There are two major ways to treat wastewater; it is either through chemical or non-chemical treatment. Both improve water quality, but do not make water safe for domestic use. Most firms or companies use coagulation treatment or chemical treatment. But the problem for this treatment is the selection of the best chemical to be used; it is expensive and frequent dosage adjustments are required to ensure good water
treatment results. All coagulation chemical add specific elements to the water, improper doses and application generally pose problems (health risks). Hence, it requires extra preventive measures. A more cost-effective method to clean a wide range of polluted water on-site, and with minimal additives, is
required for sustainable water management. Electrocoagulation treatment of water may fit this description [1]. Electrocoagulation is most widely used in other countries but not in the Philippines. Hence, the device readily available in the market is very expensive. The paper focuses on the automation of the
Electrocoagulation process by using microcontroller, sensor, relays, and sacrificial anodes.
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
Zero water discharge for sustainable development an investigation of a pigmen...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The pigment industry is one of the most important industries in India. Its biggest impact on the environment is related to primary water consumption and wastewater discharge. Reuse of wastewaters represents an economical and ecological challenge for the chemical sector. In this research, a 3000 m3/month traditional WWTP plant has been investigated and also suggested for installation of tertiary treatment for zero water discharge for a sustainable development. The results showed that the average recycling of water per month were about 80%. The cost excluded for the treatment by the means of electrical energy and by other means; but the recycling of water by removal of effluents with tertiary treatment can save the cost of purchase of fresh water. It is also observed that the environmental safety can be achieved by reducing the acidic contaminated waste water flow to the environment.
A novel fuzzy rule based system for assessment of ground water potability: A ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. The most
widely exploited use of this resource is for consumption. Assessment of potability of any ground water samples
is a non-trivial task. A new fuzzy rule based system has been proposed to assess the quality of ground-water
samples collected from the bore-wells across 24 districts of Karnataka (South India). Eight groundwater quality
salts parameters are selected for water quality analysis. A membership function for the fuzzy rule based system
for each salt is developed and the weights for each parameter was calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP) that relies on pair wise comparison. The system showed that out of 24 districts of Karnataka state,
ground water from 51.78% bore-wells was not feasible for consumption.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Fuzzy rule based system
Water Resource Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water resources by using Water Resource Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can present the survey data for determining water quality by using the water cycle management PPT slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Showcase the leading factors that will affect the performance of the water technology market by using water quality assurance PowerPoint visuals. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. Discuss how you can design an effective water quality monitoring program by downloading our professionally designed water resource management PowerPoint slides. https://bit.ly/3fb5ExJ
Zero water discharge for sustainable development an investigation of a pigmen...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The pigment industry is one of the most important industries in India. Its biggest impact on the environment is related to primary water consumption and wastewater discharge. Reuse of wastewaters represents an economical and ecological challenge for the chemical sector. In this research, a 3000 m3/month traditional WWTP plant has been investigated and also suggested for installation of tertiary treatment for zero water discharge for a sustainable development. The results showed that the average recycling of water per month were about 80%. The cost excluded for the treatment by the means of electrical energy and by other means; but the recycling of water by removal of effluents with tertiary treatment can save the cost of purchase of fresh water. It is also observed that the environmental safety can be achieved by reducing the acidic contaminated waste water flow to the environment.
A Real Time System for Water Quality Measurement Using GSMRSIS International
Water is an essential factor for sustaining life on earth. So we must be aware of its purity while using water. The conventional method of measuring the water is tedious process and gather the samples manually and send it laboratory for analysis is time consuming, however this method not efficient. The water quality system can measure the required qualities of water in real time. The system consists of ATmega32AMicrocontroller, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and multiple sensors to measure the quality of water such as Ph, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solid and temperature. This is a real time system which measures the quality of water continuously and will send the measured values to the monitoring centre through GSM module after every predefined time.
Abstract
Water is vital to all forms of life on the Earth, from plants through to animals and humankind. Lack of access to fresh drinking water is one of the major and important constraints to health and development in many countries. Rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rain. It is still popular in places with limited water resources. Recent drought in a rainy climate throughout the world remind how quickly other countries can run short of water. Since Malaysia has high rainfall intensity, it does not means that Malaysian should not worry about scarcity of water supply. Even the annual rainfall is high and sufficient enough to be consumed, most of the rainwater tend to flow away. The environmental issue such as flooding, global warming and pollution are getting serious day by day due to a rapid development processes in Malaysia. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, it is possible to implement rainwater harvesting which has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions as an alternative water supply for non-, portable purposes. Designing water harvesting systems into new construction allows the homeowner to be more elaborate and thorough in developing a system. In the case of very simple systems, the payback period may be almost immediate. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential of rainfall to be stored for domestic use and design the rainwater harvesting system using gravitational force suitable for the selected house in Kota Samarahan area. It has been shown that the rainwater harvesting system can support the water demand of the selected house throughout a year even during the dry season. The cost of installation and yearly maintenance for proposed rainwater harvesting is lowered by 59.16 percent as compared with similar rainwater system which is installed on the ground level.
Keywords: Water, Rainwater harvesting, Water harvesting system, Demand and Storage capacity
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...journal ijrtem
: The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity.
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
Adequacy of the treatment capacity in water and wastewater services
Ana Rita Ramos e Francisco Mira
9.º Congresso Mundial da Água
Lisboa, 21-26 de setembro de 2014
Analysis of Microbiological Quality of Water at Housing SocietiesAM Publications
Treated water gets deteriorated in its microbial water quality during its passage in distribution system. Further
the quality of water deteriorates as it is stored in sump tanks, overhead tanks and loft tanks. Since the tanks are not
regularly cleaned the quality of water is affected as it reaches the end user. Due to irregular and improper cleaning of the
tanks there is an accumulation of organic matter in the tanks due to which the different microorganisms grow in water
which leads to spread of various diseases. In this study different sampling sites from kalian, Mumbai and Navi Mumbai
have been selected which are tested for free residual chlorine and microbial contamination. Study indicates that there is
successive increase in the microbial contamination as water passes from sump tank to overhead tank. Maximum
contamination is observed in case of water stored in loft tanks. Disinfection of tank can prove to be one of the measures to
check the increase in MPN values in water.
This guide is designed to provide a valuable and
convenient information resource to aid in the design of
pharma water systems that are compliant with the
requirements of global pharmacopeias. It offers vital
information on topics including requirements for
source bulk waters, control of biofilms, and the three
stages of water systems.
Wastewater Management with Anaerobic Digestion Accra, GhanaHeather Troutman
This analysis identified Old Fadama, an informal settlement of 80,000 inhabitants in Accra, Ghana, that currently lacks adequate access to sanitation facilities, clean water, electricity, and is burdened by severe environmental degradation as a possible site to implement a system of small-scale anaerobic digesters throughout the community as a means to treat 122,139 L of wastewater per day producing 20,727 to 29,406 m3 biogas per day, which is sufficient to run a cooking stove for 3.24 to 4.59 hours per house per day (assuming 5 inhabitants per house). Additionally, this system can provide sufficient fertilizer and soil amendment for utilization in urban and peri-urban agriculture, which provides livelihood for 18 percent of Accra’s total population and produces 90 percent of all perishable produce consumed in the city.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL OF DAIRY WASTEWATER BY PILOT SCALE SUBS...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutrient removal efficiency of pilot scale Constructed Wetland (CW) designed to treat dairy wastewater. Two pilot scale fiber glass wetland units were constructed to function as Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) CWs. A gravel based medium was layered for inlets and outlets of each unit. Constructed Wetland bed was filled with sand and the upper layer was filled with compost: top soil mixture (1:2). Both units were planted with Schoenoplectus grossus (Giant bulrush).After establishing plants for three months, the treatment unit was saturated with seven Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads of diluted and neutralized dairy wastewater ranging from 5g/m2d , 16g/m2d, 20g/m2d, 24g/m2d,33g/m2d, 48g/m2d and 186 g/m2d. Seven days were maintained as effective retention time under each BOD load. Control unit was maintained without the addition of dairy wastewater. Samples were collected from the inlets and outlets of each unit and analyzed for BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP).Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TN and TP were calculated. The results of this study showed BOD removal efficiencies in the range of 30%-100%, COD removal efficiencies in the range of 75%-92%, TN removal efficiencies in the range of 40%-100% and for TP in the range of 0%-100% with respect to studied loading rates. Based on these results this paper suggests that this type of pilot scale SSHF CWs planted with Scheonoplectus grossus is appropriate for removal of BOD, COD, TN and TP in dairy wastewater arising from small and medium sector dairy industries.
development of smart automated irrigation systemIJEAB
This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. Through GSM Modem, the sensed moisture content data will be sent as an SMS to the user. The project uses 8051 series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil through sensors. This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. It also sends an SMS to the concerned number using GSM modem. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
The developments in the agricultural field are the buzzword in the market. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the conventional drip irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops and it is very difficult. This paper mainly focuses on designing of an accurate & cost effective Global System for Mobile (GSM) Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System using micro-controller. In order to fulfill these objectives we have used relay and solenoid valve along with a 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that can be connected to the microcontroller, which will displays the soil moisture level and ambient temperature. The developed irrigation method removes the need for workmanship for flooding irrigation. Efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems. Time based control mechanism; volume based control mechanism and priority based mechanism can be designed in one system.
Smart Water Meter System for Detecting Sudden Water LeakageAneekBanerjee4
This article deals with a proposal of a smart water meter for monitoring water consumption and for accidental leakage detection. The hardware part of the smart water meter consists of a mini-computer and a pulse water meter. Application logic is then in the hands of the original software that evaluates water consumption patterns. If a water leak is detected, the smart water meter uses a ball valve to close the inlet. The meter also has a self-learning mode that can recommend set limits within the reference period. A separate application interface is designed for communication between the meter and the user .Various computer simulations were used to test and initiate different water consumption scenarios.
A Real Time System for Water Quality Measurement Using GSMRSIS International
Water is an essential factor for sustaining life on earth. So we must be aware of its purity while using water. The conventional method of measuring the water is tedious process and gather the samples manually and send it laboratory for analysis is time consuming, however this method not efficient. The water quality system can measure the required qualities of water in real time. The system consists of ATmega32AMicrocontroller, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and multiple sensors to measure the quality of water such as Ph, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solid and temperature. This is a real time system which measures the quality of water continuously and will send the measured values to the monitoring centre through GSM module after every predefined time.
Abstract
Water is vital to all forms of life on the Earth, from plants through to animals and humankind. Lack of access to fresh drinking water is one of the major and important constraints to health and development in many countries. Rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of rain. It is still popular in places with limited water resources. Recent drought in a rainy climate throughout the world remind how quickly other countries can run short of water. Since Malaysia has high rainfall intensity, it does not means that Malaysian should not worry about scarcity of water supply. Even the annual rainfall is high and sufficient enough to be consumed, most of the rainwater tend to flow away. The environmental issue such as flooding, global warming and pollution are getting serious day by day due to a rapid development processes in Malaysia. To pursue the need for a more sustainable development, it is possible to implement rainwater harvesting which has been recognized as one of the innovative solutions as an alternative water supply for non-, portable purposes. Designing water harvesting systems into new construction allows the homeowner to be more elaborate and thorough in developing a system. In the case of very simple systems, the payback period may be almost immediate. The objective of this study is to estimate the potential of rainfall to be stored for domestic use and design the rainwater harvesting system using gravitational force suitable for the selected house in Kota Samarahan area. It has been shown that the rainwater harvesting system can support the water demand of the selected house throughout a year even during the dry season. The cost of installation and yearly maintenance for proposed rainwater harvesting is lowered by 59.16 percent as compared with similar rainwater system which is installed on the ground level.
Keywords: Water, Rainwater harvesting, Water harvesting system, Demand and Storage capacity
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...journal ijrtem
: The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity.
Performance assessment of water filtration plants in pakistan - JBESInnspub Net
A study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of filtration plants installed at six different places of Cantonment Board Sialkot, Pakistan to suggest and recommend guidelines for their improvement. Water samples from six Treatment plants and their respective twelve connections (two from each treatment plants) were collected before and after treatment. In this way, total samples were collected and tested. Values of these samples before and after treatment were used for comparison with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water standards. Thirty three parameters including physical, chemical and bacteriological were determined for each sample. The results were satisfactory both chemically and bacteriologically according to WHO guidelines for water quality of treatment plants. The results showed that the samples of water were fit, both before and after treatment plant except for water sample of treatment plant No. IV & V (Before treatment). Total and faecal coliform were found in these samples. Various causes of faecal contamination before treatment may be due to leakage of pipelines, operation at tubewells, layout of freshwater pipes parallel or beneath the sewerage pipes or channels. Disinfection of water at source is recommended to deal with the faecal contamination; otherwise there is no need of filtration plant.
Adequacy of the treatment capacity in water and wastewater services
Ana Rita Ramos e Francisco Mira
9.º Congresso Mundial da Água
Lisboa, 21-26 de setembro de 2014
Analysis of Microbiological Quality of Water at Housing SocietiesAM Publications
Treated water gets deteriorated in its microbial water quality during its passage in distribution system. Further
the quality of water deteriorates as it is stored in sump tanks, overhead tanks and loft tanks. Since the tanks are not
regularly cleaned the quality of water is affected as it reaches the end user. Due to irregular and improper cleaning of the
tanks there is an accumulation of organic matter in the tanks due to which the different microorganisms grow in water
which leads to spread of various diseases. In this study different sampling sites from kalian, Mumbai and Navi Mumbai
have been selected which are tested for free residual chlorine and microbial contamination. Study indicates that there is
successive increase in the microbial contamination as water passes from sump tank to overhead tank. Maximum
contamination is observed in case of water stored in loft tanks. Disinfection of tank can prove to be one of the measures to
check the increase in MPN values in water.
This guide is designed to provide a valuable and
convenient information resource to aid in the design of
pharma water systems that are compliant with the
requirements of global pharmacopeias. It offers vital
information on topics including requirements for
source bulk waters, control of biofilms, and the three
stages of water systems.
Wastewater Management with Anaerobic Digestion Accra, GhanaHeather Troutman
This analysis identified Old Fadama, an informal settlement of 80,000 inhabitants in Accra, Ghana, that currently lacks adequate access to sanitation facilities, clean water, electricity, and is burdened by severe environmental degradation as a possible site to implement a system of small-scale anaerobic digesters throughout the community as a means to treat 122,139 L of wastewater per day producing 20,727 to 29,406 m3 biogas per day, which is sufficient to run a cooking stove for 3.24 to 4.59 hours per house per day (assuming 5 inhabitants per house). Additionally, this system can provide sufficient fertilizer and soil amendment for utilization in urban and peri-urban agriculture, which provides livelihood for 18 percent of Accra’s total population and produces 90 percent of all perishable produce consumed in the city.
PRELIMINARY STUDY ON NUTRIENT REMOVAL OF DAIRY WASTEWATER BY PILOT SCALE SUBS...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the nutrient removal efficiency of pilot scale Constructed Wetland (CW) designed to treat dairy wastewater. Two pilot scale fiber glass wetland units were constructed to function as Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSHF) CWs. A gravel based medium was layered for inlets and outlets of each unit. Constructed Wetland bed was filled with sand and the upper layer was filled with compost: top soil mixture (1:2). Both units were planted with Schoenoplectus grossus (Giant bulrush).After establishing plants for three months, the treatment unit was saturated with seven Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loads of diluted and neutralized dairy wastewater ranging from 5g/m2d , 16g/m2d, 20g/m2d, 24g/m2d,33g/m2d, 48g/m2d and 186 g/m2d. Seven days were maintained as effective retention time under each BOD load. Control unit was maintained without the addition of dairy wastewater. Samples were collected from the inlets and outlets of each unit and analyzed for BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorous (TP).Removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TN and TP were calculated. The results of this study showed BOD removal efficiencies in the range of 30%-100%, COD removal efficiencies in the range of 75%-92%, TN removal efficiencies in the range of 40%-100% and for TP in the range of 0%-100% with respect to studied loading rates. Based on these results this paper suggests that this type of pilot scale SSHF CWs planted with Scheonoplectus grossus is appropriate for removal of BOD, COD, TN and TP in dairy wastewater arising from small and medium sector dairy industries.
development of smart automated irrigation systemIJEAB
This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. Through GSM Modem, the sensed moisture content data will be sent as an SMS to the user. The project uses 8051 series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil through sensors. This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. It also sends an SMS to the concerned number using GSM modem. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
The developments in the agricultural field are the buzzword in the market. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the conventional drip irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops and it is very difficult. This paper mainly focuses on designing of an accurate & cost effective Global System for Mobile (GSM) Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System using micro-controller. In order to fulfill these objectives we have used relay and solenoid valve along with a 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that can be connected to the microcontroller, which will displays the soil moisture level and ambient temperature. The developed irrigation method removes the need for workmanship for flooding irrigation. Efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems. Time based control mechanism; volume based control mechanism and priority based mechanism can be designed in one system.
Smart Water Meter System for Detecting Sudden Water LeakageAneekBanerjee4
This article deals with a proposal of a smart water meter for monitoring water consumption and for accidental leakage detection. The hardware part of the smart water meter consists of a mini-computer and a pulse water meter. Application logic is then in the hands of the original software that evaluates water consumption patterns. If a water leak is detected, the smart water meter uses a ball valve to close the inlet. The meter also has a self-learning mode that can recommend set limits within the reference period. A separate application interface is designed for communication between the meter and the user .Various computer simulations were used to test and initiate different water consumption scenarios.
2015-2016 Mechanical/Civil Undergraduate Senior Design
Water Treatment by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Ultraviolet Radiation
NEED:
1. ADD DETAIL TO DISCUSSION
2. ADD TABLE FOR BUDGET SECTION
3. NAMES ON PAGES
4. Environmental Section
5. Add the solid works model
6. Cover page
7. Add decision matrices
Submitted by
Christopher Bitikofer
Sarah Ridha
Brandyn Krieger
Terran Engle
Project Mentor
Chikashi Sato, Ph.D
Draft 2 Submitted: 11/6/2015
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion 3
Detailed Engineering Specifications: 4
System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 5
Management 7
Budget 8
Appendices 9
Capability Statements 9
Gantt Chart 10
References 11
Introduction
Access to clean drinking water in underdeveloped areas of the world is a growing problem due to global increases in both population and pollution. Current methods of water treatment are impractical to apply in many parts of the world, as these technologies are expensive, require large facilities staffed by a litany of professionals, and the production/disposal of treatment chemicals that often have negative environmental impacts. The need to develop a method of water treatment that is less expensive, operates without the use of chemical treatments, and has relatively low electrical power usage is of profound importance. One of the most viable and promising optionsoptions is to make use both cavitation and ultraviolet light (UV). The purpose of this project is to develop a system for researching the combined effects of these two forms of water purification.
Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of water drops below vapor pressure. Small microbubbles form and slowly collapse in an energetic manner. As cavitation bubbles collapse, temperatures within the bubble can reach upwards of 5000 degrees Kelvin. Due to pyrolytic decomposition that takes place within the collapsing bubbles, the OH radicals and shock waves arecan be generated at the gas–liquid interface (A. Agarwal et al, 2011). These radicals degrade contaminants suspended within the water that would otherwise resist ultraviolet degradation. This makes cavitation a promising method of water treatment.
Ultra violet light is capable of killing bacteria and living contaminants in water. Short wavelength UV light, in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm, kills cells by interacting with their structures and disrupting DNA (NIOSH, 2008). UV light is capable of killing up to 99.99% of bacteria in clear water. This system of water purification is both cost effective and nontoxicchemical free but it cannot break down particle contaminants that bacteria tend to live in. However in combination with a particle filtration system, or in our case a cavitation system, UV reactors are simple to maintain, cost effective and chemical free.
The concise purpose of this team’s senior design project will be to develop a fluid flow test apparatus to demonstrate the degree of effectiveness of the combination of UV radi.
Feasibility of using photovoltaic solar energy for water treatment plants IJECEIAES
The purpose of this research is to determine the feasibility of supplying photovoltaic solar energy for the electrical requirements of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, in six regions of Colombia, with different geographic and climatological conditions: Andean Region, Amazon Region, Orinoquía Region, Caribbean Region, Pacific Region, and Insular Region. The study revealed that the costs of the photovoltaic systems oscillate between USD 32,486.86 and USD 40,716.86, without using a storage system with batteries, since the price of these makes the investment recovery unfeasible. Instead of using batteries to store energy, a water storage system is used. The total daily load of the sanitation systems is 57 kWh/day, which would avoid 7120.44 kg CO2 per year. Besides, during the entire useful life of the 20-year project, 142.4 tCO2 would not be released into the environment.
Recycling of Industrial Waste Water for the Generation of Electricity by Regu...IJAAS Team
The paper focuses on generating the renewable energy source from industrial waste water effluents. Utilizing the industrial waste water in order to generate electricity, a flow control sensor has been installed at the outlet of the tunnel which passes the waste water to the turbine. As per the need, the generation of electricity varies with respect to the flow through the use of flow control sensor. The generated electricity is then used for powering the street lights, gardening and run-way paths, during night time. The flow control sensor when integrated using IoT and cloud storage facilitates efficiency and scalability thereby providing massive utilization of energy usage.
Instrumentation, SCADA, LIMS: Tools for efficient management the operational ...ISA Interchange
Sanitation plants generally involve low rates of automation, especially in Brazil. This review article
makes an attempt to change this scenario by demonstrating the importance of the automation of
these plants. This article describes the efficient operation of a plan submitted for the automated
control systems of a Water and Sanitation Company. Several properties and issues are observed
during the execution of the project. The properties observed include the integration of automation
systems, instrumentation, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) and LIMS (Laboratory Information Management Systems). On the other
hand, issues observed include the lack of precision in the processing of data, difficulty in system
integration and security issues among other things. The aim of this paper is to analyze the
importance of process measurement and control in the operational management of the Company.
The results indicate that the use of measurement and control systems leads to improved quality of
processes and laboratory data. This study suggests technological tools to monitor the specific
parameters of the process and presents network topology automation telemetry currently in use for
executing critical analyses of the topology and security policy information employed in this
environment. It describes and analyzes the automation project, from implementation issues,
including justification, to aspects concerning purchasing and validation. Furthermore, it details
benefits of automation, such as standardization of technology, economies of scale, time savings,
increased productivity, reduced errors, increased reliability of results and the available and
accessible production of knowledge, thus transforming it into a tool for decision making.
Agricultural sector is backbone of Indian economy as population increas es demand of water also increases. Usually lots of water wastage takes pl ace in the land,due to improper method of irrigation. A solar-based smart irrigation system enabl es user to monitor the relative soil moisture at many different location throughout the field to more precisely scheduled irrigation cycle. By using solar energy,we can save the electr ical energy. The sensing system is based on feedback control mechanism with microcontroller unit depending upon t he varied requirement of different crops we can irrigate our field.
Abstract
This paper present most considerable facet of water purification system. Water purification system is the indispensable system which always needs consistency for the durability rationale for the dispatch of water from the pumping sector to the consumers & necessitate of mechanization or automation system in the water purification structure is for monitoring, storing & scheming the system parameter of drives which are install in the water treatment plant. There is considerable amount of wastage of energy as well as water during the manually operating the valves during opening and closing process.
Keywords: Conventional structure, Multiflo Automation System, PLC Logic & Water treatment plant (WTP).
DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK CAPACITY BY USING WATERCADIAEME Publication
In this study a network model was constructed for the hydraulic analysis and
design of a small community (Kedungkandang District) water distribution network in
East Java Province of Indonesia by using Water cad simulator. The analysis included
a review of pressures, velocities and head loss gradients under steady state average
day need. The clean water availability in the location study is 560 l/s, however the
local society that is 23,213 consumers can only use in amount of 116 l/s. The
assessment of existing condition due to the pipe hydraulic condition and the
development of capacity network increasing are carried out by using the program of
Water cad vs. XM Edition. The development condition consists of 27,284 populations.
Result indicates that the average discharge need is 41.763 l/s, however in the peak
hour need there is needed 65.150 l/s on 2031. The water pressure in the development
area is 2.3 atm on 06.00 am
Similar to AUTOMATED ELECTROCOAGULATION SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT (20)
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering
This work investigates and evaluates the electric energy interruptions to the residential sector resulting from severe power outages. The study results show that this sector will suffer tangible and intangible losses should these outages occur during specific times, seasons, and for prolonged durations. To reduce these power outages and hence mitigate their adverse consequences, the study proposes practical measures that
can be adopted without compromising the consumers’ needs, satisfaction, and convenience.
GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL IN DFIG BASED WIND SYSTEM USING ENHANCED HYSTERES...ecij
The standard grid codes suggested, that the wind generators should stay in connected and reliable active and reactive power should be provided during uncertainties. This paper presents an independent control of Grid Side Converter (GSC) for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). A novel GSC controller has
been designed by incorporating a new Enhanced hysteresis comparator (EHC) that utilizes the hysteresis band to produce the suitable switching signal to the GSC to get enhanced controllability during grid unbalance. The EHC produces higher duty-ratio linearity and larger fundamental GSC currents with
lesser harmonics. Thus achieve fast transient response for GSC. All these features are confirmed through
time domain simulation on a 15 KW DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed,
open access journal that address the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer
Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental
contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
PREPARATION OF POROUS AND RECYCLABLE PVA-TIO2HYBRID HYDROGELecij
Nano TiO2, one of the most effective photocatalysts, has extensive usein fields such as air purification,
sweage treatment, water spitting, reduction of CO2, and solar cells. Nowadays, the most promising method to
recycle nano TiO2during the photocatalysis is to immobilize TiO2onto matrix, such as polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA). However, due to the slow water permeability of PVA after cross-linking, the pollutants could not
contact with nano TiO2photocatalyst in time. To overcome this problem, we dispersed calcium carbonate
particles into a PVA-TiO2 mixture and then filmed the glass. PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films were obtained by
drying. Through thermal treatment, we obtained the cross-linked PVA-TiO2-CaCO3 films. Finally, the
calcium carbonate in the film was dissolved by hydrochloric acid, and the porous PVA-TiO2 composite
photocatalyst was obtained. The results show the addition of CaCO3 has no obvious effect on PVA
cross-linking and that a large number of cavities have been generated on the surface and inside of porous
PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film. The size of the holes is about 5-15μm, which is consistent with that of
CaCO3.The photocatalytic rate constant of porous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film is 2.49 times higher than
that of nonporous PVA-TiO2 hybrid hydrogel film.
4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ELEC 2020)ecij
4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ELEC 2020)aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of Electrical Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
4th International Conference on Bioscience & Engineering (BIEN 2020) ecij
4th International Conference on Bioscience & Engineering (BIEN 2020) will provide an excellent International forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Bioscience and Engineering. The goal of this Conference is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Bioscience and Engineering advancements and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Bioscience and Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)ecij
Scope & Topics
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of Electrical and Computer Engineering. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development Electrical and Computer Engineering.
Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ)
ISSN: 2201-5957
https://wireilla.com/engg/ecij/index.html
Paper Submission
Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through E-mail: ecijjournal@wireilla.com .
Important Dates
•Submission Deadline: March 28, 2020
Contact US
Here's where you can reach us: ecijjournal@wireilla.com
GRID SIDE CONVERTER CONTROL IN DFIG BASED WIND SYSTEM USING ENHANCED HYSTERES...ecij
The standard grid codes suggested, that the wind generators should stay in connected and reliable active and reactive power should be provided during uncertainties. This paper presents an independent control of Grid Side Converter (GSC) for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). A novel GSC controller has been designed by incorporating a new Enhanced hysteresis comparator (EHC) that utilizes the hysteresis band to produce the suitable switching signal to the GSC to get enhanced controllability during grid unbalance. The EHC produces higher duty-ratio linearity and larger fundamental GSC currents with lesser harmonics. Thus achieve fast transient response for GSC. All these features are confirmed through time domain simulation on a 15 KW DFIG Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).
UNION OF GRAVITATIONAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE BASIS OF NONTRADITIO...ecij
The traditional principle of solving the problem of combining the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the electromagnetic to the gravitational field on the basis of Maxwell and Lorentz equations. The proposed non-traditional principle
is associated with the movement of the transformation of parameters from the gravitational to the electromagnetic field, which simplifies the process. Nave principle solving this task by using special physical quantities found by M. Planck in 1900: - Planck’s length, time and mass), the uniqueness of which is that they are obtained on the basis of 3 fundamental physical constants: the velocity c of light in vacuum, the Planck’s constant h and the gravitational constant G, which reduces them to the fundamentals of the Universe. Strict physical regularities were obtained for the based on intercommunication of 3-th
fundamental physical constants c, h and G, that allow to single out wave characteristic νG from G which is identified with the frequency of gravitational field. On this base other wave and substance parameters were strictly defined and their numerical values obtained. It was proved that gravitational field with the given wave parameters can be unified only with electromagnetic field having the same wave parameters that’s why it is possible only on Plank’s level of world creation. The solution of given problems is substantiated by well-known physical laws and conformities and not contradiction to modern knowledge about of material world and the Universe on the whole. It is actual for development of physics and other branches of science and technique.
USING MACHINE LEARNING TO BUILD A SEMI-INTELLIGENT BOT ecij
Nowadays, real-time systems and intelligent systems offer more and more control interface based on voice recognition or human language recognition. Robots and drones will soon be mainly controlled by voice. Other robots will integrate bots to interact with their users, this can be useful both in industry and entertainment. At first, researchers were digging on the side of "ontology reasoning". Given all the technical constraints brought by the treatment of ontologies, an interesting solution has emerged in last years: the construction of a model based on machine learning to connect a human language to a knowledge
base (based for example on RDF). We present in this paper our contribution to build a bot that could be used on real-time systems and drones/robots, using recent machine learning technologies.
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION BASED MULTILEVEL IN...ecij
As the solar market is blooming and forecasted to continue this trend in the coming years. The efficiency and reliability of PV based system has always been a contention among researchers. Therefore, multilevel inverters are gaining more assiduity as it has multitude of benefits. It offers high power capability along with low output harmonics. The main disadvantage of MLI is its complexity and requirement of large
number of power devices and passive components. This paper presents a topology that achieves 37.5% reduction in number of passive components and power devices for five-level inverter. This topology is basically based on H-bridge with bi-directional auxiliary switch. This paper includes a stand-alone PV system in which designing and simulation of Boost converter connected with multilevel inverter for ac load is presented. Perturb and observe MPPT algorithm has been implemented to extract maximum power. The premier objective is to obtain Voltage with less harmonic distortion economically. Multicarrier Sinusoidal
PWM techniques have been implemented and analysed for modulation scheme. The Proposed system is simulated n MATLAB/Simulink platform.
Investigation of Interleaved Boost Converter with Voltage multiplier for PV w...ecij
This paper depicts the significance of Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) with diode-capacitor multiplierwith PV as the input source. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) was used to obtain maximum power from the PV system. In this, interleaving topology is used to reduce the input current ripple, output voltage ripple, power loss and to suppress the ripple in battery current in the case of Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). Moreover, voltage multiplier cells are added in the IBC configuration to reduce the narrow turn-off periods. Two MPPT techniques are compared in this paper: i) Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm ii) Fuzzy Logic . The two algorithms are simulated using MATLAB and the comparison of performance parameters like the ripple is done and the results are verified.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN SWARM INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS FOR ROUTING PROBLEMSecij
Travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a most popular combinatorial routing problem, belongs to the class of NP-hard problems. Many approacheshave been proposed for TSP.Among them, swarm intelligence (SI) algorithms can effectively achieve optimal tours with the minimum lengths and attempt to avoid trapping in local minima points. The transcendence of each SI is depended on the nature of the problem. In our studies, there has been yet no any article, which had compared the performance of SI algorithms for TSP perfectly. In this paper,four common SI algorithms are used to solve TSP, in order to compare the performance of SI algorithms for the TSP problem. These algorithms include genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and artificial bee colony. For each SI, the various parameters and operators were tested, and the best values were selected for it. Experiments oversome benchmarks fromTSPLIBshow that
artificial bee colony algorithm is the best one among the fourSI-basedmethods to solverouting problems like TSP.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
AUTOMATED ELECTROCOAGULATION SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
1
AUTOMATED ELECTROCOAGULATION
SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Eugenia P. Ramirez1
1
Department of Information Technology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
ABSTRACT
There are two major ways to treat wastewater; it is either through chemical or non-chemical treatment.
Both improve water quality, but do not make water safe for domestic use. Most firms or companies use
coagulation treatment or chemical treatment. But the problem for this treatment is the selection of the best
chemical to be used; it is expensive and frequent dosage adjustments are required to ensure good water
treatment results. All coagulation chemical add specific elements to the water, improper doses and
application generally pose problems (health risks). Hence, it requires extra preventive measures. A more
cost-effective method to clean a wide range of polluted water on-site, and with minimal additives, is
required for sustainable water management. Electrocoagulation treatment of water may fit this description
[1]. Electrocoagulation is most widely used in other countries but not in the Philippines. Hence, the device
readily available in the market is very expensive. The paper focuses on the automation of the
Electrocoagulation process by using microcontroller, sensor, relays, and sacrificial anodes.
KEYWORDS
Microcontroller, Automation, Sensor, Electrocoagualtion, sacrificial anodes, relays
1. INTRODUCTION
The country is endowed with rich natural resources, including water, which are essential for the
country’s economic development and in meeting its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Therefore, water should be recognized as a great priority.
By the year 2050, some four billion people (that's over half of the entire world's population) will
be facing severe water shortage. This is not a far-fetched scenario from a science fiction movie, as
it may sound but this information comes from NASA, the World Health Organization (WHO) and
other agencies worldwide. When you consider the facts, it is not hard to understand why there is a
problem: The world's population tripled in the 20th century, and is expected to increase by
another 40-50 percent in the next 50 years. Meanwhile, the use of renewable water resources has
grown six-fold. There is not any more fresh water in the world today than there was one million
years ago. Water cannot be replaced (such as alternative fuel sources can replace petroleum). It is
almost guaranteed that, once water supplies become even scarcer, conflict will break out across
the globe [2][3].
Access to clean and adequate water remains an acute seasonal problem in urban and coastal areas
in the Philippines. The National Capital Region (Metro Manila), Central Luzon, Southern
Tagalog, and Central Visayas are the four urban critical regions in terms of water quality and
2. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
2
quantity. The Government’s monitoring data indicates: (1) Just over a third or 36 percent of the
country’s river systems are classified as sources of public water supply: (2) Up to 58 percent of
groundwater sampled is contaminated with coliform and needs treatment; (3) Approximately 31
percent of illness monitored for a five-year period were caused by water-borne sources; and (4)
Many areas are experiencing a shortage of water supply during the dry season [4].
The key to saving the limited water supply that is left is by re-using wastewater as the World
Water Council points out. Wastewater is used water.
2. Objectives
General Objective
This study aims to develop an Automated Electrocoagulation System that would treat wastewater
in order to reuse it.
Specific Objectives:
• To design hardware that interconnects the relays, LCD display, pumps and other
electronic components,
• To program the microcontroller to automate the entire system,
• To utilize electric current in replacement of chemical coagulants and
• To test the effectiveness of the system in terms of accuracy and reliability.
3. Scope and Limitations
The study focused on the development of a system that treated wastewater through an Automated
Electrocoagulation controlled by the microcontroller. The microcontroller automates
Electrocoagulation treatment. It controls the relays, LCD display, and the timer for the treatment
as well as the transfer of the wastewater from the holding tank up to the output stage. The system
had separate power supply: for the microcontroller (5V) and for the Electrocoagulation process
(13V). The system also offered two modes: automatic and manual. For the automatic mode, after
the treatment time was completed, the treated wastewater was transferred immediately to the
filtration stage then to the output (sample) tank; while for the manual mode, the system asked a
confirmation to continue from the user every after each process. The filtration was composed of a
filter paper, activated carbon and zeolite stones. After the wastewater had been completely
treated, the system asked a confirmation if the user wanted to repeat process or take sample.
The tank had a limited volume of six litres and a maximum current of 6A for the
Electrocoagulation process. The system allowed the user to input the desired amount of
wastewater in litres to be treated as well as the conduction time using the keypad module. Probe
was integrated in tank 1 (holding tank) to set limit for the amount of water to be transferred. A
limit switch was also used in the filtration tank to avoid overflowing of water. The user can
override the treatment time; he/she can cancel/stop/continue the operation anytime. The system
can treat wastewater with multiple contaminants. The conduction time depends on the desired
turbidity for the output, nature of the contaminant of the concentration, volume of the
concentration, amount of the supplied current, and area of the electrodes. Switching/ reversing the
polarity took placed periodically to assist in the cleaning of the electrodes.
3. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
3
An external firm (e.g. SGS Philippines, Inc.) was in-charge of the testing and analysis of the
treated wastewater. Only qualitative data (e.g. concentration of the different parameters and
removal efficiency of the electrocoagulation process itself) was obtained and analyzed through
experimental testing. COD and turbidity were the parameters used in the analysis of the treated
wastewater. Parameters for testing were based on the Standard Methods for the examination of
Water and Wastewater, 21st Ed (refer to Appendix B). The end product (i.e. treated wastewater)
can be used again (reused) solely for external applications and will not be suitable for food
preparation and drinking [5].
The system does not include pH meter. The system was not functional without power source.
Limited samples (two wastewater samples) were tested by the external firm due to limit costs.
4. Project Design
4.1. Block Diagram
The system utilizes the principle of Electrocoagulation and made used of a microcontroller that
automates the entire process (see Figure.1). The input- wastewater- will be held at a specified
holding tank which has been filtered to remove the large particles that may cause problems (such
as blockage) to the system. Probe is utilized to set limit for the transfer of selected amount of
wastewater. System allows automatic and manual mode. Controlled by a series of pumps and
relays, the wastewater that was transferred from one stage to the other (to treatment unit where
Electrocoagulation takes place then to a series of filtration then finally, to the output reservoir)
[6]. The amount of wastewater and time duration was set using the keypad module. Electrodes
polarity changes every after one minute to help in cleaning the electrodes. As time progresses and
desired turbidity is achieved, the wastewater would be further treated through a series of filtration
with the aid of filter paper, activated carbon and zeolite stones. Finally, the filtered wastewater
would be held at the output reservoir.
Figure 1. Block Diagram
4. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
4
4.2. System Flowchart
Figure 2 shows how the system operates. When the system is up, the microcontroller stabilizes
the pumps, which requires five seconds. The LCD displays a message that asks the user for the
desired treatment time, amount in wastewater in litres, and the mode to perform: automatic or
manual. As to the latter part, it displays the other processes. A confirmation message is displayed
before it performs the desired operation.
Upon choosing which option to partake, the system transfers the selected amount of wastewater
from holding tank to the electrocoagulation tank. The system then checks if the transferred
amount equal to the input wastewater amount. If equal, transferred wastewater will be treated.
Otherwise, repeat transfer of wastewater.
During treatment, the microcontroller switches electrodes polarity every minute to clean the
electrode plates. After treatment time has elapsed, the system will evaluate if the mode used is
manual or automatic. If manual, the system requires the operator’s assistance. The system asks if
the user wants to extend treatment time or proceed to the next operation. If automatic, the
system automatically transfers the treated wastewater to the next stage (filtration to output tank).
After which, the system then asks if the user wants to take sample or repeat entire process.
5. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
5
Figure 2. System flowchart
4.3. Statistical Treatment of Data
Percentage error was the statistical tool applied for the treatment of data and information. The
formula below was used to measure the system’s reliability or percentage error.
Percentage error = (|expected value –actual value|) / expected value x 100 %
The formula is:
6. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
6
Where:
= mean
Σx = sum of all percentage error
N = number of data items
4.4. Automated Electrocoagulation System Circuit
Figure 3. Automated ElectrocoagulationCircuit
7. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
7
5. Discussion of Results
Test Cases:
Table 1. Turbidity Tests (Day 1 July 1, 2012)
Table 2. Turbidity Tests (Day 2: July 2, 2012)
* Reference: Based on DENR Administrative No. 35; Table 2A – Effluents Standards (see
Appendix B)
8. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
8
Table 3. Overall System Tests
The average error of the whole system based from the formula (see Section 3.3):
= 4/32 x 100= 12.5% or = 28/32 x 100= 87.5% reliable
Based from the computation performed, the system is said to be 87.5 % percent reliable. 28 out of
32 testing were successful
• COD and Turbidity test results conducted by SGS Philippines.
9. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
9
Table 4. New York Creek’s COD Test Results
Table 5. New York Creek’s Turbidity Test Results
* Reference: Based on Standards Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater, 21st Ed.
Table 6. Kamuning Creek nearby squatters’ area COD
Table 7. Kamuning Creek nearby squatters’ area Turbidity
* Reference: Based on Standards Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater, 21st Ed.
In general, the achieved values of the treated wastewater for turbidity (150c) achieved the
optimum value and upon undergoing series of laboratory tests at the SGS Philippines Inc. follow
accordingly the effluent standards based on the DENR Administrative order No. 35 (see
Appendix B); thus, the developed Electrocoagulation system performed on its optimum level
which means the system was accurate.
10. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
10
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1. Summary of Findings
In accordance with the obtained values from testing and from the different analysis performed by
SGS Philippines, Inc., and the discussions of its components, here is the review of its respective
findings:
The microcontroller automates the wastewater treatment. The relay controlled the pumps for
wastewater transfer. Computation of flow rate was used to measure the amount of wastewater
volume to be transferred with the aid of the probes. Float switch was also used to measure the
amount of treated wastewater; separating the colloids or sludge when dispensed in the filtrating
tank. Photosensor (LDR) and LED monitored the turbidity of the wastewater. When the accepted
turbidity level was reached, the treatment stopped (see Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). The amount
of induced current has a maximum of 6A but the acquired current during the operation is ranging
from 1A – 3A which depends on the load; its volume and conductivity level of the wastewater,
number and spacing of electrodes (see Table 3).
The analysis for the COD level has been obtained through 5220B methodology; the optimum
value(s) for this, in accordance with the DENR Administrative Order No. 35, was less than or
equal to 100 mg/L.The acquired value for the COD (in mg/L) for Wastewater from New York
Cubao Creek and Kamuning Creek are 75.1mg/L out of 228.2mg/L of Untreated Wastewater, and
98.6 mg/L out of 356.9 mg/L of Untreated Wastewater respectively (see Table 4 and Table 6).
Hence, the analysis for the turbidity has been obtained through EL 7.2021 methodology; the
optimum value(s) for this, in accordance with the DENR Administrative Order No. 35, was less
than or equal to 50 NTU; the acquired data is 4.8 NTU (treated) from 31.5 NTU (untreated) for
New York Cubao Creek and 5.0 BTU (Treated) from 25.0 NTU (Untreated) for Kamuning Creek
(see Table 5 and Table 7).
6.2. Conclusion
In light of the summary of findings discussed earlier, here are the generalizations for this study:
1. A microcontroller automated the entire system. The automation was further compounded with
the use of a photosensor (LDR) and bright LED.
2. The induced current depends on the volume and conductivity level of the wastewater, number
and spacing of electrodes, area of electrodes, and contaminants present on it. The more electrodes
used; the higher supplied current was needed. And the higher the induced current, the faster the
treatment would be. Physical and chemical issues were factor to be considered [8] [9].
3. The analysis for the COD level and Turbidity level has been obtained through 5220B and EL
7.2021 methodology; samples subjected for testing which entered the range of the optimum
value(s) as cited in the DENR Administrative No. 35 (Appendix B) .However, any wastewater
11. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
11
that has undergone treatment was not safe for intake and food preparation but it can be reused for
agricultural and recreational purposes.
4. The system is 92% reliable and accurate (see Table 3).
6.3. Recommendations
In view of the generalizations previously discussed, the following recommendations are hereby
suggested:
1. Integration of pH meter to determine if the wastewater obtains the optimum pH level.
2. Additional parameters such as BOD and pH level will be tested by the external firm.
3. Incorporation of additional sets of filtering system.
4. Incorporating solar or wind sources energy for rural areas.
REFERENCES
[1] Holt, P., Barton, G., & Mitchell, C.. [2006]. Electrocoagulation as a Wastewater Treatment.
Proceedings from the Third Annual Australian Environmental Enegineering Research Event. 23-26
November Castlemaine, Victoria. Retrieved from
http://www.isf.uts.edu.au/publications/PH_GP_CM_1999.pdf
[2] Vergano Dan [2003], Water shortages will leave world in dire straits. Retrieved
fromhttp://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-01-26-water-usat_x.htm
[3] www.SixWise.com The Water Shortage Crisis in America & the World: A Quick Overview of One of
the Most Dangerous Crises Humankind has Ever Faced
http://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/07/02/28/the-water-shortage-crisis-in-america--amp-the-world-a-
quick-overview-of-a-most-dangerous-crisis.htm
[4] WorldBank [2003], Philippines- Environment Monitor 2003, Vol.1
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2003/12/3661476/philippines-environment-monitor-2003
[5] Department of Environment and Natural resources. [1990]. Revised Water Usage and Classification
Water Quality Criteria Amending section Nos. 68 and 69, Chapter III of the 1978 NPCC Rules and
Regulations. Retrieved from http://www.emb.gov.ph/laws/water%20quality20management/da090-
34.pdf
[6] EC Pacific Pty. Limited. [2003]. Evaluation of a Full-scale Electrocoagulation Process for Abattoir
Effluent Treatment Retrieved from
http://www.business.nsw.giv.au/InnovativeTechnologiesEnvironmental.pdf
[7] Farooqui, M. [2004]. Combined Electrooxidation and Electrocoagulation Process for theTreatment of
Municipal Wastewater. Retrieved from
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040108
[8] Holt, P., Barton, G., & Mitchell, C.. [2006]. Electrocoagulation as a Wastewater Treatment. The
Third Annual Australian Environmental Enegineering Research Event, 23. Retrieved from
http://www.isf.uts.edu.au/publications/PH_GP_CM_1999.pdf
[9] Ugur Kurt, M. Talha Gonullu, Fatih Ilhan, Kami Varinca. [2008]. Treatment of Domestic Wastewater
by Electrocoagulation in a Cell with Fe-Fe Electrodes. Volume 25, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc
12. Electrical & Computer Engineering: An International Journal (ECIJ) Volume 2, Number 4, December 2013
12
Author
Eugenia P. Ramirez was born on October 17, 1983 at Cagayan, Philippines. She took
Bachelor of Computer Engineering. She received her Masters of Engineering with
Specialization in Computer Engineering from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila,
Manila City, Philippines last 2011. Currently, she’s enrolled in Doctor of Information
Technology at Ama Computer University, Quezon City, Philippines. She recently took her
Comprehensive Exam and is working on her Dissertation. She is a Full-time Faculty in
University of Santo Tomas,Philippines.