toxicology study according to OECD guidelines, organisation for economic co-orporation and developement, jasdeep singh , maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university bathinda
toxicology study according to OECD guidelines, organisation for economic co-orporation and developement, jasdeep singh , maharaja ranjit singh punjab technical university bathinda
The guidelines describe about the subacute toxicity studies in rodents with a comparison with the previous guideline.it also includes the comparison of all three subacute toxicity studies OECD 407, OECD 410, and OECD 412
The guidelines describe about the subacute toxicity studies in rodents with a comparison with the previous guideline.it also includes the comparison of all three subacute toxicity studies OECD 407, OECD 410, and OECD 412
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. ⦿INTRODUCTION
⦿OECD GUIDELINE FOR ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY
⦿LD50/LC50
⦿Methods to calculate LD50
⦿Limitation of LD50
⦿How OECD GUIDELINES More Humane?
⦿Alternatives to use of Animal in AOT
⦿Description of Whole AOT Guidelines along with Its
Sighting Study (401,420,423,425)
3. ⦿ The mission of Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development is to promote policies
that will improve the economic and social well-being of
people around the world
⦿Work with governments to understand what drives
economic, social and environmental change
⦿Set international standards on a wide range of things,
from agriculture and tax to the safety of the chemicals
4. ⦿The Organisation for European Economic
Cooperation (OEEC) was established in 1948 to run
the US-financed Marshall Plan for reconstruction of
a continent ravaged by war
⦿ Canada and the US joined OEEC members in
signing the new OECD Convention on 14
December 1960
⦿ The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) was officially born on 30
September 1961, when the Convention entered into
force
5. ⦿India is one of the many non-member
⦿The OECD Council at Ministerial level
adopted a resolution on 16 May 2007 to
economies with which the OECD has working
relationships in addition to its member
countries.The OECD has been co-operating with
India since 1995
strengthen the co-operation with India, as with
Brazil, China, Indonesia and South Africa, through
a programme of enhanced engagement
6. ⦿Any undesirable &/ or unintended effects of
drug.
1. Predictable (typeA reactions)
2. Non-predictable (type B reactions)
SIDE EFFECTS
Unwanted but often
Unavoidable effects at
therapeutic doses.
SECONDARY EFFECTS
Indirect consequences
of primary action of
drug
TOXIC EFFECTS
Are results of excessive
Pharmacological effect of
drug due to over dosage
or prolonged
use.
7. ⦿Acute toxicity 14 days
⦿Sub-acute(repeated doses)
toxicity.
28 days
⦿Sub-chronic toxicity 3 months
⦿Chronic toxicity 6to12month
10. WHAT IS LD50 ?
⦿LD50 represents the individual dose required to kill 50% of a
population of test animals.
⦿It is an index determination of medicine and poison’s
virulence.
⦿Lower the LD50 dose, the more toxic the pesticide.
WHAT IS LC50?
⦿The concentrations of the chemical in air that kills 50% of the
test animals during the observation period is the LC50 value.
⦿Other durations of exposure (versus the traditional 4 hours)
may apply depending on specific laws.
11.
12. ⦿ A humane endpoint can be defined as the earliest
indicator in an animal experiment of severe pain,
severe distress, suffering, or impending death.
⦿ OECD Test Guidelines do not require death as an end
point
⦿ Animals humanely killed during the test will be
regarded as dosage-dependent deaths
⦿ Three alternative test methods (Guidelines 420,
423,and 425) to the traditional acute oral toxicity test
have been adopted by the OECD. One of these, the
Fixed Dose Procedure (Guideline 420).
13. Procedure
impending
(425), use
death as
the only endpoint
o Refinement of the traditional acute oral test in that it
requires fewer, but fixed, dosage groups to be tested,
and thus fewer animals
⦿ It also employs non-
lethal endpoints to
determine the toxicity of
the test substance.
⦿ Two other methods,
the Acute Toxic Class
Method(423) and the
Up-and-Down
14. ⦿In vitro (test tube) test methods and models
based on human cell and tissue cultures.
⦿Computerized patient-drug databases and virtual drug
trials.
⦿computer models and simulations.
⦿Stem cell and genetic testing methods.
⦿non-invasive imaging techniques such as MRIs
and CT Scans.
⦿Microdosing (in which humans are given very low
quantities of a drug to test the effects on the body
on the cellular level, without affecting the whole
bodysystem).
15.
16. ⦿14 days study.
⦿Study on at least two species.
⦿One rodent –mice/rat.
⦿One non rodent –usually rabbit.
⦿Dose administered orally & parenterally.
⦿Various dose levels to groups of both sexes.
⦿Dose selection such that causing less
than50% but not 0% and more than 50% but
not 100% mortality.
17. ⦿ In a study of toxic characteristics of substance, acute oral
toxicity testing is initial step.
⦿Gives information on health hazards.
⦿ Test substance administered orally, in graduated doses to
several groups of experimental animals.
⦿One dose used per group.
⦿At least 5 rodents at each dose level of same sex are used.
⦿Observations for effects & death are made.
⦿ After completion of study in one sex, study in another
sex is carried out.
⦿Studies suggested in rodents but can be adopted for
studies in non-rodents.
18. ⦿New approach in 1984 by British toxicology society
⦿Based on administration of series of fixed dose
levels.
⦿Instead of death, clear signs of toxicity to
animals as end point
⦿Adopted as 1st alternative to conventional
acute toxicity test
⦿T
esting in 1 sex usually females is considered sufficient
19. ⦿Reproducible procedure.
⦿Causes less suffering to the animals.
⦿Uses only moderately toxic doses, doses expected
to be lethal should be avoided.
⦿Uses fewer animals
19
4/17/2018
23. ⦿No sighting study.
⦿3 animals of single sex per step.
⦿On avg. 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow
judgment on the acute toxicity of the test
substance.
⦿ Not intended to allow the calculation of
precise LD50
⦿ Death of a proportion of animals as the
major end point (response).
⦿Ld50 cut off values are indicated.
24. ⦿Stepwise procedure with the use of
minimum no.of animals per step.
⦿Substance administered orally to 2 groups of animals
at defined doses .
⦿3 animals per step of single sex (normally females).
⦿Compound related mortality determines the
nextstep.
⦿Report
25. ⦿Up and down testing approach was 1st
described by Dixon and Mood
⦿Bruce in 1985 proposed to use it for acute
toxicity determination of chemicals
⦿Estimates confidence intervals for LD50
⦿ In procedure (main test ) 1-animal dosed at a
time, at minimum of 48 hrs interval
⦿ Suggested starting dose is 175 mg/kg or can be
selected from 1.75, 5.5, 17.5, 55, 175, 550,
2000mg/kg
26. ⦿Animal receives 1st dose a step below the
level of the best estimate of LD50
⦿Depending upon the outcome for the
previous Animal, the dose for the next animal is
adjusted up or down.
⦿5 reversal in 6 consecutive animals when
obtained test is terminated.
⦿No. of animals limited to 15.
⦿Report
27.
28. ⦿Indicated that all are likely to perform poorly
for chemicals with shallow dose-response slopes
Because Guideline 420 uses evident toxicity as an
endpoint instead of death.
⦿ Unusually test substances may cause delayed
deaths (5 days or more after test substance
administration) mostly in case of 425 However,
both in Guideline 420 and 423, the finding of a
delayed death may require additional lower dose
levels to be used or study to be repeated.
29. ⦿Survival data; urinalysis tests
⦿Outcome of any investigations of neurotoxicity or
immunotoxicity
⦿Terminal body weight; organ weights
⦿Necropsy findings; A detailed description of all
treatment-related histopathological findings
⦿Absorption data if available
⦿Body weight/body weight changes
⦿Toxic response data by sex and dose levels,
including signs of toxicity
⦿Duration of clinical observations
⦿Ophthalmological examination
⦿Haematological tests
⦿Clinical biochemistry tests