The document discusses Hindu units of time measurement from the smallest unit of 17 microseconds to the largest of 311 trillion years for the lifespan of Brahma. It describes the four yugas (Satya, Treta, Dwapara, Kali) that make up one Mahayuga of over 4 million years. It provides timescales for Devas, Pitris, Brahma and the current point in the cosmic cycle of creation, destruction and renewal.

1. YUGAS

4. TIME UNITS

5. YUGAS
•YugainHinduPhilosophyisthenameofanepochorerawithinafouragecycle.
•AccordingtoHinduCosmology,lifeintheuniverseiscreatedanddestroyedonceevery4.1to8.2billionyearswhichisonefullday(dayandnight)forBRAHMA
•ThelifetimeofaBrahmahimselfmaybebetween40billionand311trillionyears.
•Thecyclesaresaidtorepeatliketheseasons,waxingandwaningwithinagreatertime-cycleofthecreationanddestructionofouruniverse.
•LikeSummer,Spring,WinterandAutumn,eachyugainvolvesstagesorgradualchangeswhichtheearthandtheconsciousnessofmankindgoesthroughasawhole.
•AcompleteyugacyclefromahighGOLDENAGE,calledtheSATHYAYUGAtoaDarkAge,KALIYUGAandbackagainissaidtobecausedbythesolarsystem'smotionaroundanotherstar.

6. DURATIONS OF FOUR YUGAS
AccordingtotheLAWSOFMANU,oneoftheearliestknowntextsdescribingtheyugas,thelengthis4800years+3600years+2400years+1200yearsforatotalof12,000yearsforonearc,or24,000yearstocompletethecycle(oneprecessionoftheequinox).
Thereisnomentionofayearofthedemigodsoranyyearslongerthanthesolar,whichisconsistentwithdescriptioninTheHolyScience.
However,theonedebatableinterpretationfromtheSrimadBhagavatamstatesthefollowing: "ThedurationoftheSatyamillenniumequals4,800yearsoftheDemigods,thedurationoftheDvāparamillenniumequals2,400years;andthatoftheKalimillenniumis1,200yearsofthedemigods...
Asaforementioned,oneyearofthedemigodsisequalto360yearsofthehumanbeings.ThedurationoftheSatya-yugaistherefore4,800x360,or1,728,000years.ThedurationoftheTretā-yugais3,600x360,or1,296,000years.ThedurationoftheDvāpara-yugais2,400x360, or864,000years.
Andthelast,theKali-yuga,is1,200x360,or432,000yearsintotal."(ŚrīmadBhāgavatam3.11.19)These4yugasfollowatimelineratioof(4:3:2:1).
WhilethelongyugacountisthemostpopularitdoesnotcorrelatetoanyknowncelestialmotionfoundintheAstronomicalAlmanac.
Thevalueof24,000yearsiswithin7%ofthemodernastronomicalcalculationofonefullprecessionoftheequinoxof25,772years.
Thisphenomenonisobservedasthestarsmovingretrogradeacrosstheskyatabout50arcsecondsperyearandisthoughttoproduceperiodsofwarmagesandiceagesknownastheMilankovitchCycle,thustheyugacyclemayhavesomebasisinknownterrestrialcycles.

7. YUGAS
DEVA YEARS
BRAHMA JNANA
LIFE STYLE
HUMAN STATURE
AVERAGE HUMAN LIFE SPAN
ATTITUDE
NUMBER OF AVATARS OF VISHNU
KRITA/SATYA YUGA-GOLDEN AGE
4,800 YEARS
BHRAMHANAVARNA-THEBRAHMANASAREINVOLVEDINYAGYA,SELF-STUDY, DONATIONANDTEACHINGACTIVITIES
VIRTUEREIGNSSUPREME.THEGODDESSDHARMABULL,WHICHSYMBOLIZESMORALITY, STOODONFOURLEGS
21 CUBITS
100,000 YEARS.
POSITIVEANDNEGATIVEATTITUDESMERGETOBECOMEONEANDTHESAME
THEFIRSTFOURAVATARSMATSYA, KURMA,VARAHAANDNARASIMHACAMEINTHISYUGA.
TRETA YUGA- SILVER AGE
3,600 YEARS
KSHATRIYAVARNA-THEDUTIESOFKSHATRIYASARETHEPROTECTIONOFTHEIRSUBJECTS
THEREWAS3QUARTERVIRTUE&1QUARTERSIN.THEGODDESSDHARMABULL,WHICHSYMBOLIZESMORALITY, STOODONTHREELEGS
14 CUBITS
10,000 YEARS
POSITIVEANDNEGATIVEATTITUDESARESEPARATE
THESECONDTHREEAVATARSVAMANA,PARASHURAMAANDSRIRAMACAMEINTHISYUGA.
DWAPARA YUGA-BRONZE AGE
2,400 YEARS
VAISHYAVARNA-ThedutiesofVaishyasaretradeandagriculture.
THEREWAS1HALFVIRTUE&1HALFSIN, THEGODDESSDHARMABULL,WHICHSYMBOLIZESMORALITY,STOODONTWOLEGS
7 CUBITS
1000 YEARS.
THEREISJUSTPOSITIVEATTITUDEANDNONEGATIVEATTITUDE
THETHIRDTWOAVATARSKRISHNAANDBALARAMACAMEINTHEYUGA.
KALI YUGA- IRON AGE
1,200 YEARS
SHUDRAVARNA- ThedutyofSudrasistoperformtasksthatdemandhighlyphysicalwork
THEREIS1QUARTERVIRTUE&3QUARTERSIN.THEGODDESSDHARMABULL,WHICHSYMBOLIZESMORALITY, STANDINGONONELEG.
3.5 CUBITS
100 YEARS
THETWOATTITUDESAREABSENT.
THETENTHAVATAR,KALKIISGOINGTOCOMEINTHISYUGA.

8. HindureligiousscripturessuchastheVedasandPuranasdescribeamassiverangeofunitsofKalameasurements,spanningrightfromParamaṇu(timelengthofabout17Microseconds) totheMaha-Manvantara(311.04trillionYears).
Accordingtothesetexts,thecreationanddestructionoftheuniverseisacyclicprocess, whichrepeatsitselfforever.
Eachcyclestartswiththebirthandexpansion(lifetime)oftheuniverseequaling311.04trillionyears,followedbyitscompleteannihilation(whichalsoprevailsforthesameduration).
AncientHinduunitsofmeasurementarestillprevalentamongtheHindu,JainandBuddhistcommunities.
Theyareusedasabasefordoingcertaintypeofastrologicalcalculations,performingreligiousrituals,etc.
Hindumeasurementsinlogarithmicscale(approx.)

9. LUNAR METRICS
1.LUNAR DAY IS DEFINED AS THE TIME IT TAKES FOR THE LONGITUDINAL ANGLE BETWEEN THE MOON AND THE SUN TO INCREASE BY 12°.
2.TITHIS BEGIN AT VARYING TIMES OF DAY AND VARY IN DURATION FROM APPROXIMATELY 19 TO APPROXIMATELY 26 HOURS.
A PAKSA OR LUNAR FORTNIGHT
CONSISTS OF 15 TITHIS
A MĀSAOR LUNAR MONTH (APPROXIMATELY 29.5 DAYS)
ISDIVIDEDINTO2PAKṢAS:THEONEBETWEENNEWMOONANDFULLMOON(WAXING)ISCALLEDGAURA(BRIGHT)ORŚUKLAPAKṢA;THEONEBETWEENFULLMOONANDNEWMOON(WANING)KṚṢṆA(DARK) PAKSHA
A ṚTU(OR SEASON)
2 MĀSA
AN AYANA IS
3 ṚTUS
A YEAR IS
TWO AYANAS –UTTARAYANAM & DAKSHINAYANAM

10. RECKONING OF TIME AMONGST THE PITṚS(ANCESTORS)
HUMAN DAYS
PITRS DAYS
15 DAYS
1 DAY (LIGHT) OR NIGHT
30 DAYS
1 DAY (LIGHT) AND NIGHT
900 HUMAN DAYS/2.5 HUMAN YEARS
1 MONTH OF THE PITṚS
10800 HUMAN DAYS/30 HUMAN YEARS
1 YEAR OF THE PITṚS
1,080,000 HUMAN DAYS/3000 HUMAN YEARS
THE LIFESPAN OF THE PITṚSIS 100 YEARS

11. RECKONING OF TIME AMONGST THE DEVAS
ThelifespanofanyHinduDevaspansnearly(ormorethan)4.5millionyears. Statistically,wecanalsolookitas…
TheViṣṇuPurāṇaTimemeasurementsectionoftheViṣṇuPurāṇaBookIChapterIIIexplainstheaboveasfollows:
1 MAHA YUGA
12000 DEVA YEARS = LIFE SPAN OF DEVAS. 12,000 DIVINE YEAR = 4 YUGAS (= 4,320,000 HUMAN YEARS). [2*12,000 = 24,000 DIVINE YEAR = 12000 REVOLUTIONS OF SUN AROUND ITS DUAL]
2 AYANAS -6-MONTH PERIODS
1 HUMAN YEAR OR 1 DAY OF THE DEVAS
1 SATYA YUGA
4,000 + 400 + 400 = 4,800 DIVINE YEARS (= 1,728,000 HUMAN YEARS)
1 TRETĀ YUGA
3,000 + 300 + 300 = 3,600 DIVINE YEARS (= 1,296,000 HUMAN YEARS)
1 DVĀPARA YUGA
2,000 + 200 + 200 = 2,400 DIVINE YEARS (= 864,000 HUMAN YEARS)
1 KALI YUGA
1,000 + 100 + 100 = 1,200 DIVINE YEARS (= 432,000 HUMAN YEARS)

12. RECKONING OF TIME FOR BRAHMA
LIFE SPAN OF BRAHMA
1000 MAHĀ-YUGAS
1 KALPA
1 KALPA
1 DAY (DAY ONLY) OF BRAHMA
2 KALPAS -8.64 BILLION HUMAN YEARS
CONSTITUTE A DAY AND NIGHT OF BRAHMA
30 DAYS OF BRAHMA -259.2 BILLION HUMAN YEARS
1 MONTH OF BRAHMA
12 MONTHS OF BRAHMA-3.1104 TRILLION HUMAN YEARS
1 YEAR OF BRAHMA
50 YEARS OF BRAHMA
1 PARĀRDHA
2 PARARDHAS = 100 YEARS OF BRAHMA -311.04 TRILLION HUMAN YEARS
1 PARA = 1 MAHĀ-KALPA (THE LIFESPAN OF BRAHMA)
ONE DAY OF BRAHMA IS DIVIDED INTO 10,000 PARTS CALLED CHARAṆAS. THE CHARAṆAS ARE DIVIDED AS FOLLOWS:
CHARANAS
SOLAR YEARS
YUGAS
4 CHARAṆAS
17, 28, 000
SATYA YUGA
3 CHARAṆAS
12, 96 ,000
TRETA YUGA
2 CHARAṆAS
8, 64, 000
DVAPARA YUGA
1 CHARAṆAS
4, 32 ,000
KALI YUGA

13. LIFESPANOFBRAMAHISCONFIRMEDBYTHEGĪTĀŚLOKA8.17(STATEMENT)"SAHASRA-YUGA-PARYANTAMAHARYADBRAHMAṆOVIDUḤRĀTRIṀYUGA-SAHASRĀNTĀṀTE'HO-RĀTRA-VIDOJANĀḤ",MEANING,ADAYOFBRAHMAISOF1000MAHĀ-YUGA.THUSADAYOFBRAHMA,KALPA,ISOFDURATION:4.32BILLIONSOLARYEARS.TWOKALPASCONSTITUTEADAYANDNIGHT(ADHISANDHI)OFBRAHMA
1,000CYCLESOFMAHĀ-YUGA
ONEDAYOFBRAHMA.
ONECYCLEOFFOURYUGAS
ONEMAHĀ-YUGA4.32MILLIONSOLARYEARS
MANVANTARAWHICHISRULEDBYMANU-AKALPACONSISTSOFAPERIODOF4.32BILLIONSOLARYEARSCALLEDFOLLOWEDBY14MANVATARASANDSAṂDHIKALAS.
71MAHĀ-YUGA-306,720,000SOLARYEARS
AFTEREACHMANVANTARAFOLLOWSONESAṂDHIKALĀOFTHESAMEDURATIONASAKṚTAYUGA(1,728,000=4CARAṆA).
ITISSAIDTHATDURINGASAṂDHIKALĀ,THEENTIREEARTHISSUBMERGEDINWATER.
ADAYOFBRAHMAEQUALS
(14TIMES71MAHĀ-YUGA)+(15×4CHARAṆAS)
=994MAHĀ-YUGA+(15*4800)
=994MAHĀ-YUGA+(72,000YEARS)[DEVAYEARS]/6=12,000[DEVAYEARS]VIZ.ONEMAHAYUGA.
=994MAHĀ-YUGA+6MAHĀ-YUGA
=1,000MAHĀ-YUGA

14. THE SURYA SIDDHANTADEFINITION OF TIMESCALESTHE SURYA SIDDHANTA[CHAPTER 14 MĀNĀDHYĀYAH (मानाध्यायः)], DOCUMENTS A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF NINE DIVISIONS OF TIME CALLED MĀNA (मान) WHICH SPAN FROM VERY SMALL TIME UNITS (PRĀŅA [प्राण] -4 SECONDS) TO VERY LARGE TIME SCALES (PARA [पर] -311.04 TRILLION SOLAR YEARS). THE CURRENT DATE: CURRENTLY, 50 YEARS OF BRAHMA HAVE ELAPSED AND THIS IS THE FIRST 'DAY' OF THE 51ST YEAR. THIS BRAHMA'S DAY, KALPA, IS NAMED AS SHVETAVARAHA KALPA. WITHINTHIS DAY, SIX MANVANTARAS HAVE ALREADY ELAPSEDAND THIS IS THE SEVENTH MANAVATARA, NAMED AS –VAIVASVATHA MANVANTARA (OR SRADDHADEVA MANAVATARA). WITHIN THE VAIVASVATHA MANAVANTARA, 27 MAHAYUGAS (4 YUGAS TOGETHER IS A MAHAYUGA), AND THE KRITA, TRETA AND DWAPARA YUGAS OF THE 28TH MAHAYUGA HAVE ELAPSED. THIS KALIYUGA IS IN THE 28TH MAHAYUGA. THIS KALIYUGA BEGAN IN THE YEAR 3102 BC IN THE PROLEPTIC JULIAN CALENDAR. SINCE 50 YEARS OF BRAHMA HAVE ALREADY ELAPSED, THIS IS THE SECOND PARARDHA, ALSO CALLED AS DVITHIYA PARARDHA. THE TIME ELAPSED SINCE THE CURRENT BRAHMA HAS TAKEN OVER THE TASK OF CREATION CAN BE CALCULATED AS:- 432000 ×10 ×1000 ×2 = 8.64 BILLION YEARS (2 KALPA(DAY AND NIGHT) ) 8.64 ×109×30 ×12 = 3.1104 TRILLION YEARS (1 YEAR OF BRAHMA) 3.1104 ×1012×50 = 155.52 TRILLION YEARS (50 YEARS OF BRAHMA) (6 ×71 ×4320000 ) + 7 ×1.728 ×10^6 = 1852416000 YEARS ELAPSED IN FIRST SIX MANVATARAS, AND SANDHIKALASIN THE CURRENT KALPA27 ×4320000 = 116640000 YEARS ELAPSED IN FIRST 27 MAHAYUGASOF THE CURRENT MANVANTARA1.728 ×10^6 + 1.296 ×10^6 + 864000 = 3888000 YEARS ELAPSED IN CURRENT MAHAYUGA3102 + 2013 = 5115 YEARS ELAPSED IN CURRENT KALIYUGA. SO THE TOTAL TIME ELAPSED SINCE CURRENT BRAHMA IS155520000000000 + 1852416000 + 116640000 + 3888000 + 5115 = 155,521,972,949,115 YEARS < AS OF 2013 AD > THE CURRENT KALI YUGA BEGAN AT MIDNIGHT 17 FEBRUARY / 18 FEBRUARY IN 3102 BCIN THE PROLEPTICJULIAN CALENDAR. AS PER THE INFORMATION ABOVE ABOUT YUGA PERIODS, ONLY 5,115 YEARS ARE PASSED OUT OF 432,000 YEARS OF CURRENT KALI YUGA, AND HENCE ANOTHER 426,985 YEARS ARE LEFT TO COMPLETE THIS 28TH KALI YUGA OF VAIVASWATHAMANVANTARA.

15. COMPILED BY P.BASKARAN. MAIL ID: BASKI_1960@YAHOO.CO.IN