This document discusses weed control programs for Roundup Ready maize in Europe. It begins by providing global and EU production statistics for maize to establish its importance. It then outlines the major weeds found in European maize and current control strategies. The document proposes 4 concepts for weed control in Roundup Ready maize that involve applying Roundup alone or in combination with other herbicides. It presents trial results showing Roundup Ready maize can provide effective weed control. Finally, it argues Roundup Ready maize will increase sustainability of weed management in Europe by adding another mode of action and protect maize yield potential.
This document discusses two herbicides: Monitor (sulfosulfuron) and Acetochlor. It provides details on Monitor's registration, efficacy against various grass and broadleaf weeds, and use recommendations. It also compares Monitor's efficacy to other products. For Acetochlor, the document outlines its mode of action, registrations, and benefits for pre-emergence weed control in corn. Trials show Acetochlor has a wide spectrum of activity against many grass and broadleaf weed species in corn.
Bt corn has been widely adopted in Spain since 1998. Trials showed Bt corn varieties significantly outperformed conventional corn in yield. Over 200,000 hectares of Bt corn have been grown in Spain between 1998-2005. Bt corn provides benefits to farmers like higher yields, reduced pest damage and fewer insecticide applications. The trade of corn grain and consumption of corn products in Spain has not been disrupted by the introduction of Bt corn.
This document summarizes a talk on weed ecology and control in maize production in Europe. It discusses the main weed species found in maize across different European regions and climate zones. It also describes the emergence patterns of important summer annual weeds and the critical period of weed competition for maize. Finally, it outlines the requirements for effective herbicides in maize and questions which herbicides will remain registered for use in the future.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Environmental auditing assesses a company's environmental performance and impact in order to help inform decision-making. Audits evaluate the nature and extent of environmental harm caused by a company's activities, wastes, or noise. Audits should be independent, objective, credible, transparent, regular and ongoing. Environmental auditing was developed in the 1970s in response to new environmental regulations and has since been used to assess compliance, issues of concern, sites, products, and management systems. Audits identify recommendations to improve practices and reduce environmental impact.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating and altering genes. It is commonly used in medicine, such as producing insulin and researching gene therapy. Genetic engineering is controversial due to various ethical issues regarding human and animal testing. A variety of scientific fields, including genetics, medicine, biology, and biochemistry, contribute to studying genetic engineering. Many careers utilize this technology, such as microbiologists, researchers, and genetic engineers.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genes to create desired traits. Scientists use genetic engineering to study gene functions by removing genes and observing the effects. With genome mapping, scientists can alter genes in other organisms to produce beneficial products for humans, such as more nutritious and pest-resistant crops. However, long term effects of genetically engineered foods on human health are still unknown. Genetic engineering also allows designing human embryos by selecting specific genes and characteristics, but this raises ethical concerns.
This document discusses two herbicides: Monitor (sulfosulfuron) and Acetochlor. It provides details on Monitor's registration, efficacy against various grass and broadleaf weeds, and use recommendations. It also compares Monitor's efficacy to other products. For Acetochlor, the document outlines its mode of action, registrations, and benefits for pre-emergence weed control in corn. Trials show Acetochlor has a wide spectrum of activity against many grass and broadleaf weed species in corn.
Bt corn has been widely adopted in Spain since 1998. Trials showed Bt corn varieties significantly outperformed conventional corn in yield. Over 200,000 hectares of Bt corn have been grown in Spain between 1998-2005. Bt corn provides benefits to farmers like higher yields, reduced pest damage and fewer insecticide applications. The trade of corn grain and consumption of corn products in Spain has not been disrupted by the introduction of Bt corn.
This document summarizes a talk on weed ecology and control in maize production in Europe. It discusses the main weed species found in maize across different European regions and climate zones. It also describes the emergence patterns of important summer annual weeds and the critical period of weed competition for maize. Finally, it outlines the requirements for effective herbicides in maize and questions which herbicides will remain registered for use in the future.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Environmental auditing assesses a company's environmental performance and impact in order to help inform decision-making. Audits evaluate the nature and extent of environmental harm caused by a company's activities, wastes, or noise. Audits should be independent, objective, credible, transparent, regular and ongoing. Environmental auditing was developed in the 1970s in response to new environmental regulations and has since been used to assess compliance, issues of concern, sites, products, and management systems. Audits identify recommendations to improve practices and reduce environmental impact.
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating and altering genes. It is commonly used in medicine, such as producing insulin and researching gene therapy. Genetic engineering is controversial due to various ethical issues regarding human and animal testing. A variety of scientific fields, including genetics, medicine, biology, and biochemistry, contribute to studying genetic engineering. Many careers utilize this technology, such as microbiologists, researchers, and genetic engineers.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genes to create desired traits. Scientists use genetic engineering to study gene functions by removing genes and observing the effects. With genome mapping, scientists can alter genes in other organisms to produce beneficial products for humans, such as more nutritious and pest-resistant crops. However, long term effects of genetically engineered foods on human health are still unknown. Genetic engineering also allows designing human embryos by selecting specific genes and characteristics, but this raises ethical concerns.
This document discusses the history and process of genetic engineering. It begins by defining genetic engineering as any process that changes genetic material to produce new substances or functions. It then provides background on the discovery of DNA and genes in the 1950s. The document goes on to explain that genetic engineering involves combining DNA from different organisms to create recombinant DNA that can function in a host cell. It describes key techniques and tools used in genetic engineering like vectors, host cells, and enzymes. The document summarizes several important applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin, growth hormones, and treating diseases. It also discusses approaches for gene therapy and the first gene therapy treatment. Finally, the document outlines both potential benefits and ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
The document discusses various applications of genetic modification and cloning technologies:
- Scientists are developing genetically modified cabbage that produces scorpion toxin to deter caterpillars without harming humans.
- Researchers have bred cows that produce 25% less methane gas by identifying the bacterium responsible for methane production.
- Goats have been genetically engineered to produce spider silk protein in their milk for manufacturing strong biosteel material.
- South Korean scientists genetically modified cats to glow in the dark by inserting a fluorescent gene.
Genetic engineering alters the genes of organisms to produce beneficial effects for humans. It has improved crop yields and introduced traits like disease resistance. Scientists have genetically engineered microorganisms to help clean pollution from soil and water. While genetic engineering provides benefits, there are also risks like unintentionally creating allergenic foods or plants becoming invasive "superweeds". However, regulations aim to minimize these risks and the technology could help nutrition and public health when used carefully.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticidal crystal protein called Cry protein derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry protein is toxic only to certain insect pests like cotton bollworm and pink bollworm when they ingest it, causing them to stop feeding within a few days. Bt cotton was first commercialized in India in 2002 and its adoption has significantly increased cotton yields while decreasing insecticide use and costs for Indian farmers. However, Bt cotton also requires higher investment in seeds and irrigation. Ongoing research is developing new Bt cotton hybrids with additional traits like drought tolerance and disease resistance.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. The document then describes how GMOs are produced through inserting or deleting genes from different species. It provides examples of genetically modified plants, microbes, mammals, and fish that have been created for various purposes like producing useful goods, scientific research, and improved crops. The document also discusses the principles of genetic engineering compared to traditional breeding and lists some pros and cons of genetic modification.
Cotton is a soft fiber that grows in seed pods around the cotton plant. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Evidence shows cotton was used as early as 7,000 BC in the Old World. It was widely cultivated during the Indus Valley civilization between 2000-1000 BC. Cotton grows best in long, warm seasons with adequate rainfall or irrigation. The leading cotton producers today are China, India, the United States, Pakistan, and Brazil. Cotton is processed and spun into yarn, then woven into fabrics. It is used to make many textile products like denim, corduroy, bedsheets, and t-shirts.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
The document provides an overview of genetic engineering and its history. It discusses the basics of genetic engineering, which involves isolating and copying genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods and inserting new DNA into the host genome. The history of genetic engineering is then explored, from early discoveries like Mendel's work with inheritance in peas to more modern developments like recombinant DNA techniques, PCR, and the creation of the first transgenic animal. A number of influential scientists in the field are also highlighted. The document aims to inform the reader about genetic engineering, related techniques, and its progression over time.
A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity that is responsible for an organism's physical and inheritable characteristics. Genetic engineering involves manipulating or altering the structure of genes to create desired traits in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added, the resulting organism is called transgenic. Genetic engineering can also remove genetic material, creating a knock out organism.
Genetic engineering involves transferring DNA between organisms. It uses recombinant DNA techniques where the gene of interest is isolated and inserted into a vector like a plasmid or virus, which is then used to introduce the gene into a host cell. This allows the production of useful proteins like insulin through genetically modified bacteria. While genetic engineering has benefits like producing important medicines, there are also potential health and environmental risks to consider.
Glyphosate provided several agronomic benefits for conventional agricultural uses from 1975-2010:
1) Early uses from 1975-1985 helped reduce labor needs and control weeds that other herbicides struggled with.
2) Optimized applications from 1980-1995 expanded uses in larger areas and brought unintended benefits like faster harvests and reduced disease risks.
3) Lower prices from 1990-2005 due to generic competition led to higher usage intensities.
4) After 2005, stewardship needs increased with frequent use and fewer alternative herbicides, though glyphosate continued providing benefits through conservation tillage and compliance with regulations.
The document discusses environmental impact indices and how they can be used to assess and compare the environmental impact of herbicide regimes in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant maize and conventional maize. It specifically focuses on the Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER), which evaluates impacts across 10 modules related to human health and the environment. The POCER was calculated for 13 conventional herbicide regimes and 10 glyphosate-based regimes in Roundup Ready maize. Results showed the glyphosate-only regimes had lower risks to operators and the environment compared to conventional regimes, though some conventional regimes were lower risk than glyphosate regimes combined with other herbicides.
This document discusses genetically modified soybean cultivation in Romania. It provides background on soybean production in Romania, noting that Romania is a leading soybean producer in Europe. It discusses the rapid uptake of Roundup Ready soybean varieties after they were first approved in 1999. The economic benefits of Roundup Ready soybeans are outlined, showing they have higher yields and profits than conventional soybeans due to lower costs. Maps show the concentration of soybean cultivation areas and production levels over time. In conclusion, the use of biotech crops could address farmers' needs and help European agriculture move forward.
This document summarizes a symposium on Roundup Ready maize held by the Joint Research Centre in Brussels on March 24, 2010. It discusses the global area planted to herbicide-tolerant maize from 1996 to 2008, with over 90% grown in the US. Potential economic impacts of HT maize include facilitating no-tillage systems and greater management flexibility. The objective is to analyze factors affecting the ex ante adoption of GM crops, focusing on HT oilseed rape and HT maize in Europe. A survey of farmers found the likelihood of adopting HT OSR varied by country, while ease of use increased likelihood of adopting HT maize. Implementation of coexistence measures had a large negative effect on adoption probabilities.
The document summarizes the experience of a South African farmer who switched from conventional to Roundup Ready maize. It discusses the reasons for switching, including difficulties in weed control, and how Roundup Ready technology works and has changed his farming practices, such as enabling minimum-tillage systems. The farmer has observed benefits like increased wildlife, reduced insecticide use, and more efficient water use since adopting Roundup Ready maize.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the document:
The document discusses a presentation given at the Roundup Ready Maize Symposium in Brussels in March 2010. The presentation was given by Ramon Albajes, Xavier Pons, and Belén Lumbierres from the Universitat de Lleida in Lleida, Spain. The presentation topic was the impact of herbicide-tolerant maize on non-target organisms.
1) A study analyzed the effects of glyphosate-resistant maize cultivation on weed diversity over 6 years across 3 sites in Germany with different herbicide treatments.
2) The results showed that weed diversity remained high, with treatment effects being less significant than differences between sites and years of maize monoculture.
3) Roundup Ready cultivation did not negatively impact weed diversity compared to local standard practices. Some weed species required high glyphosate dosages to control effectively.
The document describes a study that evaluated the impact of Roundup Ready maize production systems on non-target organisms (NTOs) over two years in Germany. The study used pitfall traps, yellow sticky traps, and visual assessments to sample arthropods across five treatment plots with different herbicide applications. Statistical analysis found several herbivore and predator taxa showed significant differences in numbers caught among the treatment plots, including Amara spp., Harpalus spp., Pterostichus spp., Staphylinidae, and spiders. Overall, the results indicate Roundup Ready maize production can impact some non-target arthropod populations.
1) Glyphosate resistance has emerged in over 20 weed species worldwide through various mechanisms including target site mutations and increased metabolism.
2) Target site mutations in the EPSPS gene have been identified in several glyphosate resistant weed species resulting in 2-3X levels of resistance.
3) Metabolic resistance allows some weed species to break down glyphosate faster through enhanced neutralizing enzyme activity, resulting in weaker resistance.
This document summarizes an experiment evaluating glyphosate loss from maize fields using Roundup Ready crops in France over four years. The experiment included 11 plots of different rotations and soil types. Glyphosate and its breakdown product AMPA were measured in drainage and runoff water after applications at different times of year. Results showed immediate transfer of glyphosate and AMPA when applied during rainy periods, but little to no transfer when applications were made according to Roundup Ready practices during dry periods. Over the entire experiment, glyphosate losses were low at 0.00012% of the applied amount.
The document discusses herbicide resistance in weeds in Southern Europe. It notes that glyphosate resistance has been confirmed in several weed species found in perennial crops that rely solely on glyphosate for weed control. Resistance can be managed by using glyphosate at times when weeds are most susceptible, combining herbicides, and adding cultural practices. Mixtures of auxinic herbicides with glyphosate are effective on dicot weeds, but ALS and ACCase inhibitor mixtures require careful management due to their risk in resistance development.
This document discusses the history and process of genetic engineering. It begins by defining genetic engineering as any process that changes genetic material to produce new substances or functions. It then provides background on the discovery of DNA and genes in the 1950s. The document goes on to explain that genetic engineering involves combining DNA from different organisms to create recombinant DNA that can function in a host cell. It describes key techniques and tools used in genetic engineering like vectors, host cells, and enzymes. The document summarizes several important applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin, growth hormones, and treating diseases. It also discusses approaches for gene therapy and the first gene therapy treatment. Finally, the document outlines both potential benefits and ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
The document discusses various applications of genetic modification and cloning technologies:
- Scientists are developing genetically modified cabbage that produces scorpion toxin to deter caterpillars without harming humans.
- Researchers have bred cows that produce 25% less methane gas by identifying the bacterium responsible for methane production.
- Goats have been genetically engineered to produce spider silk protein in their milk for manufacturing strong biosteel material.
- South Korean scientists genetically modified cats to glow in the dark by inserting a fluorescent gene.
Genetic engineering alters the genes of organisms to produce beneficial effects for humans. It has improved crop yields and introduced traits like disease resistance. Scientists have genetically engineered microorganisms to help clean pollution from soil and water. While genetic engineering provides benefits, there are also risks like unintentionally creating allergenic foods or plants becoming invasive "superweeds". However, regulations aim to minimize these risks and the technology could help nutrition and public health when used carefully.
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticidal crystal protein called Cry protein derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry protein is toxic only to certain insect pests like cotton bollworm and pink bollworm when they ingest it, causing them to stop feeding within a few days. Bt cotton was first commercialized in India in 2002 and its adoption has significantly increased cotton yields while decreasing insecticide use and costs for Indian farmers. However, Bt cotton also requires higher investment in seeds and irrigation. Ongoing research is developing new Bt cotton hybrids with additional traits like drought tolerance and disease resistance.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. The document then describes how GMOs are produced through inserting or deleting genes from different species. It provides examples of genetically modified plants, microbes, mammals, and fish that have been created for various purposes like producing useful goods, scientific research, and improved crops. The document also discusses the principles of genetic engineering compared to traditional breeding and lists some pros and cons of genetic modification.
Cotton is a soft fiber that grows in seed pods around the cotton plant. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Evidence shows cotton was used as early as 7,000 BC in the Old World. It was widely cultivated during the Indus Valley civilization between 2000-1000 BC. Cotton grows best in long, warm seasons with adequate rainfall or irrigation. The leading cotton producers today are China, India, the United States, Pakistan, and Brazil. Cotton is processed and spun into yarn, then woven into fabrics. It is used to make many textile products like denim, corduroy, bedsheets, and t-shirts.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
The document provides an overview of genetic engineering and its history. It discusses the basics of genetic engineering, which involves isolating and copying genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods and inserting new DNA into the host genome. The history of genetic engineering is then explored, from early discoveries like Mendel's work with inheritance in peas to more modern developments like recombinant DNA techniques, PCR, and the creation of the first transgenic animal. A number of influential scientists in the field are also highlighted. The document aims to inform the reader about genetic engineering, related techniques, and its progression over time.
A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity that is responsible for an organism's physical and inheritable characteristics. Genetic engineering involves manipulating or altering the structure of genes to create desired traits in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added, the resulting organism is called transgenic. Genetic engineering can also remove genetic material, creating a knock out organism.
Genetic engineering involves transferring DNA between organisms. It uses recombinant DNA techniques where the gene of interest is isolated and inserted into a vector like a plasmid or virus, which is then used to introduce the gene into a host cell. This allows the production of useful proteins like insulin through genetically modified bacteria. While genetic engineering has benefits like producing important medicines, there are also potential health and environmental risks to consider.
Glyphosate provided several agronomic benefits for conventional agricultural uses from 1975-2010:
1) Early uses from 1975-1985 helped reduce labor needs and control weeds that other herbicides struggled with.
2) Optimized applications from 1980-1995 expanded uses in larger areas and brought unintended benefits like faster harvests and reduced disease risks.
3) Lower prices from 1990-2005 due to generic competition led to higher usage intensities.
4) After 2005, stewardship needs increased with frequent use and fewer alternative herbicides, though glyphosate continued providing benefits through conservation tillage and compliance with regulations.
The document discusses environmental impact indices and how they can be used to assess and compare the environmental impact of herbicide regimes in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant maize and conventional maize. It specifically focuses on the Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER), which evaluates impacts across 10 modules related to human health and the environment. The POCER was calculated for 13 conventional herbicide regimes and 10 glyphosate-based regimes in Roundup Ready maize. Results showed the glyphosate-only regimes had lower risks to operators and the environment compared to conventional regimes, though some conventional regimes were lower risk than glyphosate regimes combined with other herbicides.
This document discusses genetically modified soybean cultivation in Romania. It provides background on soybean production in Romania, noting that Romania is a leading soybean producer in Europe. It discusses the rapid uptake of Roundup Ready soybean varieties after they were first approved in 1999. The economic benefits of Roundup Ready soybeans are outlined, showing they have higher yields and profits than conventional soybeans due to lower costs. Maps show the concentration of soybean cultivation areas and production levels over time. In conclusion, the use of biotech crops could address farmers' needs and help European agriculture move forward.
This document summarizes a symposium on Roundup Ready maize held by the Joint Research Centre in Brussels on March 24, 2010. It discusses the global area planted to herbicide-tolerant maize from 1996 to 2008, with over 90% grown in the US. Potential economic impacts of HT maize include facilitating no-tillage systems and greater management flexibility. The objective is to analyze factors affecting the ex ante adoption of GM crops, focusing on HT oilseed rape and HT maize in Europe. A survey of farmers found the likelihood of adopting HT OSR varied by country, while ease of use increased likelihood of adopting HT maize. Implementation of coexistence measures had a large negative effect on adoption probabilities.
The document summarizes the experience of a South African farmer who switched from conventional to Roundup Ready maize. It discusses the reasons for switching, including difficulties in weed control, and how Roundup Ready technology works and has changed his farming practices, such as enabling minimum-tillage systems. The farmer has observed benefits like increased wildlife, reduced insecticide use, and more efficient water use since adopting Roundup Ready maize.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the document:
The document discusses a presentation given at the Roundup Ready Maize Symposium in Brussels in March 2010. The presentation was given by Ramon Albajes, Xavier Pons, and Belén Lumbierres from the Universitat de Lleida in Lleida, Spain. The presentation topic was the impact of herbicide-tolerant maize on non-target organisms.
1) A study analyzed the effects of glyphosate-resistant maize cultivation on weed diversity over 6 years across 3 sites in Germany with different herbicide treatments.
2) The results showed that weed diversity remained high, with treatment effects being less significant than differences between sites and years of maize monoculture.
3) Roundup Ready cultivation did not negatively impact weed diversity compared to local standard practices. Some weed species required high glyphosate dosages to control effectively.
The document describes a study that evaluated the impact of Roundup Ready maize production systems on non-target organisms (NTOs) over two years in Germany. The study used pitfall traps, yellow sticky traps, and visual assessments to sample arthropods across five treatment plots with different herbicide applications. Statistical analysis found several herbivore and predator taxa showed significant differences in numbers caught among the treatment plots, including Amara spp., Harpalus spp., Pterostichus spp., Staphylinidae, and spiders. Overall, the results indicate Roundup Ready maize production can impact some non-target arthropod populations.
1) Glyphosate resistance has emerged in over 20 weed species worldwide through various mechanisms including target site mutations and increased metabolism.
2) Target site mutations in the EPSPS gene have been identified in several glyphosate resistant weed species resulting in 2-3X levels of resistance.
3) Metabolic resistance allows some weed species to break down glyphosate faster through enhanced neutralizing enzyme activity, resulting in weaker resistance.
This document summarizes an experiment evaluating glyphosate loss from maize fields using Roundup Ready crops in France over four years. The experiment included 11 plots of different rotations and soil types. Glyphosate and its breakdown product AMPA were measured in drainage and runoff water after applications at different times of year. Results showed immediate transfer of glyphosate and AMPA when applied during rainy periods, but little to no transfer when applications were made according to Roundup Ready practices during dry periods. Over the entire experiment, glyphosate losses were low at 0.00012% of the applied amount.
The document discusses herbicide resistance in weeds in Southern Europe. It notes that glyphosate resistance has been confirmed in several weed species found in perennial crops that rely solely on glyphosate for weed control. Resistance can be managed by using glyphosate at times when weeds are most susceptible, combining herbicides, and adding cultural practices. Mixtures of auxinic herbicides with glyphosate are effective on dicot weeds, but ALS and ACCase inhibitor mixtures require careful management due to their risk in resistance development.
This document estimates the potential change in glyphosate volumes with the introduction of Roundup Ready maize in Europe. It outlines assumptions for modeling, including a maximum 50% adoption rate of Roundup Ready traits by 2020 and average use of 4.5 liters of Roundup per hectare in Roundup Ready maize fields. The model predicts that even at a 50% trait penetration, only 22% of total glyphosate use would be in Roundup Ready maize by 2020, with the majority still used in conventional agriculture.
1) The TOPPS project focused on managing point sources of pesticide pollution from agricultural activities.
2) Key risk areas for point source pollution included sprayer cleaning, remnant management, and filling activities.
3) The project found that point sources contribute over 50% of pesticide contamination in some areas, and training farmers on improved practices like field cleaning of sprayers could reduce point source pollution by around 70%.
4) Sustainable management of point sources requires a multi-stakeholder approach including improved farmer behavior, equipment, infrastructure, regulations, and advisory support.
This document discusses glyphosate resistant weeds and Monsanto's stewardship programs. It provides definitions of herbicide resistance and tolerance. It summarizes the global status of glyphosate resistant weeds, contributing factors to their evolution, and management practices. It also outlines Monsanto's research efforts, weed resistance monitoring programs, grower education initiatives, and principles for their stewardship program to delay resistance development and manage existing resistant weed populations.
This document summarizes an agro-economic analysis of glyphosate use in UK agriculture. It finds that glyphosate provides major benefits by controlling weeds pre-planting and pre-harvest, increasing yields and reducing costs. Loss of glyphosate could cause severe losses over £150m-550m/year for wheat and over £300m/year for all crops. It would also negatively impact the environment by increasing GHG emissions up to 20% and worsening soil and water quality. The analysis concludes the key benefits of glyphosate must be communicated to ensure its continued availability for UK agriculture.
Regulatory status of glyphosate:
1. Glyphosate was first registered in Europe in 1974 and has since undergone major regulatory reviews confirming its safety.
2. While glyphosate has a long history of safe use, some regulators overlook the substantial data when re-evaluating it.
3. Current regulatory challenges include addressing surface water monitoring results, claims from non-standard studies, and ensuring weed resistance management plans.
1) NK603 is currently in the EU approval process, having received a positive opinion from EFSA. It is expected to complete the comitology process by the end of 2010, allowing for its authorization.
2) Monsanto is preparing for post-market environmental monitoring of NK603 by collaborating with EuropaBio and member states on farmer surveys and monitoring networks. They are also monitoring scientific literature and reporting potential adverse effects.
3) If NK603 receives EU authorization by the end of 2010 and individual member states complete variety registration and herbicide approvals, NK603 could potentially be launched in some markets in 2011.
The document summarizes the current legislative framework for registering plant protection products in the European Union. It discusses key aspects of Directive 91/414/EEC and the upcoming Regulation 1107/2009, including [1] the process for approving active substances at the EU level and authorizing products for specific uses at the national level, [2] the extensive data requirements for registration dossiers, and [3] the criteria for ensuring products are safe and effective while minimizing environmental and resistance impacts. The conclusion is that authorities will continue overseeing pesticide approvals and monitoring under this legislation for all uses, including on genetically modified crops.
The document summarizes the role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in evaluating the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) maize NK603. EFSA is responsible for providing independent scientific advice on GM plant authorization applications. For maize NK603, EFSA evaluated potential risks related to unintended effects on plant fitness, gene transfer to other plants or microorganisms, interactions with target and non-target organisms, and impacts on human and animal health and the environment. Based on the application details, scientific literature, and additional studies, EFSA concluded the risks of maize NK603 were similar to conventional maize and unlikely to cause adverse environmental effects.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
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Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
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Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
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Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
3. Role of Maize in the EU 27 Crop Rotation
Maize area % area
Member State
(1.000 ha) corn after corn
France 3127.6 31%
Romania 2819.6 41%
Germany 1738.9 19%
Italy 1411.7 43%
Hungary 1308.5 14%
Poland 656.7 30%
Spain 507.4 29%
Bulgaria 380.9 35%
Czech Rep. 281.3 11%
Austria 252.5 21%
Netherlands 249.1 66%
Slovakia 245.1 11%
Belgium 215.0 32%
Greece 200.0 29%
Portugal 162.0 29%
Analysis of the economic, social and environmental impacts of options for the longterm EU strategy against Diabrotica virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm), a regulated harmful organism of
maize, to support the drafting of the Commission Impact Assessment. (Final report). European Commission, DG SANCO, Rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Brussels, 04.06.2009
4. Major Weeds in European Maize Production
(Bi)Annual dicots Annual grasses Perennial dicots Perennial grasses
Amaranthus retroflexus Alopecurus myosuroides Cirsium arvense Agropyron repens
Capsella bursa-pastoris Digitaria sp. Convolvulus arvensis Cynodon dactylon
Chenopodium album Echinochloa crus-galli Cyperus rotundus
Datura stramonium Poa annua Sorghum halepense
Galium aparine Setaria sp.
Lamium sp.
Major weed control strategies in European maize production:
Matricaria sp.
• Around 50 maize selective active substances on Annex 1 of EU Directive
Polygonum sp. 91/414. General trend goes to less compounds in the future.
Solanum nigrum • Between 14 and 33 active substances registered per member state
Stellaria media • Herbicides are usually mixed to control the local weed flora
• 1 or 2 (seldom 3) herbicide applications per maize crop
Veronica sp.
• Application timings differ widely. There is a tendency towards pre-
Xanthium sp.
emergence applications in Southern Europe and to post emergence
treatements in Northern Europe.
Geranium sp.
6. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 1
2. Roundup
(max. 1080 g ae)
1. residual herbicide
pre-emergence
3 6 8 corn leaf stage
1. Apply any registered residual maize herbicide at reduced rate before emergence of
corn
2. Control later emerging weeds with Roundup (max 1080 g ae) by respecting
a) weed height: less than 10 cm
b) corn growth stage: latest at 3 leaf stage
6
7. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 2
2. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae)
1. tank mix Roundup (max. 1080 only if neccessary
g ae) and residual herbicide
3 6 8 corn leaf stage
1. Apply a tank mix of Roundup and a compatible residual maize herbicide (at reduced
rate) at 3 leaf stage of corn
2. In case of high weed pressure apply Roundup again
In both cases the application timing is triggered like in concept 1 by weed height (less
than 10 cm) and crop growth stage
7
8. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 3
2. Roundup
1. Roundup (max. 1080 g ae)
(max. 1080 g ae)
3 6 8 corn leaf stage
1. Apply Roundup at 3 leaf stage of corn
2. Depending on weed pressure apply Roundup a second time latest at 8 leaf stage
of corn
In both cases the application timing is triggered by weed height (less than 10 cm) and
crop growth stage
(the pure Roundup concept is a prerequisite to register Roundup over the top in Roundup Ready maize)
8
9. RR Maize Weed Control Concept 4
Roundup
(max. 1440 g ae)
8 corn leaf stage
Especially in warmer climates the late control of perennial weeds like Convolvulus arvensis is
a major concern in maize production
The Roundup Ready system in maize offers a new solution for this problem
Start with concept 1 to 3 at max 720 g ae of Roundup at the 1st application
Apply 1440 g ae of Roundup latest at 8 leaf stage of corn when perennial weeds have
sufficient leaf area for take up of glyphosate 9
10. Tested Partner Herbicides for RR corn
Brand name(s) Active ingredient HRAC / Herbicide class Company
Harness, Guardian Acetochlor K3 / Chloroacetamides Monsanto / Dow
Dual Gold s-Metolachlor K3 / Chloroacetamides Syngenta
Spectrum, Frontier Dimethenamid-p K3 / Chloroacetamides BASF
Successor Pethoxamid K3 / Chloroacetamides Staehler Int.
Click, Chac,…. Terbuthylazine C1 / PS II Inhibitor several
Clio Topramezone F2 / Inh. of 4-HPPD BASF
Merlin / Emerode Isoxaflutol F2 / Inh. of 4-HPPD Bayer
Banvel Dicamba O / Benzoic acid Syngenta
Stomp SC Pendimethalin K1 / Dinitroaniline BASF
10
11. EU 27 RR Maize Field Trial Activities (stripes)
S
DK RUS
UK
IRL
PL
NL
D UA
CZ
SK
A
H
F CH RO
BG
I
P ES GR
11
12. Weed control in RR Maize in Northern Europe
comparison of pre-emergence versus full post program (5 trials, CZ 2009)
% control
t /ha
13. Weed control in RR Maize in Southern Europe
comparison of pre-emergence and post program (3 trials, Spain 2009)
% control
t /ha
15. Risks for the Sustainability of Integrated Weed
Management
Risk Level
Management Option LOW MODERATE HIGH
> 2 modes of 2 modes of 1 mode of
Herbicide use in cropping system action action action
Cultural,
Cultural and
Weed control in cropping system mechanical and
chemical
Chemical only
chemical
Same mode of action per season Once More than once Many times
Cropping system Full rotation Limited rotation No rotation
Resistance status to mode of action Unknown Limited Common
Weed infestation Low Moderate High
Control in last 3 years Good Declining Poor
Proper usage (rate / timing) Yes Unsure No
15
16. Sustainability of Integrated Weed Management in current European
Maize Production ( ) compared to RR system ( )
Risk Level
Management Option LOW MODERATE HIGH
> 2 modes of 2 modes of 1 mode of
Herbicide use in cropping system action action action
Cultural,
Cultural and
Weed control in cropping system mechanical and
chemical
Chemical only
chemical
Same mode of action per season Once More than once Many times
Cropping system Full rotation Limited rotation No rotation
Resistance status to mode of action Unknown Limited Common
Weed infestation Low Moderate High
Control in last 3 years Good Declining Poor
Proper usage (rate / timing) Yes Unsure No
16
17. Summary
• Maize production is of increasing importance for food and feed
supply from a worldwide and a European perspective.
• A major threat to maize productivity is weed competition for water,
nutrients and light in early growth stages.
– Best possible weed control is necessary to protect the yield potential of the
crop irrespective of the production system.
• The Roundup Ready maize system offers 4 additional weed control
strategies to the maize production in Europe.
• Roundup Ready maize is a flexible tool for consistent and selective
weed control in Europe that protects the yield potential of the crop.
• Roundup Ready maize will increase in a cost effective way the
sustainability of integrated weed management in European farming
by adding a mode of action for weed control
• The combination of Roundup Ready maize with other traits (insect
protection, drought tolerance,..) will address further challenges in
European agriculture.
18. in case you are curious: this is just a white whole
NK 603 launch in Europe – June 2008 - NM