires reading many articles to make conclusions
- Less biased towards authors, but biased towards the state of the literature
- Written by any researcher
Systematic reviews
12.
13.
14.
15. - Reviews that are based from statistics conducted on multiple studies
- Difficult because it requires specific data from many articles.
- Generally unbiased, comparing effect sizes rather than studies
- Written by any researcher
Meta-analysis
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Choosing search terms
- Wild cards (*) to capture different spellings.
- Do not truncate
- Avoid ambiguity
- Common names and latin names
- define inclusion material
24. Refinement techniques
- Refine to English language
- Refine to empirical papers and exclude reviews for systematic
reviews/meta-analyses
- Refine to countries when targeting a geographic area
- Refine to year when targeting a time frame.
Editor's Notes
There are different types of literature. The textbooks you read and articles presented in class are often based on research that was published in other articles.
The most common type of literature for scientists are primary sources. These are often original experiments that are written up and published in journals. This is not restricted to written works though and could be experiments such as the figshares or personal communications about observations.
Secondary sources are interpretations or summarizations of primary resources. Simply, articles based on other articles. These include, reviews, meta-analyses that we will be discussing later, and commentaries.
Tertiary sources are a culmination of research on a topic written. Tertiary sources are typically very robust and reliable, based on both secondary and primary research. This is often what you classroom textbooks are considered.
Lastly, there is grey literature that is biased research that may be robust, but is produced by a specific organization or government. They are often report based that also summarizes a topic.
In regards to different types of synthesis tools (i.e. secondary or tertiary sources), there are many all with different levels of robustness. These include textbook examples, narratives, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
How these reviews synthesis the tools is simple, but difficult to do. Often there is a specific hypothesis or problem that is apparent in the research. For instance, “how to deal with invasive species”. Then there are a number of different studies that each test this question in a different way. They may occur in different geographic areas, with different target species, etc. These studies are then amalgamated together to answer more general predictions or queires.
In regards to synthesis, they can be simplified into two general groups. First, we can summarize the knowledge from all the selected studies. The second is to combine all the data to conduct one large statistical test that effectively tests the original hypothesis or question.
In the first category and potentially the most common type of review, are narratives. Narratives are reviews written about a subject that are not quantitative. They are relatively easy to write, but typically biased towards the authors of the article. Consequently, they are typically written by experts on the subject.
Systematic reviews are not quite narratives but not meta-analyses either. They are reviews that are based from a systematic search through the literature on a topic. They are more difficult to write because it requires reading many articles to make conclusions. They are less biased towards the authors of the articles, but are biased towards the state of the literature. Can be written by any researcher willing to immersive themselves into the research.
An example from in class was the nurse plant paper that was a systematic review. In the case of this study, the different types of facilitation mechanisms were counted based on the number of studies that tested it. We can make certain deductions with these findings such as that stress amelioration is more important than pollination facilitation in structuring plant communities. However, we can not say that because the frequency of a topic being researched doesn’t necessarily correlate with its importance in ecology.
Conducted these systematic reviews can often be very time consuming. It involves going article by article and classifying it based on a certain set of criteria. This can include items such as geographic area studied, GPS coordinates, or more specific items such as ecological question being studied or target species.
A PRISMA report is a set of guidelines that help assist the systematic review process. The flowchart guides the researcher through different steps through out the systematic process to select and exclude articles relevant to the topic. This includes steps such as articles excluded, those screen or duplicate removals because of combined literature sets.
A meta-analysis simply is statistics based off other statistics. They are reviews that conduct statistics on a series of studies that test a specific question. They are often difficult because it requires specific data from many articles. Meta-analyses are generally unbiased because they are comparing effect sizes rather than studies. They can be written by any research without an in depth knowledge on the particular topic.
Here is an example comparing the traits that are most effect for invasion of trees. The number in brackets represents the number of studies that were aggregated for the mean effect size. Positive values represent a positive effect (i.e. growth rate encourages invasion) and error bars over zero mean significant. From this result, we can conclude that all of these traits significantly contribute to invasion, but certain traits such as growth rate are most responsible for invasion.
Here is another example of a meta-analysis. This figure shows the facilitation ability for restoration among different plant life forms. Numbers closer to one are a stronger effect than those closer to zero and negative values means it negatively effects. For instance, shrubs very strongly facilitate tree recruitment but less strongly facilitate herbs. Herbs negatively effect other plants likely through competition, however, shrubs can facilitate other shrub recruitment.
Now we are going to show the basics of conducting a literary search on web of science. First go to the site and it will look like this.
You can input different topic terms. The search terms refine what you are looking for. If you put AND, Web of Science tries to look for articles that have both terms. Alternatively, you can put OR, which looks for articles with either of the terms in it. There are also a series of different categories you may search in. Topic broadly searches the majority of the article for the term within the box. There are also other options such as title, author, published year, etc. Sometimes you may want to refine to specific time frames that you can do here.
In the next page after you have put in the search terms you will have the total results in the top left and all the articles often sorted by the number of citations. The top articles are generally the most important. You can sort them in a variety of ways, but often the number of citations and relevance are the most important. The next step is to refine the topics to content more relevant to your search topics. You can click on the web of science categories.
There are two options for categories. Firstly you want to refine to topics that are most relevant to you. In this case ecology would be a good example. In this case though refining will still leave in some odd categories that are not relevant. This may be because some articles may be both classified as ecology or say energy fuels. Thus, secondly you want to exclude categories that you are confident are not relevant to your research topic. After you do this for all the research topics, you will have a refined list of articles that relate to your research topic.
After complete a citation report. This report gives you the basics on the selected articles. It also provides information that can be helpful such as if the topic has been increasing over time and the average number of citations per item. This is a easy way to validate the importance of the topic.
Some important things to consider when choosing search terms.
- Wild cards (*) to capture different spellings.
- Do not truncate
- Avoid ambiguity
- Common names and latin names
- define inclusion material
Other things to consider when refining.
- Refine to English language
- Refine to empirical papers and exclude reviews for systematic reviews/meta-analyses
- Refine to countries when targeting a geographic area
- Refine to year when targeting a time frame.