In todays world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials TiO2, Fe3O4 Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3 and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. Gajendra Kumar Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50327/purification-of-wastewater-by-metal-oxide-nanoparticles/gajendra-kumar-tardia
Effluent treatment plant - design, operation and analysis of waste water trea...Shubham Hydrosys Pvt. Ltd
The Effluent Treatment Plants [ETP] plant is designed to treat the effluent coming from various areas of the plant. The treatment of different effluents varies with the type of effluent. Industrial wastewater contains a diversity of impurities and therefore for this reason alone, its treatment establishes a special task. Shubham Inc. offers comprehensive range of Effluent Treatment Plants that is highly effective.
The complete treatment solution works at many levels and comprises of different physical, chemical, biological and membrane processes. For reducing the BOD, COD, color, nitrogen and toxic level of the effluent, SHUBHAM is offeringa various solutions from ASP (activated sludge process) to advance Membrane technologies as per treated water uses.Shubham OffersCustomized systems to suit the extensive variety of effluents and to maintain efficiency are provided to industries.
We provide innovative and economical systems for waste withexpertise is advantageously employed for the technical and economic optimization of every subsequent facility.
SHUBHAM INC use the best-in-class technology and cutting-edge tools to foster high-quality, sustainable, community-level water supply sewage treatment plant and Effluent Treatment Plants projects in Gujarat, India across the ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot and Baroda.
Some processes followed by us are:
• Aerobic Biological Process
• Anaerobic Biological Process
• Chemical-physical process
TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS:
1. Oil & grease Separation
2. Neutralization of Acids and Alkali
3. Removal of Suspended Solids
4. Reduction & Removal of metallic impurities
5. Reduction of high organic content: BOD, COD, P, TKN, etc.
6. Dissolve impurities for ZLD system.
TREATMENT METHODS
• Primary clarifications
• Biological process
• Secondary clarifications.
• Tertiary treatment
• Polishing units i.e. UF, RO and DM (Optional for recycling or ZLD)
Applications:
• Textile Industries
• Distilleries
• Pharmacy Industries.
• Chemical Industries
• Paper Industries
• Tannery Industries
• Dye & Dye Intermediaries
• Edible Oil Refineries
• Electroplating Industries
Features:
• Sturdy construction
• Resistant to corrosion
• Superior performance
• Rapid installation
• Less civil work involved
• Flexible in reworking
Effluent treatment plant - design, operation and analysis of waste water trea...Shubham Hydrosys Pvt. Ltd
The Effluent Treatment Plants [ETP] plant is designed to treat the effluent coming from various areas of the plant. The treatment of different effluents varies with the type of effluent. Industrial wastewater contains a diversity of impurities and therefore for this reason alone, its treatment establishes a special task. Shubham Inc. offers comprehensive range of Effluent Treatment Plants that is highly effective.
The complete treatment solution works at many levels and comprises of different physical, chemical, biological and membrane processes. For reducing the BOD, COD, color, nitrogen and toxic level of the effluent, SHUBHAM is offeringa various solutions from ASP (activated sludge process) to advance Membrane technologies as per treated water uses.Shubham OffersCustomized systems to suit the extensive variety of effluents and to maintain efficiency are provided to industries.
We provide innovative and economical systems for waste withexpertise is advantageously employed for the technical and economic optimization of every subsequent facility.
SHUBHAM INC use the best-in-class technology and cutting-edge tools to foster high-quality, sustainable, community-level water supply sewage treatment plant and Effluent Treatment Plants projects in Gujarat, India across the ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot and Baroda.
Some processes followed by us are:
• Aerobic Biological Process
• Anaerobic Biological Process
• Chemical-physical process
TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS:
1. Oil & grease Separation
2. Neutralization of Acids and Alkali
3. Removal of Suspended Solids
4. Reduction & Removal of metallic impurities
5. Reduction of high organic content: BOD, COD, P, TKN, etc.
6. Dissolve impurities for ZLD system.
TREATMENT METHODS
• Primary clarifications
• Biological process
• Secondary clarifications.
• Tertiary treatment
• Polishing units i.e. UF, RO and DM (Optional for recycling or ZLD)
Applications:
• Textile Industries
• Distilleries
• Pharmacy Industries.
• Chemical Industries
• Paper Industries
• Tannery Industries
• Dye & Dye Intermediaries
• Edible Oil Refineries
• Electroplating Industries
Features:
• Sturdy construction
• Resistant to corrosion
• Superior performance
• Rapid installation
• Less civil work involved
• Flexible in reworking
A slidedeck that Is a few years old now but something I used to use when training people in the basics of wastewater treatment. It takes a fast three hours to deliver the presentation and ideally should be followed by a visit around a wastewater treatment works.
Feel free to use but please credit where you got it from alternatively if you are from the UK I'm usually quite amenable to coming out delivering a course
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Report on Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Operation and Maintenance of Interst...Kowshick Sen
Interstoff Apparels Ltd (IAL) comprises of the latest, most technologically advanced 100% export oriented private limited company with composite knitting, dyeing, finishing and apparel manufacturing plants situated in Chandra, Kaliyakoir, Gazipur, Bangladesh. IAL installed an Effluent Treatment Plant of 75 m3/Hr capacity which is running 24 Hr in a day. By nature, our ETP is Bio-logical with Chemical namely Bio-Chemical plant. This treatment is done by four stages such as preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Waste water comes from mainly dyeing and washing through a trench to equalization tank so for preliminary treatment is done by screening by using net or sieve for removal of large solids such as rags, sticks, grit and grease that may result in damage to equipment or operational problems at different stages of trench.
A slidedeck that Is a few years old now but something I used to use when training people in the basics of wastewater treatment. It takes a fast three hours to deliver the presentation and ideally should be followed by a visit around a wastewater treatment works.
Feel free to use but please credit where you got it from alternatively if you are from the UK I'm usually quite amenable to coming out delivering a course
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Report on Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) Operation and Maintenance of Interst...Kowshick Sen
Interstoff Apparels Ltd (IAL) comprises of the latest, most technologically advanced 100% export oriented private limited company with composite knitting, dyeing, finishing and apparel manufacturing plants situated in Chandra, Kaliyakoir, Gazipur, Bangladesh. IAL installed an Effluent Treatment Plant of 75 m3/Hr capacity which is running 24 Hr in a day. By nature, our ETP is Bio-logical with Chemical namely Bio-Chemical plant. This treatment is done by four stages such as preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Waste water comes from mainly dyeing and washing through a trench to equalization tank so for preliminary treatment is done by screening by using net or sieve for removal of large solids such as rags, sticks, grit and grease that may result in damage to equipment or operational problems at different stages of trench.
Green Solutions for Water and Waste is one of VTT’s Spearhead Programmes that has been running since 2011. This publication presents some of the research highlights from the first half of the programme. Focal areas of this programme have been water treatment technologies and waste management. In water treatment the research has focused in enzyme and membrane technologies and membrane surface treatment methods, water monitoring technologies, and sludge treatment. Regarding waste treatment methods and technologies the focus has been in refining organic waste and conceptualising new business on valorisation of waste streams.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to
mean "sewage treatment".
Pollutant removal from industrial effluents is a big
challenge for industries. These pollutants pose a great
risk to the environment. Nanotechnology can reduce
the expenditure made by industries to mitigate these
pollutants through the production of eco-friendly
nanomaterials. Nanomaterials are gaining attention
due to their enhanced physical, chemical, and
mechanical properties. Using microorganisms in the
production of nanoparticles provides an even greater
boost to green biotechnology as an emerging field of
nanotechnology for sustainable production and cost
reduction. In this mini review, efforts are made to
discuss the various aspects of industrial effluent
bioremediation through microbial nanotechnology
integration. The use of enzymes with nanotechnology
has produced higher activity and reusability of
enzymes. This review also provides an insight into
the advantages of the use of nanotechnology as
compared to conventional practices in these areas.
Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and
engineering devoted to designing, producing, and
using structures, devices, and systems by
manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale, i.e.
having one or more dimensions of the order of
100 nanometres (100 millionth of a millimetre) or
less.
In the natural world, there are many examples of
structures with one or more nanometre dimensions,
and many technologies have incidentally involved
such nanostructures for many years, but only recently
has it been possible to do it intentionally. Many of the
applications of nanotechnology involve new materials
that have very different properties and new effects
compared to the same materials made at larger sizes.
This is due to the very high surface to volume ratio
of nanoparticles compared to larger particles, and to
effects that appear at that small scale but are not
observed at larger scales. The applications
of nanotechnology can be very beneficial and have
the potential to make a significant impact on society.
Nanotechnology has already been embraced by
industrial sectors, such as the information and
communications sectors, but is also used in food
technology, energy technology, as well as in some
medical products and medicines. Nanomaterials may
also offer new opportunities for the reduction of
environmental pollution.[5,6]
Discussion
A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between
1 to 100 nanometres in size. Undetectable by the
human eye, nanoparticles can exhibit significantly
different physical and chemical properties to their
larger material counterparts. The definition given by
the European Commission states that the particle size
of at least half of the particles in the number size
distribution must measure 100 nm or below. Most
nanoparticles are made up of only a few hundred
atoms.
Clean water is a vital element for all living organisms.
The contamination of present water resources,
however, has increased globally due to rapid
industrialization and the massive population
explosion .In agriculture, the demand for and
consumption of clean water has increased on a large
scale. The consumption of fresh and clean water with
a high range of pollutants in industry, household
sectors, and other forms of consumption is about
70%, 22%, and 8%, respectively .The main classes of
pollutants are heavy metal ions and dyes. Water
containing such pollutants should not be used for
drinking purposes without purification. Once these
heavy metal ions enter water, it is extremely difficult
to completely treat it . These aquatic pollutants are
hazardous for all living organisms and strongly affect
ecosystems. Therefore, these pollutants need to be
eliminated from contaminated water to prevent their
harmful effects on humans and the environment.
Currently, water supply entrances face many diverse
challenges. All over the world, about 780 million
people do not have access to clean drinking water .
In the affected areas, which are mostly developing
countries where wastewater management is usually
non-existent, urgent action is required. However,
existing wastewater management and technologies
are improving their ability to provide satisfactory
clean water to meet human needs and other
environmental needs. [7,8]
Current improvements and advances in nanoscience
and nanotechnology suggest opportunities for the
development of improved water resources and
arrangements .The extremely effective, integrated,
and multifunctional progress facilitated by
nanoscience and nanotechnology are predicted to
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offer high rates of performance and reasonable and
affordable wastewater treatment solutions compared
to large infrastructure .
The removal of these pollutants through
environmentally friendly and efficient methods is
crucial .In the literature, numerous strategies have
been used for wastewater treatment, such as solvent
extraction, ultrafiltration, evaporation, and reverse
osmosis. These techniques, however, remove
impurities from water without making them harmless
end products . Full decomposition, either chemically
or photochemically, can easily be achieved by
oxidation . The purpose of each oxidative process is
to generate and use a hydroxyl free radical as a
powerful oxidant to reduce the effects of pollutants.
After activation, hydrogen peroxide may be used as
an oxidant, such as UV radiation , as a metal ion, or
as a Fenton reagent.[9,10]
Nanomaterials are mainly used to overcome major
water and wastewater problems. The term
“nanomaterial” refers to a nanometer that is a
trillionth of a meter in size . Nanomaterials are widely
used in the fields of environmental detection,
biomedicine and pharmaceuticals, electronics and
optoelectronics, the clothing industry, and cosmetics.
These tiny nanomaterials lead to several changes in
its physical properties such as the enhancement of the
volume to surface-area ratio and the effect of
quantum properties on the particle size. In contrast
with conventional materials, the properties of
nanoparticles, such as their magnetic, visual, and
electrical properties, are significantly different
compared to conventional materials. Characteristics
such as high adsorption, catalytical activity, and
reactivity are associated with nanomaterials . Over the
past few decades, nanoparticles have attracted
widespread attention and have been applied
effectively in different fields, including biology,
sensing, medicine, catalytic chemistry, and active
research and development . Nanoparticles are
commonly used in the treatment of wastewater . Since
nanoparticles having a large area and small sizes, they
possess a strong adsorption reactivity and capacity .
Several pollution sources have been reported
worldwide to have disintegrated into various kinds of
nanomaterials, including bacteria, emerging
pollutants, organic pollutants, and inorganic anions .
Nanoparticles are promising tools for application in
different wastewater ecosystems, including carbon
nanotubes, zerovalent nanoparticles, metal
oxide nanoparticles, and nanocomposites.
Nanomaterials provide new strategies that expand on
existing water supply and unconventional water
sources. Over the past few years, several techniques
for treating wastewater have been developed .Some of
the most important methods are reverse osmosis,
solvent extraction, sedimentation, gravity
separation, microfiltration, ultrafiltration,
precipitation, coagulation, distillation, oxidation,
adsorption, electrodialysis, electrolysis, flotation, and
ion exchange .[11,12]
Review work on metal oxide nanoparticles for
wastewater applications is limited in the literature.
Scientists discussed the current use of metal oxide
nanoparticles and their impact on biological
wastewater treatment processes in their review. They
also summarised the different methods used to
measure the inhibition of nitrification by metal oxide
nanoparticles and highlight the corresponding results
obtained using these methods. Researchers in their
review discussed the fate and potential effects of four
types of nanoparticles: nano Zinc oxide (ZnO), silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs), nano zero valent iron, and
nano TiO2 on wastewater treatment and anaerobic
digestion. They discussed the impact of metal and
non-metallic oxide nanoparticle on both wastewater
and anaerobic sludge digestion. Investigators focused
on the application of nanoparticles in wastewater
treatment. In this review, the authors discussed in
detail three metal oxide nanoparticles: TiO2, ZnO,
and iron oxide. Junbai et al. focused on several types
of metal oxide nanoparticles including MgO, TiO2,
MnO2, Fe3O4/Fe2O3, MnO2, Al2O3, and CeO2 and
their applications in water treatment. In addition, in
some reviews (on nanoparticles) some metal oxides
have been outlined, but they lack a detailed review on
metal oxides for wastewater treatment . Scientists
discussed in detail nanomaterials for industrial
wastewater treatment . In their work, the industrial
applications of three metal oxides (TiO2,
Fe3O4/Fe2O3, and ZnO) are presented. To fill this gap
and give a detailed review, this paper focuses on
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some recent advances and applications in wastewater
treatment for metal oxide nanoparticles and highlights
the potential uses of such techniques to tackle various
challenges confronting existing wastewater treatment
technologies. Several types of metal oxide
nanoparticles i.e. iron oxide nanoparticles, ZnO
nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles, silver
oxide nanoparticles, and titanium oxide nanoparticles
are discussed in detail. The reason why these
nanoparticles are chosen for wastewater treatment is
because of their capability to be oxidized or dissolved
in water and release metal ions, leading to metal
toxicity. These metal oxide nanoparticles are
chemically stable (have no adverse effects) and are
used in a variety of different applications such as
adsorption, photocatalytic activities, antibacterial and
antifungal activities.[12]
Results
The biological pollutants are living pathogenic microorganisms that exist in wastewater. The main wastewater
microorganisms are bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, which can cause acute and chronic health effects. The
different kinds of bacteria in wastewater can cause different waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, and
shigella. However, many types of bacteria can exist in wastewater that have less serious impacts such
as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus faecalis and others.
The nanoparticles are designed for water attraction and are highly porous and absorb water, like a sponge,
repelling dissolved salts and other impurities. Hydrophilic nanoparticles embedded in the membrane repel
organic compounds and bacteria that are more likely to obstruct conventional membranes over time. Metal
oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are made of purely metal precursors. These nanoparticles play a significant role in
many areas of physics, chemistry, and material sciences. Thermal elements are capable of forming a wide range
of oxide compounds. These can adopt a vast number of structural geometries with an electronic structure that
can exhibit insulator, semiconductor, or metallic characteristics. These nanoparticles have unique opto-electrical
features because of their well-known localized surface plasmon resonance characteristics. Alkali nanoparticles
and noble metals such as Ag, Au, and Cu have a wide absorption band in the visible electromagnetic
spectrum zone. In today's state-of-the-art materials, the facet, size, and shape of the synthesis of metal
nanoparticles have significant importance[13]
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As promising adsorbents to heavy metals, they have great potential. Metal oxide-
based nanomaterials include manganese oxides, nanosized iron oxides, titanium oxides, cerium oxides,
ZnOs, magnesium oxides, aluminum oxides, and zirconium oxides.
Several studies have shown that nanoparticles are more active against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative
bacteria as lipopolyzaccharides, lipoproteins and phospha-lipids are part of the gram-negative cell wall, which
create a binding obstacle that allows only macromolecules to enter. In comparison, the cell wall of the gram-
positive bacteria contains a slim, peptidoglycan, teichoic acid and abundant pores, which allow foreign
molecules to enter, which result in damage to the cell membrane and death of cells. Indeed, unlike bacteria
which are gram-negative, gram-positive fungi have increased adverse stress on the cell wall surface, which can
hold the nanoparticles. The process of causing bacterial mortality for nanoparticles depends on the bacterial
cell's parts and components.[14]
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Plants interact continuously with soil, air, and water, all of which may contain engineered nanoparticles. Since
plants are also consumed by animals, nanoparticles may be transferred to them. There is a also risk that
nanoparticles could invade the food chain and become hazardous to humans.
ZnO has a particle size of 20–40 nm and has been synthesized from Zn(NO3)2 and (NH4)2CO3. Increased
photocatalytic efficiency leading to an increase in the constant decay of bacteria has been reported as a result of
the reduced particle size and the effect of quantum containment activating ZnO to produce reactive oxygen
species (ROS).
Nanoparticles quickly aggregate and precipitate into pure water on the stability of three metal oxide
nanoparticles: SiO2, ZnO, and TiO2, in an aqueous solution. The most efficient method for partitioning
nanoparticles in water is using ultrasound effects. The results show that nanoparticles changed their stability
under various water conditions. The presence of organic colloids (surfactants and humic compounds) means that
samples of water and wastewater aggregate faster than pure water.[12,13]
Implications
Table 1. Existing methods of ZnO nanoparticles and their application for wastewater treatment.
S. No. Year Application Characteristics
1 2012
Antimicrobial
Activity: Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia
coli
Surface area: Sample1 = 34.27 cm2
, Sample2 = 47.54 cm2
and
Sample3 = 39.12 cm2
.
Particle type: nanorods.
Average patcile size 5–7 nm.
Under sunlight, 99% Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli could be immobilized.
80% of Escherichia coli and 59% of Staphylococcus aureus cells
could be inactivated under room lighting conditions.
2 2010
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli
Photocatalytic
degradation: methylene
blue
Particle sizes 80 and 260 nm.
Particle type: nanorods.
For Escherichia coli, maximum inhibition zone was 4.4 cm2
.
Under white-light irradiation at 963 Wm−2
, Methylene blue
photodegradation was 93%, methyl orange photodegradation
was 35%.
3 2010
Photocatalytic
degradation: methylene
blue
Average patcile size 5–7 nm.
Particle type: nanorods.
Surface area: Sample1 = 34.27 cm2
, Sample2 = 47.54 cm2
and
Sample3 = 39.12 cm2
.
The photocatalytic activity of methylene blue was observed to
improve by ≈8%.
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S. No. Year Application Characteristics
4 2011
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli
Average particle size 20–40 nm.
A quite high (0.24 min−1
) bacterial decay constatnt was observed
for antibacterial activity.
5 2006
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli and Bacillus subtilis
Particle sizes 67 and 820 nm.
90% growth reduction of Bacillus subtilis was observed at
10 ppm. For Escherichia coli, only 48% growth reduction was
observed at 1000 ppm.
6 2008
Antimicrobial
Activity: Staphylococcus
aureus
Average particle size 84 nm.
Nanoparticles with smaller particle sizes had 95% growth
inhibition at 1 mM concentration (0.008%), with relatively larger
particle sizes, with 5 mM of ZnO showed only 40–50% growth
inhibition.
7 2011
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli
Average patcile size 19 ± 7 nm.
The toxicity to Escherichia coli of nano-ZnO in the 5 media
deceased as follows: ultrapure water > NaCl > minimal Davis >
Luria-Bertani > phosphate-buffered saline.
8 2015
Antimicrobial
Activity: Enterobacter
aerogenes and Bacillus
subtilis
Length and diameter of particle 400 and 50 nm.
Nanocomposites containing 2 and 4 wt% ZnO can reduce the
growth of both Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter aerogenes.
Stronger inhibility effect was found for 4 wt% ZnO containing
nanocomposite.
9 2015
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli and Bacillus subtilis
Average patcile size 20 nm.
aT 2.0 wt% loading level, the ZnO nanoparticles showed the
obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of both Bacillus
subtilis and Escherichia coli
10 2015
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli and Enterococcus
faecalis
Average patcile size 86 nm.
Maximum removal efficiency was found to be 78%.
11 2013
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
Coli
The pH ranging from 5.7 to 8.7 showed no viable effet. Sharp
decrease of bacterial mortality was observed from 80 to 90% at
pH 8.3 to about 10–20% at pH 8.7.
12 2011
Antimicrobial
Activity: Pseudomonas
aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia
coli
Average patcile size 25 nm.
The effect on the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus
aureus were more than Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
13 2018
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli
and Salmonella
typhimurium
Photocatalytic
degradation: methylene
blue
Particle size between 2 and 50 nm.
MB equilibrium data was best fitted to the Dubinin-
Radushkevich model.
The adsorption energy (E) was between 1.76 and 2.00 kJ/mol.
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S. No. Year Application Characteristics
14 2019 Adsorption: Cr(VI)
Average patcile size 31 nm.
The maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) was at pH of 2.
Increasing the pH value results in decreaing adsorption capacity.
The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 139.47 mg/g
at 50°.
15 2018
Adsorption: Reactive
Blue 19 (RB19) and
Acid Black 210 (AB210)
dyes
Average patcile size 12 nm.
Fast Adsorption rate with an equilibrium adsorption established
after 15 min of shaking times.
RB19 removal efficiency was highest at pH ~3.
Both dyes followed the pseudo-second-order model.
The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
experimental data.
The maximum of adsorption capacities for RB19 and AB210
were 38.02 and 34.13 mg/g.
16 2017 Adsorption: Pb(II)
Particle sizes 10.01 ± 2.6 nm
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the adsorption
process.
The maximum removal was observed to be 93% at pH 5.
The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous.
17 2018 Adsorption: As(III)
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the adsorption
process.
The maximum removal was observed to be 52.63 mg/g at pH 7.
The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous.
The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
experimental data.
18 2019 Adsorption: Azo dyes
Particle sizes 75–150 nm.
ZnO-NPs of amount 0.3 g showed maximum removal efficiency
of each dye (40 ppm) at pH 6.
The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
experimental data.
The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order
model.
19 2019
Adsorption: Arsenic
(As(V))
Average width of particle around 7 nm and average length about
80 nm.
The maximum capacity of 4421 mg/g at neutral pH (7).
The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
experimental data.
20 2008
Antimicrobial
Activity: Crustaceans
Daphnia magna, Vibrio
fischeri,
and Thamnocephalus
platyurus
Particle sizes 25–70 nm.
All Zn formulations were very toxic: L(E)C50 (mg l−1
) for
nanoZnO, bulk ZnO and ZnSO4 7H2O: 8.8, 3.2, 6.1 (Daphnia
magna); 1.8, 1.9, 1.1 (Vibrio fischeri) and 0.24, 0.18, 0.98
(Thamnocephalus platyurus), respectively.
21 2010
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli
Average particle size 30 nm.
Surface area (m2g-1) 12.9
Toxicity (30-min and 2-h EC50, mg compound l−1
) of bZnO
for E. coli AB1157 = 849 ± 180, E. coli JI130 = 932 ± 143, E.
coli JI131 = 624 ± 81, E. coli AS393 = 612 ± 107, E. coli
JI132 = 43 ± 6.9, E. coli AS391 = 16 ± 6.1.
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Bacterial disinfectants are one of the major applications of copper and copper compounds, which are critical to
low levels of human and biological activity due to their versatility and low cost. Synthesized CuO nanoparticles
have good antibacterial activity against meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with
minimum bactericidal concentrations [13]
Table 2. Existing methods for working with CuO nanoparticles and their application for wastewater
treatment
S. No. Year Application Characteristics
1 2009
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Particle sizes in the range 20–95 nm.
Mean surface area 15.69 m2
/g.
In the presence of 1000 g/ml of CuO, populations of Gram-
negative (×3 strains) and Gram-positive (×4 strains)
organisms tested were reduced by 65% and 68%,
respectively,
2 2008
Antimicrobial
Activity: Bacillus
subtilis, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Escherichia coli
Average particle size 9 nm.
Disk diffusion studies with Staphylococcus
aureus, and Escherichia coli revealed effectiveness with
CuO. The highest sensitivity to CuO nanoparticle was
depicted by Bacillus subtili.
3 2010
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia coli
Average particle size 30 nm.
Surface area (m2
g−1
) 12.9
Toxicity (30-min and 2-h EC50, mg compound l−1
) of cCuO
for E. coli AB1157 = 50.5 ± 15, E. coli JI130 = 39.7 ± 16,
E. coli JI131 33.0 ± 1.9, E. coli AS393 = 47.6 ± 5.5, E. coli
JI132 = 14.8 ± 0.1, E. coli AS391 = 11.4 ± 5.4.
4 2019
Photocatalytic degradation:
methylene blue (MB) and
textile effluent (TE)
Antimicrobial Activity:
Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia
coli, Bacillus
licheniformis and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
The nanoparticle sizes range from 10 to 26 nm, 36–73 nm
and 30–90 nm for the unannealed Cu2O, 300 °C and
600 °C annealed CuO respectively.
The best degradation ability was shown by 600 °C
annealed CuO, methylene blue (MB) = 91%, textile
effluent (TE) =90%.
300 °C annealed CuO showed best antimicrobial activities
on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus
licheniformis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
5 2015
Antimicrobial
Activity: Enterococcus
faecalis, Fecal
coliform and Total coliform
Particle sizes in the range 7–12 nm.
The best activity on Enterococcus faecalis = 92%, Fecal
coliform = 89% and Total coliform = 88% was at
pH = 6. The bactraial inhibition growth rate was decreased
when pH is increased after 6.
6 2018
Antimicrobial Activity: Vibrio
anguillarum, Proteus mirabilis,
Bacillus cereus, Edwardsiella
tarda, Staphylococcus aureus,
Aeromonas
hydrophila, and Aeromonas
caviae
Average particle size 61.7 nm.
Bacillus cereus was more susceptible to biosynthesized
CuO NPs than all other pathogens tested.
Best inhibition zone was found to be 25.3 ± 1.80
for Bacillus cereus using 100 (µg/ml) of CuO nanoparticle.
7 2019
Antimicrobial
Activity: Staphylococcus
aureus and Escherichia coli
Particle sizes in the range 7–14 nm.
The CuO nanprticle's minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus were 3.75 and 2.50 mg/ml, respectively.
8 2014 Antimicrobial Particle sizes in the range 5–8 nm.
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S. No. Year Application Characteristics
Activity: Salmonella
typhimurium, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Enterobacter
aerogenes
The CuO nanprticle's minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) against Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes were 0.15,
0.55,and 0.30 µmg/ml, respectively.
9 2014
Antimicrobial Activity:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Escherichia coli, Enterococcus
faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Proteus vulgaris, Shigella
flexneri, Salmonella
typhimurium, and
Staphylococcus aureus
Average particle size 23 nm.
Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis exhibited the
highest sensitivity to CuO nanoparticles Klebsiella
pneumonia was the least sensitive.
10 2019
Antimicrobial
Activity: Escherichia
coli and Salmonella
typhimurium
Particle size 190.93 ± 2.84 nm.
CuO nanoparticle showed effective antibacterial
nanomaterial, significantly inhibiting the growth of
both Escherichia coli and Salmonella
typhimurium bacteria.
11 2014
Antimicrobial
Activity: Bacillus anthracis
Average particle size 60 nm.
Best efficacy was 99.92% of 7 × 105 CFU/ml Bacillus
anthracis cells within 30 min for CuO of 0.5 mg/ml.
12 2016
Adsorption: basic red 14 (BR
14) and basic violet 16 (BV 16)
Average particle size 9 nm.
The optimum conditions were selected as adsorbent dosage
of 0.5 g/l, pH 7 and contact time of 30 min.
The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
experimental data.
Maximum adsorption capacity for BR 14 = 27.4(mg/g) and
BV 16 = 16.8 (mg/g).
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the
adsorption process.
13 2017
Adsorption: malachite green
oxalate (MGO) and methyl
orange (MO)
The pseudo-second-order model was followed by the
adsorption process.
The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous.
The isothermal model Freundlich was best suited to the
experimental data.
For CuO nanoparticle, the maximum dye removal was
observed at pH 8 for MGO (83.4%) and at pH 2 for MO
(93.2%).
14 2012 Adsorption: Arsenic (As(V))
Average particle size 40 nm.
The isothermal model Langmuir was best suited to the
experimental data.
The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous.
100% arsenic was removed from water at pH more than 8.
15 2014 Adsorption: Pb (II)
Average width of particle around 5 nm and average length
about 50 nm.
The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous.
90% removal efficiency was found at basic pH (9.0).
16 2019 Adsorption: Lead (Ii)
Average particle size 20 nm.
95% removal efficiency was found at basic pH (6).
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Nanofluids are generally defined using surfactants or
surface charge technology in the solution as
suspended nanoparticles. Other nanostructures
include nanohorns, nanocomposites, nanorods,
nanopyramids, and nanowhiskers. Silver oxide
nanoparticles, which have excellent antibacterial
activity, are being studied and are currently being
used for many commercial products and are among
many of the nanomaterials reported as antibacterial
agents. The antibacterial activity of the Ag2O
nanoparticle was tested against two gram-positive and
two gram-negative bacteria. The synthesized Ag2O
nanoparticles have strong growth inhibitors of gram-
negative bacteria.[14]
Conclusions & Future Scope
The need to expand the use of nanoparticles in
therapeutic applications and reduce toxicity is also an
important challenge. New strategies are being
developed to overcome such challenges through the
use of noble metal nanoparticles through
developments in nanoscience; however, their impacts
on anthropological health factors must be taken into
account before their extensive use. Given that most
nano-materials so far have been inexpensive
compared to traditional materials such as activated
carbon, future applications will focus on efficient
processes, where only small quantities of
nanomaterials of metal oxide will be needed. In
addition, more work is necessary to develop cost-
effective methods of synthesis, and large-scale testing
is required for the successful field application of
metal oxide nanomaterials.
Metal oxide nanomaterials are preferred for the
absorption of heavy metals and organic pollutants, as
they have shown promising results when they are
used in various applications. These types of
nanoparticles are called immobilization carriers and
can also be used as support carriers for biosensors and
bio sorbents, though they are rarely discussed. Their
success has been attributed to their physical and
chemical properties, but their application
to wastewater treatment is still limited.
In the literature, ZnO, CuO, and TiO2 are used in a
variety of different applications such as adsorption,
photocatalytic activities, antibacterial and antifungal
activities. Silver oxide is mostly used in antimicrobial
and photocatalytic activities. Iron oxide is mostly
used in adsorption.
Although metal oxide nanoparticles, like other
nanoparticles, are useful for many applications, there
are still some health hazard concerns due to their
uncontrollable usage and release to the natural
environment. These concerns should be addressed to
make the use of nanoparticles more effective and
environmentally friendly.[14]
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