The document summarizes the role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in evaluating the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) maize NK603. EFSA is responsible for providing independent scientific advice on GM plant authorization applications. For maize NK603, EFSA evaluated potential risks related to unintended effects on plant fitness, gene transfer to other plants or microorganisms, interactions with target and non-target organisms, and impacts on human and animal health and the environment. Based on the application details, scientific literature, and additional studies, EFSA concluded the risks of maize NK603 were similar to conventional maize and unlikely to cause adverse environmental effects.
1) NK603 is currently in the EU approval process, having received a positive opinion from EFSA. It is expected to complete the comitology process by the end of 2010, allowing for its authorization.
2) Monsanto is preparing for post-market environmental monitoring of NK603 by collaborating with EuropaBio and member states on farmer surveys and monitoring networks. They are also monitoring scientific literature and reporting potential adverse effects.
3) If NK603 receives EU authorization by the end of 2010 and individual member states complete variety registration and herbicide approvals, NK603 could potentially be launched in some markets in 2011.
The document describes the roles and functions of North American cereal rust laboratories in the United States and Canada. These labs monitor cereal rust pathogens globally, identify rust races through pathogen screening, and maintain pathogen collections. They provide training and collaborate with other researchers and universities. The labs play a key role in tracking the spread of the Ug99 stem rust race group and identifying virulence in global pathogen populations.
Priorities of breeding approaches in bt cottons.dr. yanal alkuddsiDr. Yanal A. Alkuddsi
Β
In few years of Bt era β over Six hundred of Bt cotton hybrids are released β Just Handful of them are popular
Ultimately itβs the genetic potentiality for productivity that determines success of a Bt genotype
Breeding efforts of improving genetic potentiality of Bt cottons assumes greater importance
China is the largest producer of corn seed in the world, accounting for 33% of global production. The US is the second largest producer at 32%. India is the seventh largest producer of corn and sixth largest consumer globally. While China dominates Asia's corn seed market, Southeast Asian countries like India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam also account for approximately 40% of Asia's corn seed production. The major corn producing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 1 - Sharad khurana, Pioneer, Indian Dairy I...NCDEX Ltd.
Β
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on the Indian maize industry and outlook. It discusses:
1) Maize is the 3rd most important cereal crop in India and acreage and production have consistently increased, with productivity also gradually rising.
2) Demand for maize is expected to increase significantly by 2050 due to population growth, rising meat and dairy consumption, and biofuel usage. This will likely result in a large import requirement for developing countries.
3) Key challenges to meeting this rising demand include low average yields in India compared to other countries, as well as issues around post-harvest management, increasing hybridization rates, and addressing labor shortages.
4) Potential
This presentation was given at a March 2013 meeting of the HEA STEM Special Interest Group on teaching ethics to bioscience students. The meeting was hosted at the University of Northampton, UK, and the principal focus was on teaching about Ethics and Risk.
Professor Joe Perry is a member of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
1) NK603 is currently in the EU approval process, having received a positive opinion from EFSA. It is expected to complete the comitology process by the end of 2010, allowing for its authorization.
2) Monsanto is preparing for post-market environmental monitoring of NK603 by collaborating with EuropaBio and member states on farmer surveys and monitoring networks. They are also monitoring scientific literature and reporting potential adverse effects.
3) If NK603 receives EU authorization by the end of 2010 and individual member states complete variety registration and herbicide approvals, NK603 could potentially be launched in some markets in 2011.
The document describes the roles and functions of North American cereal rust laboratories in the United States and Canada. These labs monitor cereal rust pathogens globally, identify rust races through pathogen screening, and maintain pathogen collections. They provide training and collaborate with other researchers and universities. The labs play a key role in tracking the spread of the Ug99 stem rust race group and identifying virulence in global pathogen populations.
Priorities of breeding approaches in bt cottons.dr. yanal alkuddsiDr. Yanal A. Alkuddsi
Β
In few years of Bt era β over Six hundred of Bt cotton hybrids are released β Just Handful of them are popular
Ultimately itβs the genetic potentiality for productivity that determines success of a Bt genotype
Breeding efforts of improving genetic potentiality of Bt cottons assumes greater importance
China is the largest producer of corn seed in the world, accounting for 33% of global production. The US is the second largest producer at 32%. India is the seventh largest producer of corn and sixth largest consumer globally. While China dominates Asia's corn seed market, Southeast Asian countries like India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam also account for approximately 40% of Asia's corn seed production. The major corn producing states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
India Maize Summit 2015 - Session 1 - Sharad khurana, Pioneer, Indian Dairy I...NCDEX Ltd.
Β
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on the Indian maize industry and outlook. It discusses:
1) Maize is the 3rd most important cereal crop in India and acreage and production have consistently increased, with productivity also gradually rising.
2) Demand for maize is expected to increase significantly by 2050 due to population growth, rising meat and dairy consumption, and biofuel usage. This will likely result in a large import requirement for developing countries.
3) Key challenges to meeting this rising demand include low average yields in India compared to other countries, as well as issues around post-harvest management, increasing hybridization rates, and addressing labor shortages.
4) Potential
This presentation was given at a March 2013 meeting of the HEA STEM Special Interest Group on teaching ethics to bioscience students. The meeting was hosted at the University of Northampton, UK, and the principal focus was on teaching about Ethics and Risk.
Professor Joe Perry is a member of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
The document discusses the TRIPS agreement and its impact on Indian patent law. Some key points:
- TRIPS established minimum global standards for intellectual property protection, including recognizing 7 types of IP rights like patents and copyright. It required countries to provide patent protection for inventions in all fields of technology.
- India initially only allowed process patents for food, drugs etc. TRIPS allowed India a 10 year transition period to implement product patents in all areas.
- The 2005 Patent Act Amendment in India fully complied with TRIPS by granting product patents for all inventions effective January 1, 2005. It also addressed issues like patentability criteria, opposition processes, and compulsory licensing.
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and the TRIPS and TRIMS agreements. It provides an overview of the history of IPR treaties and organizations like WIPO. It describes the different types of IPR like patents, copyrights, trademarks. It discusses why IPR is needed and outlines some of the key provisions and standards in TRIPS, including national treatment, enforcement procedures, and dispute settlement.
The TRIPs Agreement is the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property rights administered by the World Trade Organization. It was established in 1994 to introduce intellectual property laws into international trade. Adoption of TRIPs is mandatory for WTO membership, requiring member nations to implement strict IP laws. TRIPs sets minimum standards for protecting copyrights, trademarks, patents, and other IP for a set number of years depending on a country's development status. The objective is to reward creativity, protect investments, and facilitate technology transfer between nations.
The document discusses TRIPS and TRIMS agreements administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). TRIPS establishes minimum global standards for intellectual property regulation, requiring copyright, patent, and trademark protections. TRIMS restricts local content rules and trade balancing policies that favor domestic firms over international ones. Both agreements were negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round in 1994 to extend trade rules to new areas like services, investment, and intellectual property.
The document discusses genetically modified crops (GMCs), including their definition, methods of genetic modification, potential benefits and risks. Some key points:
- GMCs are plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered by inserting genes from other species, conferring traits like pest/disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, or improved nutrition.
- Potential benefits include increased crop yields and reduced need for pesticides, but risks include possible human health impacts and environmental effects like gene transfer to non-target species.
- Global adoption of major GM crops like soybean and maize has increased significantly since their introduction in the late 1990s, though uptake varies by country. Vietnam has conducted research on GM rice,
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Β
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
Expoquimia 2011: Forum Biotech - ExpoquimiaExpoquimia
Β
The document discusses the key issues and process for assessing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). It outlines the relevant EU legislation on GMOs and describes EFSA's role in conducting scientific risk assessments of GMOs to ensure food safety. The multi-step process involves applications, reviews by competent authorities and EFSA, and decisions by regulatory committees and the European Commission. EFSA provides guidance for assessing potential impacts of GMOs on human health and the environment.
This document discusses approaches for breeding wheat with resistance to rust diseases. It begins by noting the importance of wheat as a food crop and challenges in meeting future demand. Classical breeding approaches are described that involve determining breeding objectives, assessing genetic variation, crossing, evaluation and selection. Molecular approaches for identifying rust resistance genes using markers can detect variations directly and are not influenced by environment. An efficient breeding program requires clear objectives, understanding pathogen variation and available resistance sources to design programs. Selection of parents, hybridization techniques, bulk and pedigree selection methods, and marker assisted selection are described to introgress resistance while maintaining other important traits.
021614 yang-rui li--research and development priorities for sugar industry of...nguyenvanlocbh
Β
1) The document summarizes research priorities for China's sugar industry, including sugarcane germplasm innovation using wild species, developing drought resistant varieties, and promoting mechanization.
2) It describes research incorporating Saccharum spontaneum and Erianthus arundinaceus into commercial varieties to improve traits like yield, sucrose content, and disease resistance.
3) Techniques discussed include interspecific hybridization, molecular marker selection, and tracking chromosome transmission over generations.
" Harnessing agricultural biotechnology for resilience to climate change: A l...ExternalEvents
Β
" Harnessing agricultural biotechnology for resilience to
climate change: A lesson from water efficient maize for Africa
project" presentation by Yoseph Beyene, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
This document summarizes research on developing and regulating a genetically modified late blight resistant potato variety for release in Uganda and other parts of East Africa. It discusses what is already known about potato and GM crops based on existing research. It then outlines the key studies and data needed to assess the GM potato variety, including evaluating its food safety, characterizing the genetic modification, assessing the new trait's efficacy and environmental impacts, and estimating the overall costs. The goal is to determine the essential information and studies required to properly evaluate and regulate the GM potato for cultivation and consumption in the region.
International aspects of the quality and safety ofHarshraj Shinde
Β
This document summarizes the rules and regulations regarding genetically modified foods in India. It discusses:
1) The Rules of 1989 which govern GMOs and were established by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. This includes several competent authorities responsible for implementation.
2) The framework for safety assessment of GM foods, which follows a step-by-step process considering various factors like identity, composition, and effects of processing.
3) The general considerations for developing GM foods, which include characterizing the genetic modification and assessing possible toxicity, allergenicity, nutritional modifications, and unintended effects.
Using Innovative Approaches in Selecting and Disseminating Bean Varieties in ...CIAT
Β
This document summarizes an initiative in Mozambique to disseminate improved bean varieties to smallholder farmers using participatory approaches. Researchers conducted on-farm trials of 20 new varieties with over 1000 farmers to allow direct selection. The 5 most preferred high-yielding, pest-resistant varieties were then produced by farmers and shared within their communities. Linking variety selection, seed production and extension helped spread improved varieties and technologies faster. Lessons highlighted the need for ongoing training and partnerships between researchers, extension and seed producers.
Presentation by Aly Abousabaa from ICARDA at the Breeding Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
This document discusses how nuclear techniques can be applied in food and agriculture to improve food security, safety, and sustainable agriculture. It provides examples of how mutation breeding has led to the development of over 2,600 new crop varieties with improved traits. Isotopic techniques help manage soil, water, and crop nutrition more efficiently. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has successfully controlled or eradicated several insect pests. Nuclear-derived techniques also aid in animal production and health through diagnostics, nutrition evaluation, and disease control. Food irradiation and analytical methods protect food and the environment from contamination.
This document discusses genetically modified crops and their potential environmental impacts. It describes current and future GM crop traits such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, stress tolerance, and production of pharmaceuticals in plants. Major concerns discussed include effects on non-target species, gene flow and transgene escape. The document outlines EPA research on monitoring these impacts, including assessing non-target effects using molecular techniques to detect gene expression changes in species exposed to GM crops. It provides examples of monitoring bentgrass for transgene escape and using sentinel plants and resident populations to track gene flow. The overall goals are to apply molecular monitoring to at-risk species and ensure the safety of biotech crops.
General Principles of Seed Production TechnologyRoshan Parihar
Β
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
Agronomically, seed production requires selecting suitable climates and soil conditions for the crop. Isolation of seed plots, selection of high-quality seed sources and varieties, and following best practices for seed treatment, sowing method and timing are important to maximize yield and seed quality.
This document summarizes research objectives and methods to accelerate the breeding of high-yielding plantain and cooking bananas. The objectives are to breed varieties with good yield and consumer acceptability. The researcher describes banana breeding schemes including using diploids, triploids, and tetraploids. Methods proposed to speed up breeding include embryo rescue, molecular marker development, gene discovery for drought tolerance, genomic selection, and triploid production. Timelines for traditional breeding approaches and potential faster methods using new technologies are also presented.
Presentation given by Bioversity International's Carlo Fadda at the Mutual Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and Plant Treaty Workshop, Addis Ababa, 16-20 November 2015
Intensification of maize-legume based systems in the semi-arid areas of Tanza...africa-rising
Β
This document summarizes research being conducted in Tanzania to intensify maize-legume farming systems in semi-arid areas. The research aims to increase farm productivity and improve the farming landscape. Key findings include:
1) Improved varieties of crops like maize, groundnuts, and pigeonpeas have increased yields compared to local varieties.
2) Integrated soil fertility management including fertilizer application has increased maize yields but response to nitrogen was low, indicating other limiting factors.
3) Soil and water conservation techniques like deep tillage and in-situ water harvesting improved yields compared to traditional practices.
4) Aflatoxin contamination was found in many crops sampled, presenting food
This document discusses biosafety issues related to genetically modified crops. It provides background on GM crops and their history. It then outlines several biosafety concerns including the safety of inserted genes and proteins, ecological impacts such as increased weediness and effects on biodiversity, environmental concerns like secondary pest problems and insect resistance, and socioeconomic issues. The regulatory mechanisms in place in India to evaluate GM crops are also described, including the various competent authorities. International regulations like the Cartagena Protocol are also mentioned.
The document discusses the TRIPS agreement and its impact on Indian patent law. Some key points:
- TRIPS established minimum global standards for intellectual property protection, including recognizing 7 types of IP rights like patents and copyright. It required countries to provide patent protection for inventions in all fields of technology.
- India initially only allowed process patents for food, drugs etc. TRIPS allowed India a 10 year transition period to implement product patents in all areas.
- The 2005 Patent Act Amendment in India fully complied with TRIPS by granting product patents for all inventions effective January 1, 2005. It also addressed issues like patentability criteria, opposition processes, and compulsory licensing.
The document discusses intellectual property rights (IPR) and the TRIPS and TRIMS agreements. It provides an overview of the history of IPR treaties and organizations like WIPO. It describes the different types of IPR like patents, copyrights, trademarks. It discusses why IPR is needed and outlines some of the key provisions and standards in TRIPS, including national treatment, enforcement procedures, and dispute settlement.
The TRIPs Agreement is the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property rights administered by the World Trade Organization. It was established in 1994 to introduce intellectual property laws into international trade. Adoption of TRIPs is mandatory for WTO membership, requiring member nations to implement strict IP laws. TRIPs sets minimum standards for protecting copyrights, trademarks, patents, and other IP for a set number of years depending on a country's development status. The objective is to reward creativity, protect investments, and facilitate technology transfer between nations.
The document discusses TRIPS and TRIMS agreements administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). TRIPS establishes minimum global standards for intellectual property regulation, requiring copyright, patent, and trademark protections. TRIMS restricts local content rules and trade balancing policies that favor domestic firms over international ones. Both agreements were negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round in 1994 to extend trade rules to new areas like services, investment, and intellectual property.
The document discusses genetically modified crops (GMCs), including their definition, methods of genetic modification, potential benefits and risks. Some key points:
- GMCs are plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered by inserting genes from other species, conferring traits like pest/disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, or improved nutrition.
- Potential benefits include increased crop yields and reduced need for pesticides, but risks include possible human health impacts and environmental effects like gene transfer to non-target species.
- Global adoption of major GM crops like soybean and maize has increased significantly since their introduction in the late 1990s, though uptake varies by country. Vietnam has conducted research on GM rice,
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Β
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
Expoquimia 2011: Forum Biotech - ExpoquimiaExpoquimia
Β
The document discusses the key issues and process for assessing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). It outlines the relevant EU legislation on GMOs and describes EFSA's role in conducting scientific risk assessments of GMOs to ensure food safety. The multi-step process involves applications, reviews by competent authorities and EFSA, and decisions by regulatory committees and the European Commission. EFSA provides guidance for assessing potential impacts of GMOs on human health and the environment.
This document discusses approaches for breeding wheat with resistance to rust diseases. It begins by noting the importance of wheat as a food crop and challenges in meeting future demand. Classical breeding approaches are described that involve determining breeding objectives, assessing genetic variation, crossing, evaluation and selection. Molecular approaches for identifying rust resistance genes using markers can detect variations directly and are not influenced by environment. An efficient breeding program requires clear objectives, understanding pathogen variation and available resistance sources to design programs. Selection of parents, hybridization techniques, bulk and pedigree selection methods, and marker assisted selection are described to introgress resistance while maintaining other important traits.
021614 yang-rui li--research and development priorities for sugar industry of...nguyenvanlocbh
Β
1) The document summarizes research priorities for China's sugar industry, including sugarcane germplasm innovation using wild species, developing drought resistant varieties, and promoting mechanization.
2) It describes research incorporating Saccharum spontaneum and Erianthus arundinaceus into commercial varieties to improve traits like yield, sucrose content, and disease resistance.
3) Techniques discussed include interspecific hybridization, molecular marker selection, and tracking chromosome transmission over generations.
" Harnessing agricultural biotechnology for resilience to climate change: A l...ExternalEvents
Β
" Harnessing agricultural biotechnology for resilience to
climate change: A lesson from water efficient maize for Africa
project" presentation by Yoseph Beyene, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Nairobi, Kenya
This document summarizes research on developing and regulating a genetically modified late blight resistant potato variety for release in Uganda and other parts of East Africa. It discusses what is already known about potato and GM crops based on existing research. It then outlines the key studies and data needed to assess the GM potato variety, including evaluating its food safety, characterizing the genetic modification, assessing the new trait's efficacy and environmental impacts, and estimating the overall costs. The goal is to determine the essential information and studies required to properly evaluate and regulate the GM potato for cultivation and consumption in the region.
International aspects of the quality and safety ofHarshraj Shinde
Β
This document summarizes the rules and regulations regarding genetically modified foods in India. It discusses:
1) The Rules of 1989 which govern GMOs and were established by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. This includes several competent authorities responsible for implementation.
2) The framework for safety assessment of GM foods, which follows a step-by-step process considering various factors like identity, composition, and effects of processing.
3) The general considerations for developing GM foods, which include characterizing the genetic modification and assessing possible toxicity, allergenicity, nutritional modifications, and unintended effects.
Using Innovative Approaches in Selecting and Disseminating Bean Varieties in ...CIAT
Β
This document summarizes an initiative in Mozambique to disseminate improved bean varieties to smallholder farmers using participatory approaches. Researchers conducted on-farm trials of 20 new varieties with over 1000 farmers to allow direct selection. The 5 most preferred high-yielding, pest-resistant varieties were then produced by farmers and shared within their communities. Linking variety selection, seed production and extension helped spread improved varieties and technologies faster. Lessons highlighted the need for ongoing training and partnerships between researchers, extension and seed producers.
Presentation by Aly Abousabaa from ICARDA at the Breeding Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
This document discusses how nuclear techniques can be applied in food and agriculture to improve food security, safety, and sustainable agriculture. It provides examples of how mutation breeding has led to the development of over 2,600 new crop varieties with improved traits. Isotopic techniques help manage soil, water, and crop nutrition more efficiently. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has successfully controlled or eradicated several insect pests. Nuclear-derived techniques also aid in animal production and health through diagnostics, nutrition evaluation, and disease control. Food irradiation and analytical methods protect food and the environment from contamination.
This document discusses genetically modified crops and their potential environmental impacts. It describes current and future GM crop traits such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, stress tolerance, and production of pharmaceuticals in plants. Major concerns discussed include effects on non-target species, gene flow and transgene escape. The document outlines EPA research on monitoring these impacts, including assessing non-target effects using molecular techniques to detect gene expression changes in species exposed to GM crops. It provides examples of monitoring bentgrass for transgene escape and using sentinel plants and resident populations to track gene flow. The overall goals are to apply molecular monitoring to at-risk species and ensure the safety of biotech crops.
General Principles of Seed Production TechnologyRoshan Parihar
Β
This document discusses principles of seed production, including genetic and agronomic principles.
Genetically, seed purity can deteriorate due to factors like natural crossing, genetic drift, mutations and mechanical mixtures. Methods to prevent deterioration include maintaining isolation distances, roguing fields to remove off-type plants, and growing seed crops only in adapted areas. Seed certification verifies genetic purity and quality.
Agronomically, seed production requires selecting suitable climates and soil conditions for the crop. Isolation of seed plots, selection of high-quality seed sources and varieties, and following best practices for seed treatment, sowing method and timing are important to maximize yield and seed quality.
This document summarizes research objectives and methods to accelerate the breeding of high-yielding plantain and cooking bananas. The objectives are to breed varieties with good yield and consumer acceptability. The researcher describes banana breeding schemes including using diploids, triploids, and tetraploids. Methods proposed to speed up breeding include embryo rescue, molecular marker development, gene discovery for drought tolerance, genomic selection, and triploid production. Timelines for traditional breeding approaches and potential faster methods using new technologies are also presented.
Presentation given by Bioversity International's Carlo Fadda at the Mutual Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and Plant Treaty Workshop, Addis Ababa, 16-20 November 2015
Intensification of maize-legume based systems in the semi-arid areas of Tanza...africa-rising
Β
This document summarizes research being conducted in Tanzania to intensify maize-legume farming systems in semi-arid areas. The research aims to increase farm productivity and improve the farming landscape. Key findings include:
1) Improved varieties of crops like maize, groundnuts, and pigeonpeas have increased yields compared to local varieties.
2) Integrated soil fertility management including fertilizer application has increased maize yields but response to nitrogen was low, indicating other limiting factors.
3) Soil and water conservation techniques like deep tillage and in-situ water harvesting improved yields compared to traditional practices.
4) Aflatoxin contamination was found in many crops sampled, presenting food
This document discusses biosafety issues related to genetically modified crops. It provides background on GM crops and their history. It then outlines several biosafety concerns including the safety of inserted genes and proteins, ecological impacts such as increased weediness and effects on biodiversity, environmental concerns like secondary pest problems and insect resistance, and socioeconomic issues. The regulatory mechanisms in place in India to evaluate GM crops are also described, including the various competent authorities. International regulations like the Cartagena Protocol are also mentioned.
What Remains to be Discovered: Unlocking the Potential of Modern BiosciencesSIANI
Β
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
This document summarizes the key topics presented in a talk on food resources, including world food problems, changes caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture like high-yielding crops and GM crops, and problems related to fertilizers, pesticides, and salinity. The topics were presented by four students to an instructor and covered issues like increasing global food demand, soil degradation, pollution from agricultural chemicals, and salt accumulation hampering crop yields.
This document provides information about genetically modified wheat. It summarizes the development of Roundup Ready wheat by Monsanto, which was engineered to be resistant to glyphosate herbicide. The document details the genetic constructs and transformation methods used, as well as compositional analyses showing the GM wheat is substantially equivalent to non-GM wheat. It also discusses issues like contamination incidents and opinions on commercializing GM wheat.
This document summarizes organic farming research projects at the University of Nebraska. It discusses three main grants focused on improving organic farming systems across the state. The first grant aims to create certified organic research plots, improve production through research, and extend results to the public. The second grant supports developing wheat cultivars and cropping systems optimized for organic production. The third grant provides research on organic nutrient management, weed control methods, and their impact on biodiversity. Key areas of research discussed include cover crops, weed control through flaming, breeding wheat varieties for organic systems, and assessing biodiversity using the Healthy Farm Index. The document emphasizes developing partnerships with organic organizations and farmers to support the research.
Glyphosate provided several agronomic benefits for conventional agricultural uses from 1975-2010:
1) Early uses from 1975-1985 helped reduce labor needs and control weeds that other herbicides struggled with.
2) Optimized applications from 1980-1995 expanded uses in larger areas and brought unintended benefits like faster harvests and reduced disease risks.
3) Lower prices from 1990-2005 due to generic competition led to higher usage intensities.
4) After 2005, stewardship needs increased with frequent use and fewer alternative herbicides, though glyphosate continued providing benefits through conservation tillage and compliance with regulations.
The document discusses environmental impact indices and how they can be used to assess and compare the environmental impact of herbicide regimes in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant maize and conventional maize. It specifically focuses on the Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER), which evaluates impacts across 10 modules related to human health and the environment. The POCER was calculated for 13 conventional herbicide regimes and 10 glyphosate-based regimes in Roundup Ready maize. Results showed the glyphosate-only regimes had lower risks to operators and the environment compared to conventional regimes, though some conventional regimes were lower risk than glyphosate regimes combined with other herbicides.
This document discusses genetically modified soybean cultivation in Romania. It provides background on soybean production in Romania, noting that Romania is a leading soybean producer in Europe. It discusses the rapid uptake of Roundup Ready soybean varieties after they were first approved in 1999. The economic benefits of Roundup Ready soybeans are outlined, showing they have higher yields and profits than conventional soybeans due to lower costs. Maps show the concentration of soybean cultivation areas and production levels over time. In conclusion, the use of biotech crops could address farmers' needs and help European agriculture move forward.
This document summarizes a symposium on Roundup Ready maize held by the Joint Research Centre in Brussels on March 24, 2010. It discusses the global area planted to herbicide-tolerant maize from 1996 to 2008, with over 90% grown in the US. Potential economic impacts of HT maize include facilitating no-tillage systems and greater management flexibility. The objective is to analyze factors affecting the ex ante adoption of GM crops, focusing on HT oilseed rape and HT maize in Europe. A survey of farmers found the likelihood of adopting HT OSR varied by country, while ease of use increased likelihood of adopting HT maize. Implementation of coexistence measures had a large negative effect on adoption probabilities.
The document summarizes the experience of a South African farmer who switched from conventional to Roundup Ready maize. It discusses the reasons for switching, including difficulties in weed control, and how Roundup Ready technology works and has changed his farming practices, such as enabling minimum-tillage systems. The farmer has observed benefits like increased wildlife, reduced insecticide use, and more efficient water use since adopting Roundup Ready maize.
This document discusses weed control programs for Roundup Ready maize in Europe. It begins by providing global and EU production statistics for maize to establish its importance. It then outlines the major weeds found in European maize and current control strategies. The document proposes 4 concepts for weed control in Roundup Ready maize that involve applying Roundup alone or in combination with other herbicides. It presents trial results showing Roundup Ready maize can provide effective weed control. Finally, it argues Roundup Ready maize will increase sustainability of weed management in Europe by adding another mode of action and protect maize yield potential.
This document summarizes a talk on weed ecology and control in maize production in Europe. It discusses the main weed species found in maize across different European regions and climate zones. It also describes the emergence patterns of important summer annual weeds and the critical period of weed competition for maize. Finally, it outlines the requirements for effective herbicides in maize and questions which herbicides will remain registered for use in the future.
1) A study analyzed the effects of glyphosate-resistant maize cultivation on weed diversity over 6 years across 3 sites in Germany with different herbicide treatments.
2) The results showed that weed diversity remained high, with treatment effects being less significant than differences between sites and years of maize monoculture.
3) Roundup Ready cultivation did not negatively impact weed diversity compared to local standard practices. Some weed species required high glyphosate dosages to control effectively.
The document describes a study that evaluated the impact of Roundup Ready maize production systems on non-target organisms (NTOs) over two years in Germany. The study used pitfall traps, yellow sticky traps, and visual assessments to sample arthropods across five treatment plots with different herbicide applications. Statistical analysis found several herbivore and predator taxa showed significant differences in numbers caught among the treatment plots, including Amara spp., Harpalus spp., Pterostichus spp., Staphylinidae, and spiders. Overall, the results indicate Roundup Ready maize production can impact some non-target arthropod populations.
1) Glyphosate resistance has emerged in over 20 weed species worldwide through various mechanisms including target site mutations and increased metabolism.
2) Target site mutations in the EPSPS gene have been identified in several glyphosate resistant weed species resulting in 2-3X levels of resistance.
3) Metabolic resistance allows some weed species to break down glyphosate faster through enhanced neutralizing enzyme activity, resulting in weaker resistance.
This document summarizes an experiment evaluating glyphosate loss from maize fields using Roundup Ready crops in France over four years. The experiment included 11 plots of different rotations and soil types. Glyphosate and its breakdown product AMPA were measured in drainage and runoff water after applications at different times of year. Results showed immediate transfer of glyphosate and AMPA when applied during rainy periods, but little to no transfer when applications were made according to Roundup Ready practices during dry periods. Over the entire experiment, glyphosate losses were low at 0.00012% of the applied amount.
The document discusses herbicide resistance in weeds in Southern Europe. It notes that glyphosate resistance has been confirmed in several weed species found in perennial crops that rely solely on glyphosate for weed control. Resistance can be managed by using glyphosate at times when weeds are most susceptible, combining herbicides, and adding cultural practices. Mixtures of auxinic herbicides with glyphosate are effective on dicot weeds, but ALS and ACCase inhibitor mixtures require careful management due to their risk in resistance development.
This document estimates the potential change in glyphosate volumes with the introduction of Roundup Ready maize in Europe. It outlines assumptions for modeling, including a maximum 50% adoption rate of Roundup Ready traits by 2020 and average use of 4.5 liters of Roundup per hectare in Roundup Ready maize fields. The model predicts that even at a 50% trait penetration, only 22% of total glyphosate use would be in Roundup Ready maize by 2020, with the majority still used in conventional agriculture.
1) The TOPPS project focused on managing point sources of pesticide pollution from agricultural activities.
2) Key risk areas for point source pollution included sprayer cleaning, remnant management, and filling activities.
3) The project found that point sources contribute over 50% of pesticide contamination in some areas, and training farmers on improved practices like field cleaning of sprayers could reduce point source pollution by around 70%.
4) Sustainable management of point sources requires a multi-stakeholder approach including improved farmer behavior, equipment, infrastructure, regulations, and advisory support.
This document discusses glyphosate resistant weeds and Monsanto's stewardship programs. It provides definitions of herbicide resistance and tolerance. It summarizes the global status of glyphosate resistant weeds, contributing factors to their evolution, and management practices. It also outlines Monsanto's research efforts, weed resistance monitoring programs, grower education initiatives, and principles for their stewardship program to delay resistance development and manage existing resistant weed populations.
This document summarizes an agro-economic analysis of glyphosate use in UK agriculture. It finds that glyphosate provides major benefits by controlling weeds pre-planting and pre-harvest, increasing yields and reducing costs. Loss of glyphosate could cause severe losses over Β£150m-550m/year for wheat and over Β£300m/year for all crops. It would also negatively impact the environment by increasing GHG emissions up to 20% and worsening soil and water quality. The analysis concludes the key benefits of glyphosate must be communicated to ensure its continued availability for UK agriculture.
Regulatory status of glyphosate:
1. Glyphosate was first registered in Europe in 1974 and has since undergone major regulatory reviews confirming its safety.
2. While glyphosate has a long history of safe use, some regulators overlook the substantial data when re-evaluating it.
3. Current regulatory challenges include addressing surface water monitoring results, claims from non-standard studies, and ensuring weed resistance management plans.
The document summarizes the current legislative framework for registering plant protection products in the European Union. It discusses key aspects of Directive 91/414/EEC and the upcoming Regulation 1107/2009, including [1] the process for approving active substances at the EU level and authorizing products for specific uses at the national level, [2] the extensive data requirements for registration dossiers, and [3] the criteria for ensuring products are safe and effective while minimizing environmental and resistance impacts. The conclusion is that authorities will continue overseeing pesticide approvals and monitoring under this legislation for all uses, including on genetically modified crops.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
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A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024
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Y Devos
1. The role of EFSA in the environmental
risk assessment of GM plants:
maize NK603 as case study
RR maize symposium: the European perspective
22-24 March 2010
22-
Yann Devos (PhD) β Junior Scientific Officer
GMO Unit β EFSA
Yann.Devos@efsa.europa.eu
2. 1. Legal aspects
EU legal framework
β D 2001/18/EC deliberate release into the environment
β R 1829/2003 marketing of GM food and feed
Authorisation required prior to market entry
β Protection
β’ Human and animal health
β’ Environment
β Risk assessment (RA)
β’ Characterisation of potential adverse effects associated with the
use of GM plants
β Direct; indirect; immediate; delayed; cumulative effects
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
2
3. 2. What do we do?
Independent and transparent science-based advice
β Scientific opinions / statements
β’ GM plant market authorisation applications
β Import and processing for food and feed uses
β Cultivation
β’ National safeguard clauses
β’ Specific issues
β Guidance documents:
β GM plants and derived food and feed (2006)
β Stacked GM plant events (2007)
β GM plants used for non-food/feed purposes (2009)
β Statistical considerations for the safety evaluation of GMOs (2009)
β’ Environmental risk assessment of GM plants (2010)
β Public consultation!
β Submission of comments possible until 30 APRIL 3
6. 4. Maize NK603 as case study:
Environmental risk assessment evaluation
Sources of information:
β GM plant cultivation authorisation applications of maize NK603
β Additional information provided by applicant
β Scientific comments submitted by Members States (Annex G)
β Environmental risk assessment report of Spanish Competent
Authority (Annex H)
β Relevant scientific literature
6
7. 4. Maize NK603 as case study:
Environmental risk assessment evaluation
Environmental issues:
β Unintended effects on plant fitness
β Potential for gene transfer
β’ Vertical gene transfer β plant to plant
β’ Horizontal gene transfer β plant to microorganisms
β Interactions between GM plant and target organisms
β Interactions between GM plant and non-target organisms
β Effects on human and animal health
β Effects on biogeochemical processes & interactions with abiotic
environment
β Impacts of cultivation, management and harvesting techniques
7
8. 4a. Unintended effects on plant fitness
Altered persistence and invasiveness ability?
β Maize NK603 behaves like non-GM maize
β No significant selective advantage
β’ Except when glyphosate-based herbicides are applied
β Maize is highly domesticated
β’ Management intervention needed for its survival
β’ Survival limited by:
β Low competitiveness
β Lack of dormancy
β Susceptibility to plant pathogens, herbivores and cold climatic
conditions
β’ Volunteers only observed in EU regions with mild winters
β Volunteers tolerant to glyphosate-based herbicides
β Controllable by a range of other herbicides or cultivation techniques
8
9. 4a. Unintended effects on plant fitness
Altered persistence and invasiveness ability?
β Herbicide tolerance does not significantly alter
persistence and invasiveness ability of maize NK603
β GMO Panel conclusion:
β’ Likelihood of unintended environmental effects due to the
establishment and survival of maize NK603 will be no different to
that of conventional maize varieties
β’ Conclusion of GMO Panel = Spanish Competent Authority
9
10. 4b. Vertical gene transfer: plant to plant
Altered persistence and invasiveness ability?
β Exposure routes:
β’ Pollen
β’ Seed
β Pollen-mediated transfer:
β’ No cross-compatible wild maize relatives in the EU
β’ Other maize varieties/types are only recipients
β’ Maize NK603 safe from food/feed viewpoint
β GMO Panel conclusion:
β’ Cross-pollination between maize is not considered an
environmental risk, but a coexistence issue that is not within the
remit of the GMO Panel
β’ Conclusion of GMO Panel = Spanish Competent Authority
10
11. 4b. Vertical gene transfer: plant to plant
Altered persistence and invasiveness ability?
β Seed-mediated transfer:
β’ Dispersal of maize NK603 seeds outside
cropped area
β Seed spillage during harvesting and post-harvest activities
β’ No feral maize populations observed despite centuries of maize
cultivation
β GMO Panel conclusions:
β’ It is very unlikely that maize NK603 will establish feral
populations under European environmental conditions
β’ Likelihood of unintended environmental effects due to the spread
of genes from maize NK603 is considered to be extremely low
β’ Conclusion of GMO Panel = Spanish Competent Authority
11
12. 4c. Horizontal gene transfer: plant to
microorganism
Transfer resulting in selective advantage?
β Exposure routes:
β’ Microorganisms in digestive tract of humans and animals
β Consumption of food and feed
β’ Microorganisms in environment
β Decaying plant material
β Manure and faeces of animals fed GM maize
β Horizontal gene transfer of non-mobile DNA fragments
between plants and microorganisms is extremely unlikely
12
13. 4c. Horizontal gene transfer: plant to
microorganism
Transfer resulting in selective advantage?
β GMO Panel conclusion:
β’ Taking into account the origin and nature of epsps genes and lack
of selective pressure in intestinal tract or environment, the
likelihood that horizontal gene transfer would result in increased
fitness or other selective advantages in microorganisms is very
limited
β’ It is very unlikely that epsps genes from maize NK603 would
become transferred and established in genome of microorganisms
β’ In the unlikely event that horizontal gene transfer would take
place, no adverse effects on human and animal health or
environment are expected, as no new trait would be introduced
into or expressed in microbial communities
13
14. 4d. Interactions between GM plant and non-
target organisms
Adverse effects on non-target organisms?
β Applicant reported on laboratory and field studies performed
inside and outside the EU
β’ No adverse effects on different types of non-target organisms:
β Test material:
Β» CP4 EPSPS pure protein
Β» Roundup Ready maize, soybean and wheat plant tissues
β Non-target organisms:
Β» Earthworms, bees, lacewings, collembolans, green clover worm,
non-target invertebrate pests
β’ Request for additional in planta studies on
β Pollinators (such as bees)
β Exposed plant-dwelling predators (such as coccinellids)
14
15. 4d. Interactions between GM plant and non-
target organisms
Adverse effects on non-target organisms?
β Additional studies confirmed absence of direct effects of maize
NK603 to non-target organisms
β GMO Panel conclusions:
β’ It is unlikely that maize NK603 will have direct adverse effects on
non-target organisms
β’ Indirect effects on non-target organisms can occur depending
upon weed management regime applied to maize NK603 (see
section on impacts of specific cultivation, management and
harvesting techniques)
β’ Conclusion of GMO Panel = Spanish Competent Authority
15
16. 4e. Effects on biogeochemical process and
abiotic environment
Adverse effects on biogeochemical processes?
β No direct effects of maize NK603 on biogeochemical processes
and abiotic environment
β GMO Panel conclusions:
β’ It is unlikely that maize NK603 will have direct adverse effects on
biogeochemical processes and abiotic environment
β’ Indirect effects on biogeochemical processes and abiotic
environment can occur depending upon weed management
regime applied to maize NK603 (see section on impacts of specific
cultivation, management and harvesting techniques)
β’ Conclusion of GMO Panel = Spanish Competent Authority
16
17. 4f. Impacts of specific cultivation,
management & harvesting techniques
Adverse effects on farmland biodiversity, weeds or soil
microbial communities?
β Extensive review of environmental impacts of herbicide regimes
used in GM herbicide tolerant cropping systems
β GMO Panel conclusions:
β’ Potential impacts of maize NK603 are indirect effects entirely
associated with the use of complementary herbicide regimes
β Weed shifts or depletion β reductions in farmland biodiversity
β Evolution of weed resistance
β Effects on soil microbial communities
β’ Magnitude of effects will depend on specific herbicide regime
applied at the farm level
β A diversity of herbicide regimes is likely to be used in maize NK603
across the EU
17
18. 4f. Impacts of specific cultivation,
management & harvesting techniques
Adverse effects on farmland biodiversity, weeds or soil
microbial communities?
β Spanish Competent Authority recommendation:
β’ Case-specific monitoring
β GMO Panel recommendation:
β’ Management and mitigation measures
β Use glyphosate on maize NK603 in management regimes that have
similar or reduced environmental impacts compared with
conventional maize cultivation
18
19. 4g. Post-market environmental monitoring
Post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) plan
adequate?
β GMO Panel conclusion and recommendations:
β’ Structure of PMEM plan in line with requirements of
β Directive 2001/18/EC
β GMO Panel scientific opinion on PMEM
β’ Case-specific monitoring
β Not considered necessary for maize NK603 itself, as environmental
risks due to herbicide management only
β’ General surveillance
β Modifications & clarifications related to
Β» Content and format of farm questionnaire
Β» Use of surveillance networks
Β» β¦
19
20. 4g. Conclusions & recommendations
Conclusions
β Maize NK603 is unlikely to cause any direct adverse effects on
the environment
β Potential adverse environmental effects of maize NK603
cultivation are indirect effects entirely associated with the use
of complementary glyphosate-based herbicides
β’ Magnitude of effects will depend on the specific herbicide
management applied at the farm level
Recommendations
β Use glyphosate on maize NK603 in management regimes that
have similar or reduced environmental impacts compared with
conventional maize cultivation
20