Get it Here - Cruelty Free Cosmetics - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 ~ choosecrueltyfree.org.au - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Animal testing is commonly used for safety testing but causes harm to animals. Non-animal testing methods provide alternatives like using synthetic membranes and human cell cultures to assess skin corrosion and absorption without harming animals. These alternative methods are becoming more widely used and accepted in the cosmetics industry for tests like skin irritation and phototoxicity testing.
Safer cosmetics through in vitro science - XCellR8 presentation to Cosmetics ...Susie Lee-Kilgariff
How to develop safer cosmetics through in vitro science. This presentation was given to the Cosmetics Business Regulatory Summit 2018 by Dr Carol Treasure of XCellR8. It includes case studies of in vitro safety tests for skin sensitisation, advice on testing finished products and progress on a new model to predict mildness to skin.
Safer cosmetics through in vitro science. XCellR8 presentation to Cosmetics B...Dr Carol Barker-Treasure
In vitro methods for key aspects of cosmetic safety, including skin and eye irritation and skin sensitisation, are now in widespread use for regulatory safety testing around the world. In many cases, they are now established as the default rather than the alternative approach, so it’s timely to ask, “where next?”
In vitro technologies offer so much more than basic regulatory compliance, and when used wisely, can provide the competitive edge, from ensuring that formulations are fully optimised before proceeding to human in vivo studies, to providing detailed mechanistic data for claim support purposes. Importantly, they are a powerful tool to support the current move towards exposure-led safety assessments, enhancing the long-term safety of products and limiting the risk of post-market adverse events.
This presentation, first shared at the Cosmetics Business Regulatory Summit 2018, examines case studies from some early-adopters who are taking the application of in vitro data to the next level and considers the feasibility of applying exciting new techniques to the cosmetics of the future.
Not So Sexy - The Health Risks of Secret Chemicals in Fragrance v2zq
Not So Sexy - The Health Risks of Secret Chemicals in Fragrance - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ cctfa.ca
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their effects on living organisms. A poison is any substance that can cause injury or death following exposure. Toxicity is measured using endpoints like mortality, birth defects, cancer potential, and genetic mutations. Mortality is often measured using the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of subjects) and LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of subjects), with lower numbers indicating higher toxicity. Chemical interactions like synergism can increase toxicity beyond independent effects. Pesticide toxicity is classified on labels using signal words like Caution, Warning, and Danger depending on LD50 levels. While some chemicals are highly toxic, pesticides approved for the region generally have relatively low to moderate toxicity
The document summarizes guidelines for skin sensitization toxicity studies using guinea pigs. It describes two common test types - adjuvant tests using Freund's Complete Adjuvant and non-adjuvant tests like the Buehler test. The preferred methods are the Guinea Pig Maximization Test and the non-adjuvant Buehler Test. Both tests involve induction exposure, a rest period, then challenge exposure to determine skin reaction responses. Precise protocols for each test are provided regarding animal selection, housing, dosing, observations, scoring, and reporting of results.
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
This document discusses alternative in vitro test methods that can potentially replace animal tests for assessing eye and skin irritation. It provides background on the development of alternative methods and validation process. Two alternative eye irritation tests - Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay and Isolated Chicken Eye Assay - have been validated and accepted by OECD for regulatory use. Reconstructed human epidermis models EpiDerm and EpiSkin have also been validated and accepted to classify chemicals for skin irritation hazard. The document outlines several alternative assay methods and their limitations but emphasizes the scientific push for non-animal tests due to ethical concerns and limitations of animal models.
Animal testing is commonly used for safety testing but causes harm to animals. Non-animal testing methods provide alternatives like using synthetic membranes and human cell cultures to assess skin corrosion and absorption without harming animals. These alternative methods are becoming more widely used and accepted in the cosmetics industry for tests like skin irritation and phototoxicity testing.
Safer cosmetics through in vitro science - XCellR8 presentation to Cosmetics ...Susie Lee-Kilgariff
How to develop safer cosmetics through in vitro science. This presentation was given to the Cosmetics Business Regulatory Summit 2018 by Dr Carol Treasure of XCellR8. It includes case studies of in vitro safety tests for skin sensitisation, advice on testing finished products and progress on a new model to predict mildness to skin.
Safer cosmetics through in vitro science. XCellR8 presentation to Cosmetics B...Dr Carol Barker-Treasure
In vitro methods for key aspects of cosmetic safety, including skin and eye irritation and skin sensitisation, are now in widespread use for regulatory safety testing around the world. In many cases, they are now established as the default rather than the alternative approach, so it’s timely to ask, “where next?”
In vitro technologies offer so much more than basic regulatory compliance, and when used wisely, can provide the competitive edge, from ensuring that formulations are fully optimised before proceeding to human in vivo studies, to providing detailed mechanistic data for claim support purposes. Importantly, they are a powerful tool to support the current move towards exposure-led safety assessments, enhancing the long-term safety of products and limiting the risk of post-market adverse events.
This presentation, first shared at the Cosmetics Business Regulatory Summit 2018, examines case studies from some early-adopters who are taking the application of in vitro data to the next level and considers the feasibility of applying exciting new techniques to the cosmetics of the future.
Not So Sexy - The Health Risks of Secret Chemicals in Fragrance v2zq
Not So Sexy - The Health Risks of Secret Chemicals in Fragrance - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ cctfa.ca
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their effects on living organisms. A poison is any substance that can cause injury or death following exposure. Toxicity is measured using endpoints like mortality, birth defects, cancer potential, and genetic mutations. Mortality is often measured using the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of subjects) and LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of subjects), with lower numbers indicating higher toxicity. Chemical interactions like synergism can increase toxicity beyond independent effects. Pesticide toxicity is classified on labels using signal words like Caution, Warning, and Danger depending on LD50 levels. While some chemicals are highly toxic, pesticides approved for the region generally have relatively low to moderate toxicity
The document summarizes guidelines for skin sensitization toxicity studies using guinea pigs. It describes two common test types - adjuvant tests using Freund's Complete Adjuvant and non-adjuvant tests like the Buehler test. The preferred methods are the Guinea Pig Maximization Test and the non-adjuvant Buehler Test. Both tests involve induction exposure, a rest period, then challenge exposure to determine skin reaction responses. Precise protocols for each test are provided regarding animal selection, housing, dosing, observations, scoring, and reporting of results.
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
This document discusses alternative in vitro test methods that can potentially replace animal tests for assessing eye and skin irritation. It provides background on the development of alternative methods and validation process. Two alternative eye irritation tests - Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay and Isolated Chicken Eye Assay - have been validated and accepted by OECD for regulatory use. Reconstructed human epidermis models EpiDerm and EpiSkin have also been validated and accepted to classify chemicals for skin irritation hazard. The document outlines several alternative assay methods and their limitations but emphasizes the scientific push for non-animal tests due to ethical concerns and limitations of animal models.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
Testing of Dermatotoxicity by OECD guidelinesGAUTAM KHUNE
This ppt deals with all the testing of dermatotoxicity by OECD guidelines 402 (Acute dermal toxicity) 410(Repeated dose dermal toxicity),411(Subchronic dermal toxicity), 434(
A.D.T Fixed dose procedure), 435(
In vitro membrane barrier method for
Skin corrosion)
The document discusses the issues with animal testing, describing how millions of animals are killed each year in painful experiments and tests. There are three main types of animal testing - product testing on household items and cosmetics, research testing of drugs and medical procedures, and education/training uses of live animals. Examples are given of cruel tests like putting substances in rabbits' eyes to test irritancy. The document questions the usefulness of animal testing given differences between species.
OECD Guideline For Acute oral toxicity (TG 423)Naveen K L
This document provides guidelines for conducting acute oral toxicity tests using animals to determine the toxicological effects of substances. It describes the key aspects of the test including the principles, animal selection, dose preparation and administration, observation periods, and reporting of results. The goal is to classify substances based on the number of animals affected at different dose levels in a stepwise testing process using a minimum number of animals to obtain sufficient information on a substance's acute toxicity and enable its classification.
The document provides information about toxicology and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. It states that toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It then discusses that the OECD guidelines are a collection of internationally agreed testing methods used by governments, industry and laboratories to identify potential hazards of chemicals. The guidelines cover various types of toxicity tests, including acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity tests, and are accepted globally as standard safety testing methods.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - Analysis of 66 Everyday Cosmetic & Personal ...v2zq
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - Analysis of 66 Everyday Cosmetic & Personal Care Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
OECD guidelines-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidel...Hemadharshini Senthill
The document describes the OECD acute toxic class method for determining the acute oral toxicity of test substances. It involves administering a single dose of the substance to groups of 3 rodents and observing them for 14 days to determine toxic effects and lethal dose. Animals are observed closely after dosing and weighed weekly. Necropsies are performed and pathological findings are reported. The method uses few animals and allows substances to be classified according to their acute toxicity.
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
The document provides guidance on testing the acute dermal irritation and corrosion of chemicals using rabbits. It describes how to handle and restrain rabbits, introduces the principles and objectives of the test which involves applying chemicals to rabbit skin and observing effects. It details the test procedures including animal selection and housing, chemical application, observation periods and grading of skin reactions on a scale. The test aims to identify reversible irritation and irreversible corrosion effects of chemicals on rabbit skin to classify them.
Dr Carol Treasure's presentation to Cosmetics Business Regulatory Summit 2019 about the results of a 2 year R&D programme into supporting mildness claims. Essential reading for beauty brands and formulators looking for new methods to detect subtle differences between ultra-mild ingredients and products.
In this presentation, first given at the SCS Science in a Bottle conference 2018, we share the results of our latest in vitro skin sensitisation tests, discuss whether finished products or mixtures can be tested in vitro, reveal progress towards a new model for predicting mildness to skin and how we used mechanistic data to assess antioxidant activity.
Chronic toxicity studies involve repeatedly dosing test subjects like rodents with a substance over a substantial portion of their lifespan, such as 12 months. This allows observation of effects from long-term exposure and determines safe dosage levels. Key aspects of chronic toxicity studies include clinical observations and blood/urine analysis of test subjects, as well as gross and microscopic examination after necropsy to identify target organs affected and accumulated harm from repeated low doses. Such studies provide important safety data on substances before human clinical trials.
Animal Experimentation- Contemporary IssueChandan Saha
Animals have their own rights. They are not puppet of our laboratory. With the help of modern and scientific technology we can change old traditional animal experiment methods.
This document summarizes the findings of Hong Kong's first Total Diet Study regarding organochlorine pesticide residues. The study analyzed 600 composite food samples for 14 pesticides from 2010-2014. It found that 55% of samples contained low levels of pesticide residues, most commonly DDT, HCB and endosulfan. Estimated dietary exposures for both average and high consumers were well below established health guidance values for all pesticides. While pesticide levels have declined since a previous 2006 study, monitoring is still recommended given foods may still contain low residue levels from environmental pollution. The public is advised to eat a varied diet and farmers should follow best practices for pesticide application.
These presentation includes the information about the replacement of animal experiments (invivo tests) with all the alternative methods like invitro tests and in-silico methods which are used in present century and made the research work easy for pre-clinical and clinical trials.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Meeting the Global Challenge - A Guide to Assessing the Safety of Cosmetics w...v2zq
Meeting the Global Challenge - A Guide to Assessing the Safety of Cosmetics without Using Animals - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~chemicalwatch.com/
The document discusses OECD Guideline 423 for acute oral toxicity testing. It outlines that the guideline uses a stepwise testing process with only 3 animals per step to classify chemicals according to their toxicity while minimizing animal use. The testing involves observing animals for signs of toxicity after administering chemical doses and determining subsequent dose levels based on mortality responses. The goal is to classify chemicals according to the globally harmonized system to improve knowledge of hazardous chemicals.
The document discusses OECD Guideline 423 for acute oral toxicity testing. It outlines that the guideline uses a stepwise testing process with only 3 animals per step to classify chemicals according to their toxicity while minimizing animal use. The testing involves observing animals for signs of toxicity after administering chemical doses and determining subsequent dose levels based on mortality responses. The goal is to classify chemicals according to the globally harmonized system to improve knowledge of hazardous chemicals.
Unilever was founded in 1930 through the merger of British and Dutch companies. It is now one of the largest consumer goods companies in the world with brands in food, refreshment, home care, and personal care products. The company aims to double its size while reducing its environmental impact. However, some of Unilever's personal care products have been found to contain potentially toxic or carcinogenic ingredients that are not well regulated. While the company supports some social initiatives, its use of animal testing for product development remains controversial.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Phthalim...BRNSS Publication Hub
Objective: Different Phthalimide derivatives (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-[1,2,4]triazol-4-yl]-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives) were synthesized and biological activities of them were evaluated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, four new phthalimide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of final compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral data. Then, biological evaluation of all the synthesized compounds means in vivo anticancer activity was evaluated on the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice model, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Results: The titled compounds (2A-2D) were found to reduce tumor volume, viable cell count and increase non-viable cell count, and percentage increase in life span. All compounds showed significant activity in quenching DPPH free radical. Conclusion: All compounds showed significant (P<0.01) anticancer activity compared to EAC control group. All synthesized compound exhibited considerable antioxidant activity against free radicals, and they showed significant IC50 values and can, thus, ensure protection against oxidative stress.
This presentation will help understanding the vast process of rat and mice handling and oral routes of drug administration through acute class method (OECD: 423).
Testing of Dermatotoxicity by OECD guidelinesGAUTAM KHUNE
This ppt deals with all the testing of dermatotoxicity by OECD guidelines 402 (Acute dermal toxicity) 410(Repeated dose dermal toxicity),411(Subchronic dermal toxicity), 434(
A.D.T Fixed dose procedure), 435(
In vitro membrane barrier method for
Skin corrosion)
The document discusses the issues with animal testing, describing how millions of animals are killed each year in painful experiments and tests. There are three main types of animal testing - product testing on household items and cosmetics, research testing of drugs and medical procedures, and education/training uses of live animals. Examples are given of cruel tests like putting substances in rabbits' eyes to test irritancy. The document questions the usefulness of animal testing given differences between species.
OECD Guideline For Acute oral toxicity (TG 423)Naveen K L
This document provides guidelines for conducting acute oral toxicity tests using animals to determine the toxicological effects of substances. It describes the key aspects of the test including the principles, animal selection, dose preparation and administration, observation periods, and reporting of results. The goal is to classify substances based on the number of animals affected at different dose levels in a stepwise testing process using a minimum number of animals to obtain sufficient information on a substance's acute toxicity and enable its classification.
The document provides information about toxicology and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. It states that toxicology is the scientific study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. It then discusses that the OECD guidelines are a collection of internationally agreed testing methods used by governments, industry and laboratories to identify potential hazards of chemicals. The guidelines cover various types of toxicity tests, including acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity tests, and are accepted globally as standard safety testing methods.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - Analysis of 66 Everyday Cosmetic & Personal ...v2zq
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - Analysis of 66 Everyday Cosmetic & Personal Care Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
OECD guidelines-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidel...Hemadharshini Senthill
The document describes the OECD acute toxic class method for determining the acute oral toxicity of test substances. It involves administering a single dose of the substance to groups of 3 rodents and observing them for 14 days to determine toxic effects and lethal dose. Animals are observed closely after dosing and weighed weekly. Necropsies are performed and pathological findings are reported. The method uses few animals and allows substances to be classified according to their acute toxicity.
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
The document provides guidance on testing the acute dermal irritation and corrosion of chemicals using rabbits. It describes how to handle and restrain rabbits, introduces the principles and objectives of the test which involves applying chemicals to rabbit skin and observing effects. It details the test procedures including animal selection and housing, chemical application, observation periods and grading of skin reactions on a scale. The test aims to identify reversible irritation and irreversible corrosion effects of chemicals on rabbit skin to classify them.
Dr Carol Treasure's presentation to Cosmetics Business Regulatory Summit 2019 about the results of a 2 year R&D programme into supporting mildness claims. Essential reading for beauty brands and formulators looking for new methods to detect subtle differences between ultra-mild ingredients and products.
In this presentation, first given at the SCS Science in a Bottle conference 2018, we share the results of our latest in vitro skin sensitisation tests, discuss whether finished products or mixtures can be tested in vitro, reveal progress towards a new model for predicting mildness to skin and how we used mechanistic data to assess antioxidant activity.
Chronic toxicity studies involve repeatedly dosing test subjects like rodents with a substance over a substantial portion of their lifespan, such as 12 months. This allows observation of effects from long-term exposure and determines safe dosage levels. Key aspects of chronic toxicity studies include clinical observations and blood/urine analysis of test subjects, as well as gross and microscopic examination after necropsy to identify target organs affected and accumulated harm from repeated low doses. Such studies provide important safety data on substances before human clinical trials.
Animal Experimentation- Contemporary IssueChandan Saha
Animals have their own rights. They are not puppet of our laboratory. With the help of modern and scientific technology we can change old traditional animal experiment methods.
This document summarizes the findings of Hong Kong's first Total Diet Study regarding organochlorine pesticide residues. The study analyzed 600 composite food samples for 14 pesticides from 2010-2014. It found that 55% of samples contained low levels of pesticide residues, most commonly DDT, HCB and endosulfan. Estimated dietary exposures for both average and high consumers were well below established health guidance values for all pesticides. While pesticide levels have declined since a previous 2006 study, monitoring is still recommended given foods may still contain low residue levels from environmental pollution. The public is advised to eat a varied diet and farmers should follow best practices for pesticide application.
These presentation includes the information about the replacement of animal experiments (invivo tests) with all the alternative methods like invitro tests and in-silico methods which are used in present century and made the research work easy for pre-clinical and clinical trials.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Meeting the Global Challenge - A Guide to Assessing the Safety of Cosmetics w...v2zq
Meeting the Global Challenge - A Guide to Assessing the Safety of Cosmetics without Using Animals - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~chemicalwatch.com/
The document discusses OECD Guideline 423 for acute oral toxicity testing. It outlines that the guideline uses a stepwise testing process with only 3 animals per step to classify chemicals according to their toxicity while minimizing animal use. The testing involves observing animals for signs of toxicity after administering chemical doses and determining subsequent dose levels based on mortality responses. The goal is to classify chemicals according to the globally harmonized system to improve knowledge of hazardous chemicals.
The document discusses OECD Guideline 423 for acute oral toxicity testing. It outlines that the guideline uses a stepwise testing process with only 3 animals per step to classify chemicals according to their toxicity while minimizing animal use. The testing involves observing animals for signs of toxicity after administering chemical doses and determining subsequent dose levels based on mortality responses. The goal is to classify chemicals according to the globally harmonized system to improve knowledge of hazardous chemicals.
Unilever was founded in 1930 through the merger of British and Dutch companies. It is now one of the largest consumer goods companies in the world with brands in food, refreshment, home care, and personal care products. The company aims to double its size while reducing its environmental impact. However, some of Unilever's personal care products have been found to contain potentially toxic or carcinogenic ingredients that are not well regulated. While the company supports some social initiatives, its use of animal testing for product development remains controversial.
The document discusses guidelines for toxicity testing from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It provides an overview of OECD guidelines for acute oral toxicity testing, including the fixed dose procedure (Guideline 420), acute toxic class method (Guideline 423), and up-and-down procedure (Guideline 425). It also discusses guidelines for acute dermal toxicity testing (Guideline 402) and repeated dose toxicity studies lasting 28 days (Guideline 407) or 90 days (Guideline 408). The purpose of the OECD guidelines is to enhance the validity and international acceptance of toxicity test data.
Animal testing is commonly used in three areas: medical research, cosmetics testing, and toxicology. In medical research, animals are used to test new drugs and substances for human safety. Cosmetics are also tested on animals to determine their effects. There are arguments both for and against animal testing, as it has helped advance human and animal medicine but also causes animal suffering. While there are no complete alternatives currently, technology is advancing to reduce reliance on animal testing over time.
Biological considerations of dental materials and cavity preparationIndian dental academy
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Acute Dermal Toxicity of synthesized polysaccharides according to OECD Guidel...AnandGupta162978
This document summarizes the protocol for conducting an acute dermal toxicity study of synthesized polysaccharides according to OECD guidelines. The study involves applying the test substance to the skin of rats under controlled conditions and observing them for signs of toxicity. Multiple fixed doses are used in a stepwise approach to determine the LD50 classification under the GHS. Histopathological analysis is conducted at the end to identify target organs of toxicity. Statistical analysis and ethical approval are required when implementing the study.
Ethical issues related to animal biotechnologyKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
This document provides an overview of toxicity testing methods for acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity studies. It discusses the importance and history of toxicity testing, as well as standard methods and guidelines established by organizations like OECD and EPA. A variety of in vivo and in vitro toxicity tests are described, including acute, repeated dose, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and local toxicity studies. The document also addresses the large number of animals used annually for toxicity testing globally and the regulatory framework for animal testing in India.
This document provides an overview of arguments against animal experiments. It discusses how over 3.5 million animals are used in experiments annually in the UK, many of which experience suffering without anesthesia. It questions whether animal experiments are reliable predictors of human outcomes, citing numerous examples where drugs and treatments proved safe in animals but caused harm in humans. The document also notes that only a small percentage of animals are used for developing new medicines, and that there are growing alternative research methods that can replace animal testing while being more effective and humane.
This document contains notes on principles of animal toxicology from Ramdas Bhat of Srinivas College of Pharmacy. It discusses the types of preclinical toxicity studies done on pharmaceutical products, including acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity studies. It provides details on acute toxicity studies, how LD50 is determined, and guidelines from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for standardized toxicology testing.
Animal Testing: Rationale for conducting studies, CPCSEA Guidelines
The use of animals in research is currently an essential component of the drug discovery process.
Animals help us advance our scientific understanding, serve as models to study disease, help us develop and test potential new medicines and therapies.
Animal testing has benefited researchers in understanding how to treat and prevent various conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, tuberculosis, polio, muscular dystrophy, and Parkinson's disease.
Education:
Undergraduate teaching to demonstrate effects of various drugs although this has been phased out in most institutes.
Postgraduate teaching to demonstrate the effects of various drugs, to determine the nature of an unknown drug for bioassay, screening methods and to learn skills e.g. administering drugs.
Research:
A larger number and a greater variety of animals are used in pure research than in applied research. This usually involves studies on embryogenesis, developmental biology, behaviour and breeding in Fruit flies, nematodes, mice and rats.
INTRODUCTION
The motto of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act 1960 as amended in 1982 is to prevent infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.
The Central Government has constituted a Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), which is duty bound to take all such measures as may be necessary to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering before, during or after the performance of experiments on them.
The goal of these guidelines is to promote the human care of animal used in biomedical and behavioural research and testing.
To avoid/minimize pain and suffering inflicted on experimental animals
Inspection of animal house facilities
It provides guidelines for -
Proper care, housing, breeding, maintenance, handling and use of experimental animals.
Source of experimental animals
Acceptable experimental procedures for anaesthesia and euthanasia.
Registration of establishments conducting animal experimentation or breeding of animals for this purpose.
Selection and assignment of nominees for the Institutional Animal Ethics Committees (IAEC) of the registered establishments.
Approval of Animal House Facilities on the basis of reports of inspections conducted by CPCSEA.
Permission for conducting experiments involving use of animals.
Recommendation for import of animals for use in experiments.
Action against establishments in case of established violation of any legal norm/stipulation.
Conduct of Training Programmes for the Nominees of CPCSEA.
Conduct/Support of Conference/Workshop on Animal Ethics.
To assure quality maintenance and safety of animals used in laboratory studies while conducting biomedical and behavioural research and testing of products.
Quarantine
2. Personal hygiene
3. Environment
4. Physical facility
5. Animal husbandry
6. Animal disposal
7. Documentation
Alternatives to animal studies in Pharmaceutical research has been explained on the basis of replacement, reduction and refinement. Also newer pre-clinical animal models like use of genetically modified animals were presented.
The document discusses animal testing for cosmetics and products. It argues that animal testing is outdated and inaccurate, and that many companies now use non-animal methods that are more effective and reliable. It encourages purchasing cruelty-free products certified by the Leaping Bunny logo to help end animal testing, which causes tremendous pain and suffering for animals. The certification ensures products have not involved animal testing at any stage of development.
The document discusses animal testing for cosmetics and products. It argues that animal testing is outdated and inaccurate, and that many companies now use non-animal methods that are more effective and reliable. It encourages purchasing cruelty-free products certified by the Leaping Bunny logo to help end animal testing, which causes tremendous pain and suffering for animals. The certification ensures products have not involved animal testing at any stage of development.
Animal testing causes immense suffering for millions of animals each year. Experiments involve injecting animals with drugs, exposing them to radiation, removing organs, forcing inhalation of toxic gases, and inducing anxiety and depression. Most experiments provide no anesthesia, and over 70% do not reduce animal suffering. Common animals used are rats, mice, monkeys and rabbits, which experience stress, disease, and painful procedures without relief from harm. Animal testing is conducted by cosmetics and pharmaceutical companies to test products despite the cruelty involved.
Pesticides & Chemicals Hurt your Child’s Health & Comprehensionv2zq
INCLUDES LINKS TO:
Over 120 books and web sites on Education, Children's Health and Academic Success, Organic Food Recipes, Organic Non-Sugar Sweeteners, School Lunches ~ Over 300 books on Organic Gardening and Heirloom Gardening ~ Over 200 books on Sustainable Technology and Alternative Housing ~ Over 30 books on Renewable Energy ~ Many Free PDF files on Rain Gardens, Roof Gardens, Aeroponic Gardening, Rainwater Harvesting, Waterwise Gardening, Green Eco Churches, Vegetable Oil Cars, Organic Gardening Guides, Ram Pumps, Companion Planting, Garden Therapy Manuals, Faith Healing
Resource Handbook for City Beekeeping & Honey for Healthv2zq
This document provides summaries of and links to numerous books and resources about urban beekeeping and beekeeping topics. It begins by noting some browser compatibility issues and then lists over 50 books on topics like urban beekeeping, top-bar beekeeping, natural beekeeping approaches, mason bees, and bee health. Links are provided to purchase or borrow each book from various sources.
The Book on Value Added Products from Beekeepingv2zq
This document provides an overview of value-added products that can be produced from beekeeping, including honey, pollen, wax, propolis, royal jelly, venom, and bees themselves. It discusses the composition, uses, production methods, storage, quality control and recipes for each product. The document is intended to help beekeepers diversify and increase their income by utilizing all primary beekeeping products, not just honey. It also suggests these products can support small home-based businesses and developing industries to strengthen local markets for beekeeping.
This document provides instructions for making different types of candles using beeswax or paraffin wax, including pillar candles, spiral candles, and flower candles. The instructions explain how to cut and roll the beeswax to form different candle shapes without using heat. Additional instructions are provided for making tea light candles in used tea cups using paraffin wax, including two pouring stages and securing the wick. A third set of instructions explains how to make flower-shaped tart candles using molds and paraffin wax. Safety warnings are also listed.
Cosmetic Properties of Honey & Antioxidant Activity v2zq
This document discusses the antioxidant properties and cosmetic uses of various types of honey. It reviews the historical use of honey topically and in cosmetics. An experiment measured the hydrating power of emulsions containing six different honeys on human skin. The Brazilian pot-honey of Melipona fasciculata was found to have the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by two methods. It also produced an emulsion with the highest measured hydrating power on skin. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties varied between honey types and were correlated with their hydrating abilities in emulsions applied to human skin.
This document reviews honey as a nutrient and functional food. It discusses honey's composition, nutritional value, and potential health benefits. Some key points:
1) Honey is composed mainly of carbohydrates (glucose and fructose), small amounts of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. It provides a marginal contribution to daily nutrient requirements.
2) Different types of honey have varying glycemic indices depending on their fructose/glucose ratio, with some lower-GI honeys potentially beneficial for diabetes management.
3) Studies show honey may be an effective performance-enhancing carbohydrate source for athletes, though more research is still needed to confirm its benefits.
Honey has a long history of medicinal use dating back thousands of years. It was commonly used in ancient Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Greek and Roman medicine to treat wounds, infections, and other ailments. Honey remains an important part of traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, and the developing field of apitherapy. Specific types of honey are prescribed for certain conditions based on their properties. Honey is used internally and externally to treat infections, respiratory issues, digestive problems, wounds and more according to traditional medical systems.
Making Beeswax Candles, Polishes & Homemade Cosmetics - Part 1 v2zq
Beeswax has been used for thousands of years for a variety of purposes. In ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China, beeswax was used for mummification, paintings, seals, candles, and medicine. Throughout history, beeswax was crucial for lost wax casting techniques and was the main ingredient in encaustic painting. While beeswax was once the primary wax, the development of paraffin wax in the 19th century reduced its exclusivity, though it remains the most expensive natural wax. Beeswax is still used today in batik art, sculpture preservation, candle making, wood polishes, and leather treatments.
Making Beeswax Candles, Polishes & Homemade Cosmetics - Part 2 v2zq
Bees produce beeswax from their wax glands to build honeycomb cells. They produce the greatest amount of wax during colony growth in spring under moderate climate conditions. Beeswax is made from carbohydrates in honey through the wax glands on the bee's abdomen. Old honeycomb needs to be recycled and rendered into beeswax blocks to control wax moths and produce high quality wax. There are several methods for small-scale wax production including melting comb in boiling water or using sun melters to extract wax, which is then further purified. Proper processing and equipment are needed to produce quality beeswax and avoid defects from contamination, emulsions or darkening.
Pollen is described as the "perfectly complete food" and its nutritional value and medical uses have been praised for centuries. However, bee-collected pollen only began to be used widely for human nutrition after World War II with the development of pollen traps. Proper drying, storage, and processing are important to preserve pollen's quality and nutrients. Drying should be done at low temperatures, ideally below 30°C, to avoid vitamin losses. Freezing or freeze-drying pollen provides the best preservation of nutrients, though dried pollen can be stored for 1-2 years if kept cool, dry and dark. Standards have been proposed for pollen, including limits on moisture content and minimum levels of proteins
Using Bee Glue for Health, Medicine & Perfume v2zq
This document provides a review of the composition, history, and health benefits of propolis. It discusses that propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used as a sealant in beehives. The composition of propolis depends on its botanical source, with poplar and Baccharis plants being common sources. Historically, propolis was used in ancient Egypt and by Greek, Roman, and medieval physicians for its medicinal properties. Modern research has identified hundreds of compounds in propolis and demonstrated broad anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects in cell and animal studies.
A Guide for Developing a Hygiene Promotion Program to Increase Handwashing wi...v2zq
This document provides a guide for developing large-scale national handwashing promotion programs. It lays out the experiences of the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW) which has brought together governments, donors, private sector partners, and organizations to promote handwashing on a mass scale. The guide covers laying the foundation for a national program, understanding target consumers through research, implementing promotion programs, and organizing public-private partnerships. It emphasizes the importance of handwashing in preventing diarrhea and respiratory infections, which are two leading causes of child mortality globally. Promoting handwashing with soap at key times can reduce diarrhea incidence by 42-47% and respiratory infections by 30%, making it
Big Batch Soap Making - A Guide for Making your own Soap v2zq
This document provides instructions for making large or "big batch" cold process soap. It discusses the advantages of big batch soap making such as being more cost effective and producing more consistent results. The document outlines the basic supplies needed, provides a sample recipe formulation for a 50 lb batch, and gives step-by-step instructions for scaling the recipe and mixing the master batch. It also discusses making and adjusting lye solutions, essential equipment, and sources for supplies to enable large scale soap production.
Detergents Toxics Link - Counting the Cost of Cleanlinessv2zq
This document discusses laundry detergents in India. It notes that detergents contain chemicals that can harm human health and the environment. The Indian government has not adequately addressed these issues through legislation. As a result, the detergent industry does little to reduce harmful chemicals or inform consumers without mandatory rules. The document provides details on the composition and effects of detergents, as well as the Bureau of Indian Standards' guidelines for eco-friendly detergents. However, no products on the market actually comply with these standards.
Development of Equipment for Making Homemade Laundry Soap v2zq
The document describes the development of equipment for homemade laundry soap production, including a pedal-powered soap mixer, mold, and cutting and stamping machines. Simple machines were designed and tested to enhance local soap production. The pedal-powered mixer allows soap to be properly mixed with little effort in minutes. The wooden mold can withstand hot soap temperatures without damage. The cutting and stamping machine facilitates faster, neater cutting and stamping of soap bars compared to manual methods. The soap produced was found to form good lather and feel fair on the skin. The soap making equipment assembly provides a cost-effective model for small-scale soap production businesses.
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Get it Here - Cruelty Free Cosmetics
1.
2. 32
Choose Cruelty Free (CCF) is a positive
action campaign. It has been in operation
since 1992.
CCF is an independent, non-profit organisa-
tion run entirely by volunteers.
CCF is a registered company limited by
guarantee and without share capital. It is administered by a commit-
tee of members elected as directors.
CCF is the only independent body acting as a watchdog for compa-
ny claims about animal testing in Australia.
CCF has a broad base of supporters including many Australian
celebrities.
The main aims of CCF are:
• To educate consumers about animal testing of cosmetics and
household products.
• Provide an ethical shopping guide.
• Encourage manufacturers to use alternatives to animal testing
To this end CCF:
• Surveys companies which claim to be cruelty-free.
• Accredits companies which satisfy our standards.
• Produces and distributes, free of charge, The Preferred
Products List (PPL), an ethical shopping guide listing
companies which have met our cruelty-free criteria.
• Makes available, by way of a licensing arrangement, the CCF
logo which manufacturers can incorporate into their labelling
and advertising if they wish to do so.
• Provides information to the public about animal testing and
promotes alternatives.
What are cosmetics? 5
What are animal safety tests? 7
Material Safety Data Sheets 10
Who does animal testing? 13
History of animal testing 14
Search for alternatives 17
Alternative safety tests 19
Who pays for it? 21
Validation of tests 24
Legal or otherwise 26
Australian situation 29
Labelling 33
Implications and future directions 37
3. 54
cosmetics?
We all use them. Cosmetics are not just make-up but also shampoo,
soap, toothpaste and deodorants.
In 2005 the value of the Australian cosmetics and toiletries market
was estimated by industry organisations at $5,200 million.
Expenditure on hair care was largest, accounting for 24% of retail
sales. (Regulation of Cosmetic Chemicals: Final Report and
Recommendations 1 November 2005, Australian Government, Dept
of Health and Ageing.)
Cosmetics help us care for our bodies and make ourselves more
attractive. They are probably our most basic consumer category apart
from food, and expenditure on cosmetics is increasing every year.
There is however a hidden price to cosmetics – one that we don’t
pay. This price is the suffering of animals used in safety testing.
In safety tests animals are poisoned, burned and blinded by expo-
sure to much higher concentrations of product ingredients than we
would ever experience in daily life.
Although the use of animals for the testing of cosmetics has been
highly criticised for many years it still continues. Many of the cos-
metics on Australian shelves today have been tested on animals.
This booklet looks into the questions, ‘Why are they still using
animal tests?’ and ‘What can we do?’
4. 76
animal safety tests?
In safety testing a group of animals is subjected to a substance over a
period of time. The animals receive no pain relief as it is believed that
analgesics might alter the results.
Animals involved in these tests are always killed – by the effects of
the test substance, in ‘dosing accidents’, or by terminal ‘sacrifice’ at the
end of the procedure.
There are many different types of animal safety tests and they may
be ‘acute’ or ‘chronic’, some lasting for months or even years.
Acute toxicity tests involve oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure
to a test substance for a number of days or weeks.
Acute toxicity tests
Oral toxicity tests
Until fairly recently the internationally recognised test for oral
toxicity was Lethal Dose 50% (LD50). In this test large groups of ani-
mals were force fed increasing doses of a substance until 50% of them
died.
Sometimes the animals were killed not by the chemical nature of
the substance but by the sheer volume administered.
Fortunately, today the dosing is usually discontinued after a cer-
tain volume is reached.
Also, in 2002 the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) recommended that the LD50 be replaced by
tests which used smaller numbers of animals (the Fixed Dose
5. 98
applied to no less than 10% of the area of their skin. They are then
observed for 14 days for evidence of skin corrosion.
Eye Irritation
The Draize Eye Irritation Test is the standard method for evaluating
ocular irritation. In this test a material is squirted into one eye of an
albino rabbit (the other eye serving as the negative control). The rab-
bits are sometimes restrained in stocks or have Elizabethan collars
placed around their necks to prevent them from trying to rub the
substance from their eye. They are observed for 21 days.
Chronic toxicity tests
These include oral, dermal and inhalation repeated dose studies.
The substance is administered at lower doses than in acute toxici-
ty tests but for a longer period of time.
These tests are often performed on rats, however, non-rodents,
typically dogs or non-human primates, are also used. Some experi-
ments last for 28 or 90 days, others for years.
Carcinogenicity
The objective of this test is to observe animals for a major portion of
their life span. The study is usually conducted using two species.
The animals are dosed by oral, dermal and inhalation exposures.
Dosing typically lasts around two years.
Neurotoxicity
These tests look for alterations to the function of the nervous system.
Often hens or rodents are dosed for periods of a year or more.
Procedure, the Acute Toxic Class method, and the Up-and-Down
Procedure).
Although an improvement on the LD50 as fewer animals are used,
these tests still cause great suffering to the animals involved.
In the Fixed Dose Procedure the animals are euthanised once they
show evident signs of poisoning, but in both the Acute Toxic Class
and Up-and -Down methods the experiment does not end until the
animals die from the effects of the substance (termed ‘death as an end
point’). Oral toxicity tests are usually conducted on two species – a
rodent and a non-rodent.
Acute inhalation
toxicity tests
Animals are forced to inhale a
test substance for no less than
four hours and are monitored
for 14 days. As with the LD50,
the aim is to determine the concentration of a substance which will
kill 50% of the animals. This is termed Lethal Concentration 50%
(LC50.)
Aquatic toxicity
This is determined using fish and other aquatic species such as crus-
taceans. The fish 96 hour LC50 is the standard acute toxicity test.
This measures the concentration of a substance that is lethal to 50%
of a group of fish within 96 hours.
Dermal toxicity
Rabbits, guinea pigs or rats are shaved and the test substance is
6. 1110
This list is not exhaustive, with other tests investigating areas such
as genotoxicity, pharmacokinetics and reproductive function.
Data generated in these tests is recorded in Material Data Safety
Sheets.
Material Safety
Data Sheets?
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a document which gives
information about a single chemical or a number of chemicals com-
bined (for example in a shampoo or cleaning product).
A typical MSDS contains information about the scientific and
common names of a substance, its physical characteristics, health
hazards, precautions for safe transport, handling and use, first aid
measures and toxicological information. Toxicological information is
a compilation of data, usually from animal tests.
In the case of carbon tetrachloride (previously used in the produc-
tion of refrigeration fluid and propellants for aerosol cans, as a pesti-
• In safety testing no painkillers are used
• Substances are tested on various species
of animal
• All animals in safety tests die during, or
at the end of, the experiments
cide, a cleaning fluid, a degreasing agent, in fire extinguishers, and in
spot removers) Fisher Scientific Canada produced a MSDS contain-
ing the following data for Draize, LD50, and LC50 tests.
Draize test rabbit eye 500 mg/24H
Draize test rabbit skin 500 mg/24H
Oral mouse LD50 7749 mg/kg;
Oral rabbit LD50 5760 mg/kg
Oral rat LD50 2350 mg/kg
Inhalation mouse LC50 34500 mg/m3/2H
Inhalation rat LC50 46000 mg/m3/6H
(MSDS created 1999, revised 2006, CAS Number 56-23-5)
These figures may seem confusing to the lay person. In practical
terms they tell us that when 500mg of carbon tetrachloride was
dripped into the eyes of a group of rabbits mild damage to the eye
was observed after 24 hours.
Likewise when 500 mg was applied to the shaved skin of rabbits
mild damage was observed.
When a group of mice were force-fed carbon tetrachloride at a
ratio of 7,749 mg per kg of their bodyweight half of them died as did
half of a group of rabbits at a ratio of 5,760 mg per kg bodyweight
and rats at 2,350 mg per kg bodyweight.
Similarly, when a group of mice were exposed to carbon tetrachlo-
ride vapour at a concentration of 34,500 mg per cubic meter for two
hours half of them died, as did half of a group of rats exposed to
46,000 mg per cubic meter for six hours.
These tests are crude and could even be described as sadistic. No
7. 1312
animal testing?
Companies either conduct tests in their own laboratories or contract
out testing to laboratories which specialise in this area such as MPI
Scientific or Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS).
HLS is perhaps the largest contract animal testing company with
facilities in the UK, US and Japan. It services private clients world-
wide and conducts safety testing using a variety of species including
rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs and primates.
In 1997, film secretly recorded inside laboratories of HLS in the UK
and US by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
showed serious breaches of animal protection laws including a beagle
puppy being held up by the scruff of the neck and repeatedly
punched in the face, and animals being taunted while they were being
subjected to obviously painful procedures.
Subsequently, the campaign Stop
Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) was
launched in the UK and US. Recent reports
from ex-workers at HLS suggest that acts of
cruelty are still occurring. For further infor-
mation visit www.shac.org
Contract testing laboratories are commer-
cial enterprises. Companies may choose to
commission tests which do not use live ani-
mals or they may choose animal tests. MB
Research Labs in the US, for example, offers
• Results of animal tests are recorded in
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• MSDS record damage to the eyes and
skin of animals caused by a substance,
together the amount required to poison
them
• These tests have been conducted for
every substance we use, even distilled
water
wonder the deaths of animals involved in such trials are recorded in
laboratory notes as ‘sacrifices’. All animals used in toxicity testing are
‘sacrificed’ – not only those which are poisoned during the experi-
ment but also the survivors – and some animals die along the way.
Survival data for male rats used in a three day Oral LD50 test for
carbon tetrachloride listed under CAS Number 56-23-5 reveal that
four died due to ‘dosing accidents’ and another was ‘accidentally’
killed.
The fate of any animal which survives to the end of the trial is ‘ter-
minal sacrifice’. A MSDS has been created for probably every sub-
stance we use. There is a MSDS for sugar (Oral, rat: LD50 29,700
mg/km), for baking soda (Oral, rat: LD50 4,220 mg/km) and for table
salt (Oral, rat: LD50 3,000 mg/km).
Even distilled (pure) water has a MSDS (CAS Number 7732-18-5).
This gives the Oral LD50 for rats as greater than 90 ml/kg, by which
we assume that the researchers stopped increasing the dosage when
they reached a dosage rate of 90 ml/kg of animal.
8. 1514
a range of approved tests in vitro (not in living animals) but also a
gruesome selection of in vivo (in living animals) procedures. These
include acute oral, dermal, ocular and inhalation toxicity tests as well
as vaginal, anal and penile irritation and long term toxicity studies
using rats and dogs.
At a contract testing laboratory you get what you pay for.
animal testing
Toxicology using animals is not an old ‘science’. The LD50 was only
developed in the late 1920s by British pharmacologist J. W. Trevan.
The Draize Eye Irritancy Test was the brainchild of John Draize in
the forties and was initially used to assess the irritancy of agents of
chemical warfare.
Draize also developed the Skin Irritancy Test. These tests provid-
• Many companies use contract testing
laboratories which specialise in safety
testing
• Cruelty to animals at contract testing
laboratories has been exposed by ani-
mal rights groups
• Companies can choose to commission
either animal tests or alternative testing
methods
ed a rather crude indication of the toxicity of substances to mammals.
Unfortunately for the animals involved, animal tests appealed to gov-
ernment regulators and, in the years that followed, were adopted as
the standard by which authorities determined which chemicals were
considered safe for human use.
Companies also seized on the concept of animal testing and began
to test everything they released onto the market, even when there
was no legal requirement to do so. For companies animal testing pro-
vided a convenient protection against consumer claims for damages if
they had an adverse reaction to a product. Today, animal toxicity
tests are conducted on an enormous scale worldwide to assess the
‘safety’ of almost everything we use including consumer products
such as cosmetics.
In the mid 1970s people began to speak out against the blatant
cruelty involved in animal testing. Initially their protests had little
impact.
However, in 1979, a New York activist, Henry Spira, began a cam-
paign specifically targeting the use of the Draize Eye Irritancy Test.
He set in motion the most successful animal rights campaign of our
time. He organised almost 400 animal protection groups into the
‘Coalition to Stop Draize Rabbit Blinding Tests’. By placing full page
advertisements in daily newspapers describing what the Draize Eye
Irritancy Test actually entailed he stirred up a public outcry.
As a result, in 1981, the first centre for the development of alter-
natives to animal testing was established at John Hopkins University.
In the eighties a number of scientists also began to voice concerns
about the usefulness of toxicological data generated from animal
9. 1716
alternatives
In 1959 William Russell and Rex Burch published the
book Principles of Humane Experimental Technique
which proposed the principle of the Three Rs –
Refine, Reduce and Replace the use of animals in sci-
entific research. It became something of a bible for
those dedicated to helping animals in laboratories.
United Kingdom
In 1969 Dorothy Hegarty and biologist Charles Foister registered the
Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments
(FRAME) as a charity in the UK. Their aim was to raise funds to put
the Three Rs into practice. Initially FRAME had a bank balance of
£100 and was based in a room in the Hegarty house in Wimbledon,
London. By 1991 FRAME had raised enough money to open the
FRAME Alternatives Laboratory (FAL) at the University of
Nottingham Medical School. In 2007 the FAL laboratory was expand-
ed and completely remodelled in a £240,000 overhaul, the costs being
shared equally between FRAME and the University.
Research programs funded by FRAME include: development of
cytotoxicity assays as replacements for acute toxicity tests (for exam-
ple the kenacid blue test); the neutral red release assay as a replace-
ment for the Draize Eye Irritancy Test (marketed as Predisafe); and
the development of a 3D human skin model for irritancy testing.
FRAME also produces the ATLA Abstracts (Alternatives To
Laboratory Animals), a periodic collection of abstracts of relevant
papers from scientific journals.
• Animal safety tests became popular
with government regulators in the
1950s
• Companies saw animal testing as an
easy way to protect themselves from
consumer claims for damages
• In the 1970s people began to question
the cruelty and accuracy of animal
tests
tests. The validity of such tests rested on the assumption that adverse
effects observed in one species could be translated to other species.
It was pointed out that different species often responded different-
ly to chemicals – the most famous example being penicillin which,
although fatal to guinea pigs, proved to be an invaluable antibiotic for
humans. The reliability of results was also questioned as the data col-
lected from animal tests often varied from laboratory to laboratory
and even from animal to animal. Some scientists also suggested that
the extremely high doses administered to animals in laboratories had
little relevance to the much lower exposure levels that humans would
be expected to experience in real life.
Due partly to scientific concerns, but mainly as a response to pub-
lic pressure, funding began to be put towards research into finding
alternatives to animal safety tests. Such tests are given the broad
name of ‘alternative’ safety tests.
10. 1918
United States
In 1980 Henry Spira’s Coalition to Stop Draize Rabbit Blinding Tests
succeeded in generating considerable funds towards research into
alternatives. Subsequently, in 1981, The Center for Alternatives to
Animal Testing (CAAT) was established at John Hopkins University,
US. Today CAAT works from a diverse base of corporate, private, and
public funding. CAAT also manages Altweb, an international online
clearinghouse of alternatives news and resources. Some animal rights
groups are critical of CAAT. People for the Ethical Treatment of
Animals (PETA) has accused the Center of concentrating solely on
‘refinement’ techniques and neglecting to develop true alternatives to
current animal tests. Others, such as the Humane Society of the
United States, claim that CAAT has played an instrumental role in
developing the scientific foundation of in vitro testing using tissue
culture. It is interesting to note that Charles River Laboratories, the
world’s largest supplier of laboratory animals, donates a nominal
amount of funding to FRAME and CAAT. A public relations exercise
perhaps?
Much of the scientific work on alternatives is conducted in Europe
and, to a lesser extent, in the US. In 1993 the EU created the
European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods
(ECVAM). The main purpose of ECVAM was to provide a mecha-
nism for the validation and regulatory acceptance of the alternatives
which were being developed. A year later, in the US, a similar regula-
tory body was established, the Interagency Coordinating Committee
on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). In Japan, the
Japanese Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM)
was more recently established. At an international level the
Oganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
maintains a set of ‘internationally harmonised test guidelines’ which
serve as a register of both animal and alternative tests approved
under OECD guidelines. In recent years a number of alternatives
have achieved validation, not only in the area of safety testing, but in
other areas of animal-based research.
• Late last century, due to growing pub-
lic concern, research centres were set
up in the UK and US to develop alter-
natives to animal tests
• The group FRAME in the UK and the
Coalition to Stop Draize Rabbit
Blinding Tests in the US were instru-
mental in pushing for the replacement
of animal tests
safety tests
There are already many alternatives to testing substances on live ani-
mals and more are being developed all the time. These alternatives
give data that is less variable, less costly and less cruelly derived.
Some alternatives in use are in the areas of:
• Computerised models which predict the biological/toxicologi-
cal properties of a substance based on its chemical structure
11. 2120
and knowledge of similar structures. One example is TOP-
KAT, a system which generates and validates accurate, rapid
assessments of chemical toxicity solely from a chemical’s
molecular structure. TOPKAT can be used for tests including
physical/chemical, environmental fate, ecotoxicity, toxicity,
mutagenicity, and subchronic reproductive/developmental.
Computerised models can also predict toxicity based on the
wealth of data which currently exists about chemical sub-
stances. An example is DEREK, a computer program that
operates from a constantly updated data base of scientific
data gathered from around the world. DEREK can be used to
determine which chemicals are particularly likely to be toxic.
It provides information about the possible mechanism of
activity when a chemical is found to be toxic to illustrate
where small modifications could be made to the molecular
structure in order to reduce toxicity.
• In vitro cell and tissue cultures, using freshly harvested cells,
tissues or organs; self-sustaining ‘cell lines’ such as the Mouse
3T3 Cell Line (commonly used for evaluating the potential for
sunlight-induced ‘phototoxicity’) and reconstructed tissue
models such as EpiDerm which consists of normal, human-
derived epidermal cells cultured to form a multilayered, high-
ly differentiated model of the human epidermis.
• Embryos and foetal stages utilising embryonic stem cells
before sentience develops.
• Bacteria such as Salmonella to detect genetic toxicity.
• Human epidemiology and volunteer studies such as human
• Many alternative tests have already
been developed
• Alternatives include computerised mod-
els, in vitro cell and tissue cultures,
embryonic stem cells, bacteria and
human epidemiology
patch tests to detect skin irritation and sensitisation. These
are used by many companies opposed to animal testing and
are more likely to generate results relevant to humans than
are animal models.
For further information about alternative tests and the validation
process visit AltTox www.alttox.org
pays for it?
Ironically, much of the funding for research into finding alternatives
has been provided by the very companies responsible for much of the
animal testing. One should not jump to conclusions and assume this
is just because they feel sorry for small furry animals. Companies
react directly to consumer pressure. This was used to great effect by
Henry Spira in the 80s with the ‘Coalition to Stop Draize Rabbit
Blinding Tests’.
The history of Henry Spira’s campaign to obtain funding for
research into alternatives is both inspiring and entertaining. It is doc-
umented in Peter Singer’s book Ethics into Action.
12. 2322
Spira thought it would not be unreasonable to ask companies
using animal tests to contribute funds towards finding alternatives.
He decided to begin with the cosmetics industry and first approached
Revlon, the company he felt had the highest public profile.
At that time Revlon was spending $162 million annually on adver-
tising alone. Spira proposed that Revlon donate one hundredth of one
percent of their annual profits towards research into alternatives to
the Draize Eye Irritancy Test. For Revlon this would have amounted
to $170,000 a year. Revlon was not interested in the proposition.
In April 1980, Spira placed a full page advertisement in the New
York Times with the heading ‘How many rabbits does Revlon blind
for beauty’s sake?’ He followed this up with ongoing demonstrations
outside Revlon’s Head Office and a second newspaper advertisement
in October of that year.
Spira gained the attention and the support of the public. In
December 1980, Revlon had a change of heart and donated $750,000
towards research into alternatives. Spira then turned his attention to
Avon. Not surprisingly, Avon and subsequently EsteeLauder, Max
Factor, Chanel, Mary Kay, Bristol-Myers and Proctor and Gamble
found it in their hearts to donate funds.
Since Spira’s campaign many alternative tests have been devel-
oped, some by the cosmetics companies themselves. For example, in
April 2007, Episkin, an alternative to the Draize Skin Irritancy Test,
achieved validation. According to the European Center for the
Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), Episkin ‘predicts the
skin irritancy potential of chemicals with great accuracy and preci-
sion and will therefore fully replace (skin) tests’.
The Episkin model
uses a human epidermis
reconstructed on colla-
gen. It was developed in
the laboratories of
L’Oreal. The acceptance
of Episkin as a replace-
ment for the Draize Skin
Irritancy Test should
stop an enormous
amount of animal suffer-
ing.
Unfortunately, the wheels turn very slowly in the acceptance of
alternatives. In the case of Episkin, L’Oreal claims to have been work-
ing on the project since the eighties and the actual validation process
for Episkin took from 1999 to 2007!
• Henry Spira’s campaign to stop the
Draize Eye Test targeted Revlon. He
asked the company to donate a small
percentage of their profits for research
into alternatives to animal testing
• Revlon was unresponsive so Spira
launched a media campaign
• In response to public outcry Revlon, and
later other cosmetic companies, donated
funding towards the development of
alternatives
13. 2524
review is undertaken to independently evaluate the results of
the validation study. This process requires approximately one
year, depending on whether an existing peer review body
(e.g., the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee, or ESAC) is
used, or whether a new ad hoc expert panel is convened.
• Processes for regulatory acceptance can take two years or
more at the national/regional level and longer in the case of
international consensus-driven bodies such as OECD.
Interestingly, animal tests have never been subjected to the rigors
of validation. If they had been it is unlikely that any of them would be
in use today.
Take, for example, the Draize Eye Irritancy Test. This test is sim-
ply a subjective assessment of the degree of damage to rabbits’ eyes.
In the Draize Eye Irritancy Test a group of albino rabbits have a test
substance dripped or squirted into one of their eyes. A technician
then observes at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours damage to the eyes. The tech-
nician ‘scores’ them by comparing their eyes to a sheet of photo-
graphs of damaged rabbit eyes. The maximum score possible is 110
which equates to complete destruction of the eye. Observation of the
animals continues until the full magnitude and reversibility of ocular
injury can be evaluated – usually 21 days. Then the rabbits are ‘sacri-
ficed’.
If individuals were to torture animals using the procedures fol-
lowed in these tests they could be prosecuted for cruelty. However,
under the guise of science, these procedures are carried out routinely
in laboratories every day.
Apart from the obvious cruelty, the accuracy of a method such as
the Draize Eye Irritancy Test is highly questionable science. Data col-
lected in these tests would vary from technician to technician and
The aim of validation is to prove that a new type of test is as accurate
as a previously used testing method.
The validation process was developed in the late 1980s. Criteria
for validation have now been developed in Europe, the US, Japan and
internationally through the OECD. Validation involves using a new
test method on a wide array of chemicals in multiple laboratories.
The results are then compared to either pre-existing or newly gener-
ated data from the corresponding animal test. The process is both
expensive and time consuming.
The Humane Society of the United States outlines the steps
towards validation as follows:
• Research and development, which is generally undertaken
and/or funded by regulated industry or government.
• Pre-validation, an approximately two year process which aims
to establish the mechanistic basis of a test; standardise and
optimise the test protocol; evaluate within-lab variability
using a training set of coded chemicals; and define a ‘predic-
tion model’ or ‘data interpretation procedure’, which articu-
lates the process by which test results are used to predict toxi-
cological endpoints in vivo.
• Validation, an approximately one year process which aims to
evaluate a test’s transferability to a second laboratory, togeth-
er with a test’s between-labs variability and reproducibility
(involving up to four outside laboratories).
• If a test performs well during the preceding steps a peer
of tests
14. 2726
point and where there is no intervention to kill the animal
humanely before death occurs in the course of the procedure
(there are some exceptions to this prohibition but these
exceptions do not apply to cosmetics).
Although commendable in principle, these laws have had little
effect. The major suppliers of Australian cosmetics are subsidiaries of
foreign companies with most imports coming from the US (38%),
France (19%), the UK (11%) and Germany (4%). (Regulation of
Cosmetic Chemicals: Final Report and Recommendations 1
November 2005, Australian Government, Dept of Health and
Ageing.)
In the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has no
explicit animal testing requirements for cosmetics (except in the case
of certain colouring agents that are tested for carcinogenicity).
However, the agency has historically used animal toxicity data as its
standard to settle safety issues. On its website the FDA states:
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for
assuring that cosmetics are safe and properly labelled. This mis-
sion is accomplished through enforcement of the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), related statutes, and regu-
lations promulgated under these laws.
The FD&C Act does not specifically require the use of animals
in testing cosmetics for safety, nor does the Act subject cosmetics
to FDA premarket approval. However, the agency has consis-
tently advised cosmetic manufacturers to employ whatever test-
ing is appropriate and effective for substantiating the safety of
their products. It remains the responsibility of the manufacturer
to substantiate the safety of both ingredients and finished cos-
metic products prior to marketing.
• The validation process was developed
in the late 1980s specifically to deal
with acceptance of alternatives to ani-
mal tests
• The process is lengthy and expensive
• Animal tests have never been subjected
to validation
from rabbit to rabbit. It does leave one wondering how those ‘scien-
tists’ who hold up animal tests as a standard beyond question can
possibly sleep straight in their beds at night.
otherwise
Generally, there are no laws requiring the use of animals in safety
testing. Tests involving the use of live animals are simply listed as the
standard method to evaluate the safety of products. To its credit
Victoria led the world in reforming cosmetic testing regulations. In
1986, bans on the use of the Draize Eye Irritancy Test and Lethal
Dose testing with respect to cosmetics (and some other products)
were introduced in that State. In 2006 the relevant regulations were
amended. These laws now preclude:
• Any scientific procedure involving the eye of any animal to
determine the irritancy of any chemical or biological agent
unless it is carried out under terminal anaesthesia.
• Any scientific procedure involving death as a deliberate end
15. 2928
Until recently in Australia cosmetics were very loosely defined as
substances intended for placement in contact with an external part of
the body which did not fall under the definition of ‘therapeutic goods’.
On 17 September 2007 the Industrial Chemicals (Notification and
Assessment) Act 1989 was amended to create the Cosmetics
Standard 2007. The amendments to the Industrial Chemicals
(Notification and Assessment) Act 1989 aimed to clarify the distinc-
tion between cosmetics and therapeutics and to formalise the regula-
tory process.
Six cosmetic categories were listed and defined: face and nail; skin
care (moisturisers); skin care (anti-bacterial); skin care (anti-acne);
oral hygiene; and hair care.
By virtue of these changes some products previously considered
‘therapeutic goods’, such as anti-dandruff shampoos and anti-acne
washes, moved from the realm of therapeutic to cosmetic
products.
Even so, the definitions were largely concerned with claims made
on product labels and in promotional material. For example, an anti-
dandruff shampoo could be presented as controlling or preventing
dandruff through cleansing, moisturising, exfoliating or drying the
scalp, but it could not be promoted as a cure for dandruff. If it did so
it would be making the claim that it was therapeutic and should legal-
ly be registered as a medicine.
Bathing in industrial chemicals
In Australia cosmetics come under the definition ‘industrial chemi-
situationThe situation is brighter in Europe. In 1999 the UK introduced a
ban on animal testing of cosmetics. As with the Victorian ban this did
not prevent companies from performing animal tests off-shore, then
marketing products in the UK. However, in 2003, the European
Parliament and the 15 member states of the EU passed ‘The 7th
Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive’ effectively banning the use
of animals in cosmetic testing throughout Europe and the import of
any cosmetics that have been tested on animals.
The testing and sale of finished products tested on animals was
banned in 2004, and the testing of ingredients will be phased out by
2009 or, in the case of some tests, 2013. This will apply to the sale of
all cosmetic products. The ban was legally challenged by the French
Government and the European Federation for Cosmetics Ingredients,
representing 70 companies in Switzerland, Belgium, France, Germany
and Italy but fortunately their protests were not upheld.
Such legislation is a major step forward and was achieved as a
result of many years of campaigning by animal rights groups.
• Most cosmetics sold in Australia are
imported with the US being our largest
supplier
• In 2003 the EU introduced legislation
banning the sale of cosmetics tested on
animals. The ban will be in full effect by
2013
16. 3130
Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS). At present this lists
approximately 40,000 industrial chemicals registered for use in
Australia. The majority of these are chemicals which have been in use
for many years and are therefore regarded as safe. Companies regis-
tered with NICNAS are required to consult the AICS data base and
check that all ingredients in their products are listed and do not have
any restrictions placed on them.
If a cosmetic ingredient is not listed on AICS it is classified as a
‘new industrial chemical’. The company manufacturing or importing a
new industrial chemical is required to notify NICNAS. In some cases
NICNAS simply monitors the chemical for five years after it is intro-
duced (by requiring annual reports from the company).
However, in the case of other chemicals, even those which fall into
the category ‘non-hazardous’ but may be manufactured/imported at
high volumes, NICNAS requires detailed information, including a
MSDS with toxicological data. And, of course, ‘toxicological data’ tra-
ditionally means animal tests.
Even when toxicological data is not required companies may
choose to conduct animal tests and submit the results to NICNAS.
The chemical may be obviously non-hazardous yet there is nothing to
stop a company from subjecting animals to totally unnecessary ‘safe-
ty’ tests as in the case of Dow
Corning 2501 Cosmetic Wax.
The NICNAS Summary Report
(NA/311) for this product states:
According to the Act, toxi-
cological data are not
required for polymers with
number-average molecular
cals’. For regulatory purposes they are lumped with substances such
as those used in mineral and petroleum processing, refrigeration and
laboratory chemicals.
Strange bedfellows one would think! The regulating body is the
National Industrial Chemicals Notification Scheme (NICNAS) which
comes under the umbrella of the Commonwealth Department of
Health and Ageing.
NICNAS
NICNAS maintains a register of companies and individuals who
import or manufacture industrial ingredients or finished products for
commercial purposes.
Registration is mandatory and incurs an annual fee, the amount
depending on the value of substances imported or manufactured
each year.
Some companies are exempt from registration with NICNAS.
These are generally cosmetics formulators using natural ingredients
sourced from Australian suppliers.
The term ‘natural’ is, however, very narrowly defined. Many
chemicals which are naturally occurring are not ‘natural’ by
Australian regulatory standards. Under the Industrial Chemicals
(Notification and Assessment) Act 1989 it is considered that only
mechanical processes such as dissolution in water or cold-pressing
are allowed if substances are to retain their naturally-occurring sta-
tus. Ingredients obtained from natural sources by extraction process-
es such as steam distillation or solvent extraction are not considered
‘natural’.
AICS
NICNAS is also responsible for the maintenance of the Australian
17. 3332
Legislation
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)
regulates packaging and labelling requirements for cosmetic products
at a national level in Australia. It operates under Federal legislation
called the Trade Practices Act 1974. Similar legislation operates at
State levels around Australia to cover manufacturers and retailers
who are not subject to Federal legislation.
The Trade Practices Act 1974 (and equivalent State legislation)
contains prohibitions against conduct or representations that mislead
or deceive or are likely to mislead or deceive. (Such representations
include labels that make statements, claims or implications about
goods.)
The Trade Practices Act 1974 also introduced consumer product
information standards to give those using goods information on the
quantity, quality, nature or value of different categories of goods. In
June 1998, a review of the mandatory cosmetic ingredient labelling
standard under the Trade Practices Act 1974 was completed by a
committee comprising representatives of the Department of Industry,
Science and Tourism, the Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission and the Department of Health and Family Services. The
following is an extract from the committee’s Regulation impact state-
ment:
Labelling with a positive or negative statement about
animal testing
• In Australia the regulating body for cos-
metics is the National Industrial
Chemicals Notification Scheme (NICNAS)
which comes under the umbrella of the
Commonwealth Department of Health
and Ageing
• Companies importing or manufacturing
cosmetics/ingredients must register with
NICNAS (with few exceptions)
• NICNAS requires toxicological data for
new ingredients
weight (NAMW) greater than 1000 although the data sum-
marised below were submitted by the notifier for Dow Corning’
2501 Cosmetic Wax.
The notified chemical exhibited low acute oral toxicity in rats
(LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg) and low acute dermal toxicity
in rabbits (LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg). It was found not
to be a skin or eye irritant in rabbits. (1)
Similarly, although not legally required, L’Oreal submitted to NIC-
NAS results from animal tests when applying for Australian registra-
tion of Mexoryl SX, an ingredient used in some of their sunscreens
and moisturisers.
The tests included Oral LD50, Draize Eye and Skin Tests and
Repeated Dose Toxicity using rats, mice and guinea pigs. (NICNAS,
File No: NA/399)
(1) Dow Corning is the company against which many women filed law suits in the late 1990s following health
problems associated with leaking breast implants. In 1998 Dow Corning and Dow Chemicals paid billions of
dollars to settle these claims. Dow had tested the breast implants on animals prior to release on the market.
18. 3534
producers across Australia, has developed Egg Corp Assured, a quali-
ty assurance program which requires its members to label egg car-
tons according to the method of production – cage, free-range or
barn laid.
Unfortunately, the cosmetics industry does not see the need to set
up a quality assurance program such as this – despite the fact that
many consumers have indicated they would prefer to know if the
products they are using have been tested on animals.
Cruelty-free claim on packaging
Individual cosmetics companies, however, have recognised consumer
concerns and often include a cruelty-free claim on their packaging.
Such a claim is very ambiguous. It might apply to the finished prod-
uct, the ingredients or both.
Many of the larger cosmetics companies stopped testing their fin-
ished products back in the 90s but continue to test their new ingredi-
ents on animals. Yet, if their finished product is not tested on ani-
mals, a ‘not tested’ claim would not, technically, be breaching any
regulations.
In Australia, CCF is the Non-Government
Organisation which offers a quality assurance
program for cruelty-free cosmetics. CCF
maintains a list of companies which fulfill
well defined criteria with regard to animal
testing. All companies on the CCF Preferred
Products List must complete a detailed questionnaire and sign a
legally binding assurance that they have not conducted, or commis-
The committee considered that this requirement is outside the
scope of a product information standard under the Trade
Practices Act, since it relates more to ideological considerations
than to the quantity, quality, nature or value of the goods.
Manufacturers are not barred from making accurate claims
about their products not being tested on animals, and would do
so if they believed it would enhance the market standing of their
products.
State and Territory Government agencies also play roles in regulat-
ing cosmetic labelling in their respective jurisdictions. The relevant
agencies are Consumer Affairs Victoria, Office of Fair Trading
(NSW), Department of Tourism, Fair Trading and Wine Industry
Development (Qld), Office of Consumer and Business Affairs (SA),
Department of Consumer and Employment Protection (WA),
Consumer Affairs and Fair Trading (Tas), Office of Consumer and
Business Affairs (NT) and Office of Fair Trading (ACT). There are no
specific requirements in any of the Australian States or Territories for
labelling in regard to animal testing.
Voluntary labelling
Within the food industry in Australia some businesses have respond-
ed to growing consumer concern about the conditions under which
their food is produced.
A number of accreditation schemes now exist, for example, Free
Range Egg Producers Associations, Organic and Bio-dynamic accred-
itation schemes and RSPCA endorsement.
The Australia Egg Corporation, an industry body representing egg
19. 3736
If we were to replace all animal safety testing of ingredients used in
cosmetic products the implications would be far reaching. By devel-
oping and validating non animal safety tests the scientific community
would be giving approval to the use of such methods, not only in
relation to the safety testing of cosmetics, but to all new ingredients.
Once validated, there is no reason a non animal test should not com-
pletely replace the parallel animal safety test in all areas of research.
The use of non animal testing methods could, for example, be
used in the development of pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
The use of animals in testing the chemicals we use in our lives is one
of the most inhumane areas of animal based research.
The animals involved in the studies are given no pain relief and
they are always sacrificed during, or at the completion of the experi-
ments. If we were to replace the use of animals in safety testing all
species of animals – from rats to monkeys – would be spared unnec-
essary torture and death. The alternatives are being developed but
whether they are used or not depends on the attitude of the general
public. There is no point developing alternatives if we do not also
ensure that their use is enforced.
Status quo is very resistant to change
We have come a long way from the eighties when Henry Spira caught
the attention of the cosmetics industry with the Coalition to Stop
Draize Rabbit Blinding Tests. Prior to that companies would never
directions
• Packaging and labelling requirements
for cosmetic products come under the
Trade Practices Act 1974. State and
Territory Governments also have regula-
tions
• There are no requirements at a national
level or in any of the Australian states
or territories for labelling regarding
animal testing
• The cosmetics industry in Australia does
not have a quality assurance pro-
gramme. CCF acts as a consumer watch-
dog for cruelty-free cosmetics
sioned animal testing of their products at any point along the produc-
tion or supply chain. Accreditation by CCF is free of charge and vol-
untary. Companies involved in animal testing generally decline the
invitation for assessment.
It is therefore only possible for CCF to inform consumers about
companies which do not conduct tests, not those which do.