APNIC Senior Advisor - Policy and Community Development Sunny Chendi gives an overview of core Internet technologies and the APNIC PDP at Youth India IGF 2021, held online from 4 to 5 December 2021.

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Introduction to Core Internet
Technologies and APNIC PDP
Shradha Pandey
YIGF India 2020 and APNIC 52 Fellow
Srinivas (Sunny) Chendi
Senior Advisor - Policy and Community Development
YIGF India 2021 - Virtual Edition
4 & 5 December 2021

2. Overview
• History of the Internet
• How the Internet works
• Core Technologies
• Activity
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HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
Introduction to Core Internet Technologies

4. ARPANET
• US DoD research project
• First Internet Message
– between two computers, 29 Oct 1969
• ULCA to SRI
• Lo(gin)
• First Internet backbone
– Between four computers
• ULCA, SRI, UTAH, UCSB
• Early Internet
– Telnet
– File Transfer
– Email
– Usenet (Newsgroups)
Source: https://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/postwar-america/

5. Birth of TCP/IP
• First protocols developed
– 1822 protocol
– Network Control Protocol (NCP), 1970
• Interconnecting computers
• 15+ sites were interconnected by end of 1972
• TCP/IP
– Designed in 1981 by Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf
– Standardized in 1982
– Prepared to switch from NCP to TCP/IP
– First TCP/IP packet sent on 1st January 1983
ARPANET Map 1972
Source: https://sites.austincc.edu/caddis/postwar-america/

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HOW THE INTERNET WORKS
Introduction to Core Internet Technologies

7. How it works?
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8. How it works?
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9. How it works?
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CORE TECHNOLOGIES
Introduction to Core Internet Technologies

11. Key Internet Technologies
Internet Protocol Routing Domain Names

12. Internet Protocol (IP)
• Designed by Vint Cerf and Bob
Kahn in 1981
• A well-known set of rules and
standards
• Devices on the internet are
identified by numbers.
• A unique number like a telephone
number
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13. Internet Protocol
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Packets are sent from ‘source’ to ‘destination’
Data is sent over the Internet in discrete packets
Every source and destination in the Internet must have an IP address

14. Internet Protocol (IP)
IP Version 4 (IPv4) IP Version 6 (IPv6)
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4.3 billion possible addresses 340 undecillion possible addresses

15. Internet Protocol (IP)
2-byte ASN 4-byte ASN
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65,536 possible numbers 4,294,967,296 possible numbers
Autonomous System Numbers (ASN)
• 32-bit number
• 0 – 4, 294, 967, 295
• Notation: Dotted number (6.6)
• 16-bit number
• 0 – 65,545
• Notation: plain number (4546)

16. Where do IP Addresses come from?
Standards
Allocation
Allocation
Assignment
End user
RIRs
LIR/ISP
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Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Regional Internet Registry
Internet Service Provider

17. Regional Internet Registries
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19. Internet Numbers Registry Structure
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20. APNIC Policy Development Process (PDP)
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ROUTING
Introduction to Core Internet Technologies

22. What is Routing?
• Routing refers to the process of taking a “packet” from one
device and sending it to another device.
• Routing process is usually performed by devices called
“Routers”.
• Routing enables a user to access content stored on a
remote device.
• Packet travels between several Internet service providers
(ISP) or autonomous systems (AS) before reaching the
destination.
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23. Routing
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24. Routing Packets
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information between
autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet

25. Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
• Keep local content local
• Saves international bandwidth
cost for ISPs
• Lower Internet access cost to
users
• Share international content locally
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26. Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)
• RPKI is a cryptographic
method of signing records
(ROA) that associate a BGP
route advertisement with
the intended originating AS
number.
• Secures the Internet routing
table, reduces the risk of
accidental BGP routing
incidents and prevents
hijacks.
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27. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
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DOMAIN NAMES
Introduction to Core Internet Technologies

29. Domain Name System
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30. DNS

31. DNSSEC

32. Other Protocols
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FTP
Blockchain
RTP (RTSP/SRTP)
File Transfer
Distribution
Streaming

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Thanks!!!