This document discusses glyphosate resistant weeds and Monsanto's stewardship programs. It provides definitions of herbicide resistance and tolerance. It summarizes the global status of glyphosate resistant weeds, contributing factors to their evolution, and management practices. It also outlines Monsanto's research efforts, weed resistance monitoring programs, grower education initiatives, and principles for their stewardship program to delay resistance development and manage existing resistant weed populations.
Research on CBSV and CBSD. Variability of Cassava Brown Streak Disease Symptoms and the Relationship Between Virus Infection and Symptoms Expression in On-farm Cassava.Factors Affecting Disease Severity in Cassava brown streak virus (Potyviridae; Ipomovirus) Infected Plants
This study aims to characterize key flowering time regulator genes FT and VRN1 in pennycress to develop a fast maturing line for double cropping systems. Researchers obtained a partial VRN1 sequence from pennycress that showed high similarity to other plant species. Preliminary qPCR results showed higher VRN1 expression in vernalized plants, supporting its role in flowering. However, cloning of FT was inconclusive. Future work includes determining the full VRN1 sequence and expression profile, developing pennycress transformation, and modifying VRN1 expression to study developmental phenotypes. This could help generate an ideal pennycress line for efficient double cropping with other crops.
Panel Presentation: Getting Technologies to Farmers --
Fixing Regulatory Systems for Agricultural Technologies by
Judith Chambers, Ph.D., Director – Program for Biosafety Systems at IFPRI. Presented at Food Security in a World of Growing Natural Resource Scarcity event February 12, 2014.
Weed management practices on growth and yield of mungbean under agri horti s...B.H.U.
Manoj Kumar presented a seminar on weed management practices in mungbean under agri-horti systems. Agri-horti systems combine agricultural crops with fruit trees on the same land. Weeds compete with crops for resources and reduce yields. The presentation evaluated different weed management methods including preventative practices, cultural control, mechanical removal, and chemical herbicides. Hand weeding was found to be the most effective method for small areas, while the herbicide Imazethapyr provided good weed control and improved mungbean yields in agri-horti systems.
Weed Management in the Era of Glyphosate ResistanceDuPont Pioneer
There are several things growers can do to manage herbicide resistance, including understanding the biology of the weeds present, prevent weed seed production and routinely scouting fields.
Suncool agriculture films for Greenhouse covers, Mulching, Pond LiningEssen Multipack Ltd
This slide show will give you information about how to chose a best quality plastic film or sheet to be used as greenhouse covering. Also it tell about various options available for Plastics Mulching.
This document summarizes research on cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in East Africa. It finds that CBSD incidence and yield losses are higher in the Coast Zone compared to the Lake Zone. Varieties can be categorized based on their resistance and tolerance to CBSD. Estimated financial losses from CBSD are over $50 million annually across the two zones. Ongoing research is working to develop new virus-resistant varieties and management strategies like community phytosanitation to reduce the impact of CBSD.
Research on CBSV and CBSD. Variability of Cassava Brown Streak Disease Symptoms and the Relationship Between Virus Infection and Symptoms Expression in On-farm Cassava.Factors Affecting Disease Severity in Cassava brown streak virus (Potyviridae; Ipomovirus) Infected Plants
This study aims to characterize key flowering time regulator genes FT and VRN1 in pennycress to develop a fast maturing line for double cropping systems. Researchers obtained a partial VRN1 sequence from pennycress that showed high similarity to other plant species. Preliminary qPCR results showed higher VRN1 expression in vernalized plants, supporting its role in flowering. However, cloning of FT was inconclusive. Future work includes determining the full VRN1 sequence and expression profile, developing pennycress transformation, and modifying VRN1 expression to study developmental phenotypes. This could help generate an ideal pennycress line for efficient double cropping with other crops.
Panel Presentation: Getting Technologies to Farmers --
Fixing Regulatory Systems for Agricultural Technologies by
Judith Chambers, Ph.D., Director – Program for Biosafety Systems at IFPRI. Presented at Food Security in a World of Growing Natural Resource Scarcity event February 12, 2014.
Weed management practices on growth and yield of mungbean under agri horti s...B.H.U.
Manoj Kumar presented a seminar on weed management practices in mungbean under agri-horti systems. Agri-horti systems combine agricultural crops with fruit trees on the same land. Weeds compete with crops for resources and reduce yields. The presentation evaluated different weed management methods including preventative practices, cultural control, mechanical removal, and chemical herbicides. Hand weeding was found to be the most effective method for small areas, while the herbicide Imazethapyr provided good weed control and improved mungbean yields in agri-horti systems.
Weed Management in the Era of Glyphosate ResistanceDuPont Pioneer
There are several things growers can do to manage herbicide resistance, including understanding the biology of the weeds present, prevent weed seed production and routinely scouting fields.
Suncool agriculture films for Greenhouse covers, Mulching, Pond LiningEssen Multipack Ltd
This slide show will give you information about how to chose a best quality plastic film or sheet to be used as greenhouse covering. Also it tell about various options available for Plastics Mulching.
This document summarizes research on cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in East Africa. It finds that CBSD incidence and yield losses are higher in the Coast Zone compared to the Lake Zone. Varieties can be categorized based on their resistance and tolerance to CBSD. Estimated financial losses from CBSD are over $50 million annually across the two zones. Ongoing research is working to develop new virus-resistant varieties and management strategies like community phytosanitation to reduce the impact of CBSD.
Petaluma Community Guild Guild Glyphosate Forum — Krupnick: Green Alternative...Petaluma Grange
Slide presentation from Wendy Krupnick, SRJC Sustainable Ag Instructor, about green alternatives to Roundup / glyphosate use. Delivered at the Petaluma Community Guild's public forum — Glyphosate: Health Impacts & Green Alternatives; March 9, 2016 at the Petaluma Seed Bank
This document summarizes the effects of different sowing methods and weed management practices on wheat crops. It finds that cross sowing and close sowing methods resulted in lower weed biomass and higher yields compared to normal line sowing. Herbicide treatments including sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron, and fenoxaprop-ethyl were most effective at controlling weeds. Criss-cross sowing and integrated weed management practices like hand-weeding or herbicide use led to higher wheat yields, fewer weeds, and greater profits compared to broadcast sowing or weedy conditions.
The document discusses weed management questions from Ontario farmers regarding various weeds in corn, soybean, and wheat crops. For field horsetail, the recommended controls are Broadstrike + MCPA in corn applied early POST, Roundup + Dual + Broadstrike applied PRE in soybean, and MCPA applied POST in wheat. Yellow nutsedge can be controlled with Permit in corn POST and Classic in soybean POST. Wild carrot is best controlled with Peak applied POST in corn, and Broadstrike or Pursuit PRE followed by Classic POST in soybean. The new RR2 Xtend soybean technology provides improved control of several glyphosate resistant weeds with the addition of dicamba, but careful application will be
This document discusses weed management strategies for various crops in different Indian states. It provides details on the most common weeds associated with rice in Jharkhand, potato in Meghalaya, sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh, and pineapple in Nagaland. For each crop and state combination, the document outlines the key weeds, their impact on yields if uncontrolled, and recommended cultural, biological, and mechanical control practices. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that an integrated approach using multiple control strategies together is most effective for weed management.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of various weed control methods on wheat yield under different cropping patterns. It begins with an introduction to weeds, their characteristics, and principles of weed management. It then describes various weed control methods including physical/mechanical (tillage, hoeing, hand weeding), cultural (crop rotation, mulching), chemical (herbicides), and biological (insects, diseases). The study tested different weed control treatments (weedy check, hand weeding, mechanical weeding, chemical weeding, integrated methods) under various cropping patterns. It found the integrated method of mechanical weeding followed by hand weeding produced the highest net benefits across all cropping patterns.
This document discusses herbicide resistant weeds. It begins by providing background on the emergence of resistance to different pesticides over time, including the first reports of herbicide resistance in weeds in 1968. It then discusses definitions related to herbicide resistance, including how resistance can occur via altered sites of action, metabolism, or sequestration. The document also discusses factors that can increase the selection intensity for resistance, such as herbicides with a single site of action or those used repeatedly for multiple seasons. It notes that resistance is more likely to develop to herbicides with a single site of action. The document provides examples of herbicide resistance issues in different regions, like Pakistan.
This document provides an update on the Root and Tuber Crops (RTB) program. It summarizes that RTB has received excellent ratings in annual reporting, gender reporting, and external reviews. It notes funding received from DFID and BMGF and pre-proposal reviews. It discusses improvements to management staffing, research synergies, communications, and the cassava seed value chain project. Feedback on the pre-proposal from ISPC is presented which recommends the full proposal. The upcoming full proposal process and timelines are outlined.
Mulching in horticulture amit and dinesh bbau lucknowamithr97
This document discusses mulching in vegetable crops. It defines mulching as covering soil around plant roots to insulate from temperature fluctuations. Benefits include conserving soil moisture, moderating temperatures, controlling weeds, reducing diseases and erosion. There are organic and inorganic mulches. Plastic films are preferred as inorganic mulches as they are easily available and manageable. Thickness of mulches depends on crop type. Plastic mulches increase vegetable crop yields by 35-60% depending on the crop. Proper disposal of non-degradable mulches is needed to avoid plastic pollution.
The document summarizes the history and development of biotechnology in the Philippines from 1979 to 2012. It discusses key events like the establishment of regulatory bodies and guidelines, approval of crops like Bt corn and cotton, and increasing adoption of biotech crops. The Philippines was one of the early adopters of agricultural biotechnology in Southeast Asia and has served as a model for regulatory systems. Area planted to biotech crops like Bt corn has grown significantly in recent years.
Weed 101 : A Beginner's Guide to CannabisIdle Info
Weed 101 covers basic cannabis concepts for true beginner users. This can include new medical marijuana patients or novice cannabis enthusiasts in recreationally legal states.
This presentation provides:
- A clear definition of "weed"
- Basic US cannabis legality info
- An introduction to cannabis strains & their effects
- An explanation of cannabis' chemical components & their effects
- A buyer's guide for demystifying cannabis products
- Fun, historical cannabis facts
Check back for more alternative education presentations from Idle Info!
This document discusses organic weed management techniques for farmers. It outlines that organic farming uses vegetation management to improve soil, prevent degradation, and enable crop production. Weeds managed include intentionally planted cover crops and cash crops as well as naturally occurring plants. Common organic weed control methods include prevention practices like using organic mulches, cultural techniques like timed planting, and mechanical practices like cultivation. The document also describes a study comparing different planting systems and cover crops for managing weeds and their effects on squash yields over multiple years. Results found that black plastic mulch consistently produced the highest yields while other tillage techniques worked better depending on planting dates and weather conditions. Overall, the document emphasizes using integrated, preventative practices and mechanical removal through cultivation for organic
- Several factors influence optimal soybean seeding rates, including germination rates, emergence environment, and seed quality issues from drought conditions in 2012.
- Higher germination rates and normal emergence conditions allow for lower seeding rates to achieve the same plant population, while lower germination rates or tougher emergence conditions require higher seeding rates.
- Proper handling and treatment of 2012 soybean seed lots is important due to lower moisture levels and thinner seed coats leading to increased fragility.
Herbicide resistance in no tillage farming systems. David MinkeyJoanna Hicks
This document discusses herbicide resistance issues in no-till farming systems. It notes that glyphosate resistance has become widespread in many weed species in Australia, with over 130 confirmed resistant ryegrass populations. Multiple resistance to multiple herbicide modes of action is also present in some weed species. Glyphosate resistance is an increasing problem due to heavy reliance on glyphosate in genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops. The document advocates an integrated approach using diverse herbicides and harvest weed seed control methods to reduce selection pressure for resistance and sustain glyphosate effectiveness.
Anticipated Impact of Modern Biotechnology on Nutrient Use Efficiency: Consequences for the Fertilizer Industry.
Rob Rennie and Patrick Heffer, TFI/FIRT Fertilizer Outlook and Technology Conference, 16-18 November 2010, Savannah, GA, USA
[Day 2] Center Presentation: Bioversity and CIATcsi2009
Presented by Andy Jarvis (Bioversity), Andy Farrow (CIAT), and Glenn Hyman (CIAT) at the
CGIAR-CSI Annual Meeting 2009: Mapping Our Future. March 31 - April 4, 2009, ILRI Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
The document discusses coffee and cacao agriculture. Coffee is the second most traded commodity globally and the United States is the largest consumer. Fair trade certification aims to provide fair prices to farmers and support economically disadvantaged producers. Shade-grown coffee certification promotes ecological sustainability by maintaining diverse shade trees that provide habitat for birds and other species. Research in Cameroon found high diversity of both shade tree and bird species in small cacao farms, with many birds foraging in the cacao layer and consuming insects. Certain tree species used by hornbills for food and nesting are also beneficial for farmers.
The document discusses coffee and cacao agriculture. Coffee is the second most traded commodity globally and the United States is the largest consumer. Coffee was brought to the Americas in the 1700s from Ethiopia. Cacao is often grown under diverse shade by small farmers in places like Cameroon. Fair trade aims to pay farmers a fair price and organize them into cooperatives. Shade-grown and organic certification focus on environmental sustainability. Research in Cameroon found high bird diversity in cacao farms, with many species consuming insects in the cacao layer. Tree species that provide food for hornbills are also useful for farmers.
Presentation at the HM Clause company in Davis CA, talking about the ways we can use narrow bandwidth illumination to to modify plant growth and development. The use of modern genomics techniques to identify new fruit flavor associated genes is discussed as well.
Petaluma Community Guild Guild Glyphosate Forum — Krupnick: Green Alternative...Petaluma Grange
Slide presentation from Wendy Krupnick, SRJC Sustainable Ag Instructor, about green alternatives to Roundup / glyphosate use. Delivered at the Petaluma Community Guild's public forum — Glyphosate: Health Impacts & Green Alternatives; March 9, 2016 at the Petaluma Seed Bank
This document summarizes the effects of different sowing methods and weed management practices on wheat crops. It finds that cross sowing and close sowing methods resulted in lower weed biomass and higher yields compared to normal line sowing. Herbicide treatments including sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron, and fenoxaprop-ethyl were most effective at controlling weeds. Criss-cross sowing and integrated weed management practices like hand-weeding or herbicide use led to higher wheat yields, fewer weeds, and greater profits compared to broadcast sowing or weedy conditions.
The document discusses weed management questions from Ontario farmers regarding various weeds in corn, soybean, and wheat crops. For field horsetail, the recommended controls are Broadstrike + MCPA in corn applied early POST, Roundup + Dual + Broadstrike applied PRE in soybean, and MCPA applied POST in wheat. Yellow nutsedge can be controlled with Permit in corn POST and Classic in soybean POST. Wild carrot is best controlled with Peak applied POST in corn, and Broadstrike or Pursuit PRE followed by Classic POST in soybean. The new RR2 Xtend soybean technology provides improved control of several glyphosate resistant weeds with the addition of dicamba, but careful application will be
This document discusses weed management strategies for various crops in different Indian states. It provides details on the most common weeds associated with rice in Jharkhand, potato in Meghalaya, sugarcane in Uttar Pradesh, and pineapple in Nagaland. For each crop and state combination, the document outlines the key weeds, their impact on yields if uncontrolled, and recommended cultural, biological, and mechanical control practices. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes that an integrated approach using multiple control strategies together is most effective for weed management.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of various weed control methods on wheat yield under different cropping patterns. It begins with an introduction to weeds, their characteristics, and principles of weed management. It then describes various weed control methods including physical/mechanical (tillage, hoeing, hand weeding), cultural (crop rotation, mulching), chemical (herbicides), and biological (insects, diseases). The study tested different weed control treatments (weedy check, hand weeding, mechanical weeding, chemical weeding, integrated methods) under various cropping patterns. It found the integrated method of mechanical weeding followed by hand weeding produced the highest net benefits across all cropping patterns.
This document discusses herbicide resistant weeds. It begins by providing background on the emergence of resistance to different pesticides over time, including the first reports of herbicide resistance in weeds in 1968. It then discusses definitions related to herbicide resistance, including how resistance can occur via altered sites of action, metabolism, or sequestration. The document also discusses factors that can increase the selection intensity for resistance, such as herbicides with a single site of action or those used repeatedly for multiple seasons. It notes that resistance is more likely to develop to herbicides with a single site of action. The document provides examples of herbicide resistance issues in different regions, like Pakistan.
This document provides an update on the Root and Tuber Crops (RTB) program. It summarizes that RTB has received excellent ratings in annual reporting, gender reporting, and external reviews. It notes funding received from DFID and BMGF and pre-proposal reviews. It discusses improvements to management staffing, research synergies, communications, and the cassava seed value chain project. Feedback on the pre-proposal from ISPC is presented which recommends the full proposal. The upcoming full proposal process and timelines are outlined.
Mulching in horticulture amit and dinesh bbau lucknowamithr97
This document discusses mulching in vegetable crops. It defines mulching as covering soil around plant roots to insulate from temperature fluctuations. Benefits include conserving soil moisture, moderating temperatures, controlling weeds, reducing diseases and erosion. There are organic and inorganic mulches. Plastic films are preferred as inorganic mulches as they are easily available and manageable. Thickness of mulches depends on crop type. Plastic mulches increase vegetable crop yields by 35-60% depending on the crop. Proper disposal of non-degradable mulches is needed to avoid plastic pollution.
The document summarizes the history and development of biotechnology in the Philippines from 1979 to 2012. It discusses key events like the establishment of regulatory bodies and guidelines, approval of crops like Bt corn and cotton, and increasing adoption of biotech crops. The Philippines was one of the early adopters of agricultural biotechnology in Southeast Asia and has served as a model for regulatory systems. Area planted to biotech crops like Bt corn has grown significantly in recent years.
Weed 101 : A Beginner's Guide to CannabisIdle Info
Weed 101 covers basic cannabis concepts for true beginner users. This can include new medical marijuana patients or novice cannabis enthusiasts in recreationally legal states.
This presentation provides:
- A clear definition of "weed"
- Basic US cannabis legality info
- An introduction to cannabis strains & their effects
- An explanation of cannabis' chemical components & their effects
- A buyer's guide for demystifying cannabis products
- Fun, historical cannabis facts
Check back for more alternative education presentations from Idle Info!
This document discusses organic weed management techniques for farmers. It outlines that organic farming uses vegetation management to improve soil, prevent degradation, and enable crop production. Weeds managed include intentionally planted cover crops and cash crops as well as naturally occurring plants. Common organic weed control methods include prevention practices like using organic mulches, cultural techniques like timed planting, and mechanical practices like cultivation. The document also describes a study comparing different planting systems and cover crops for managing weeds and their effects on squash yields over multiple years. Results found that black plastic mulch consistently produced the highest yields while other tillage techniques worked better depending on planting dates and weather conditions. Overall, the document emphasizes using integrated, preventative practices and mechanical removal through cultivation for organic
- Several factors influence optimal soybean seeding rates, including germination rates, emergence environment, and seed quality issues from drought conditions in 2012.
- Higher germination rates and normal emergence conditions allow for lower seeding rates to achieve the same plant population, while lower germination rates or tougher emergence conditions require higher seeding rates.
- Proper handling and treatment of 2012 soybean seed lots is important due to lower moisture levels and thinner seed coats leading to increased fragility.
Herbicide resistance in no tillage farming systems. David MinkeyJoanna Hicks
This document discusses herbicide resistance issues in no-till farming systems. It notes that glyphosate resistance has become widespread in many weed species in Australia, with over 130 confirmed resistant ryegrass populations. Multiple resistance to multiple herbicide modes of action is also present in some weed species. Glyphosate resistance is an increasing problem due to heavy reliance on glyphosate in genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops. The document advocates an integrated approach using diverse herbicides and harvest weed seed control methods to reduce selection pressure for resistance and sustain glyphosate effectiveness.
Anticipated Impact of Modern Biotechnology on Nutrient Use Efficiency: Consequences for the Fertilizer Industry.
Rob Rennie and Patrick Heffer, TFI/FIRT Fertilizer Outlook and Technology Conference, 16-18 November 2010, Savannah, GA, USA
[Day 2] Center Presentation: Bioversity and CIATcsi2009
Presented by Andy Jarvis (Bioversity), Andy Farrow (CIAT), and Glenn Hyman (CIAT) at the
CGIAR-CSI Annual Meeting 2009: Mapping Our Future. March 31 - April 4, 2009, ILRI Campus, Nairobi, Kenya
The document discusses coffee and cacao agriculture. Coffee is the second most traded commodity globally and the United States is the largest consumer. Fair trade certification aims to provide fair prices to farmers and support economically disadvantaged producers. Shade-grown coffee certification promotes ecological sustainability by maintaining diverse shade trees that provide habitat for birds and other species. Research in Cameroon found high diversity of both shade tree and bird species in small cacao farms, with many birds foraging in the cacao layer and consuming insects. Certain tree species used by hornbills for food and nesting are also beneficial for farmers.
The document discusses coffee and cacao agriculture. Coffee is the second most traded commodity globally and the United States is the largest consumer. Coffee was brought to the Americas in the 1700s from Ethiopia. Cacao is often grown under diverse shade by small farmers in places like Cameroon. Fair trade aims to pay farmers a fair price and organize them into cooperatives. Shade-grown and organic certification focus on environmental sustainability. Research in Cameroon found high bird diversity in cacao farms, with many species consuming insects in the cacao layer. Tree species that provide food for hornbills are also useful for farmers.
Presentation at the HM Clause company in Davis CA, talking about the ways we can use narrow bandwidth illumination to to modify plant growth and development. The use of modern genomics techniques to identify new fruit flavor associated genes is discussed as well.
CIMMYT breeding strategies and methodologies to breed high yielding, yellow r...ICARDA
CIMMYT has developed high-yielding, rust-resistant bread wheat germplasm through strategies that focus on durable resistance. Breeding efforts utilize race-nonspecific adult plant resistance conferred by combinations of minor genes with additive effects. A recent 5-year cycle developed lines with 12% higher yields and improved resistance to yellow rust. Of 728 advanced lines tested, over 40% had high yields and immunity/resistance to yellow rust. Testing also found that over 40% of lines had good resistance to stem rust race Ug99. CIMMYT's strategy is to deploy varieties with near-immune, durable resistance to provide long-term genetic control of rust diseases.
This document provides an overview of breeding field and horticultural crops. It begins by discussing the breeding of rice, including its origin, species, related wild species used in breeding, and breeding objectives. The key breeding objectives for rice are outlined, including high yield potential, adaptability and stability of yield, early maturity, resistance to lodging and shattering, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Grain quality objectives like shape, size, texture, and cooking quality are also mentioned.
Development and improvement of cassava source populations,Major Disease/Pest Constraints of Cassava,Agronomic characteristics, pest reactions of promising micronutrient-rich clones,Polyploid breeding for enhanced micronutrient content,Yam Genetic Improvement
This document discusses developing climate-smart crop strategies through "zoom-ins", or in-depth analyses of specific crop/region combinations. It asks questions about how to determine which zoom-ins to focus on, funding, and integrating local projects. Key points discussed include the need to integrate information on institutional priorities, climate change vulnerability and potential gains, while considering practical issues. The document also discusses how breeders can participate in climate adaptation research and tapping existing climate modeling work from research centers.
This document discusses strategies for controlling Poa annua (annual bluegrass) in sports turf. It notes that Poa annua has become more common in sports fields as maintenance levels have increased. The weed thrives under intense management with high fertilizer and water. Controlling Poa annua is difficult as there are thousands of biotypes that vary in their response to herbicides. No "magic bullet" herbicide has been found that is fully effective against all biotypes. The document reviews various herbicide and non-herbicide control methods and their limitations for sports turf situations. Integrated management is necessary to help control but likely not eliminate Poa annua from sports fields.
The document describes several mutant plant varieties developed in Bangladesh between 1974-1997 through induced mutagenesis techniques like gamma irradiation and chemical mutagens. The summaries provide key information on the improved attributes of each mutant variety compared to their respective parent varieties, including increased yield, altered plant characteristics, and biotic/abiotic stress resistance. Propagation for all varieties is through self-pollination except for a few developed through hybridization or crossing with other mutants.
1) Glyphosate resistance has emerged in over 20 weed species worldwide through various mechanisms including target site mutations and increased metabolism.
2) Target site mutations in the EPSPS gene have been identified in several glyphosate resistant weed species resulting in 2-3X levels of resistance.
3) Metabolic resistance allows some weed species to break down glyphosate faster through enhanced neutralizing enzyme activity, resulting in weaker resistance.
Maize yield increases and stabilisation under CA in semi-arid districts of Ta...Joanna Hicks
Maize yields increased and stabilized under conservation agriculture (CA) practices in semi-arid districts of Tanzania compared to conventional tillage. Over three years of study, CA techniques such as ripping, minimum tillage with a jab planter, cover cropping with lablab and pigeon peas, and residue retention produced consistently higher maize yields than farmers' practices of ox plowing and residue removal. The preferred CA methods among smallholder farmers were ripping supplemented with the jab planter for seed placement. While CA increased food security through higher yields, on its own it may not alleviate poverty due to small land holdings and lack of alternative livelihood opportunities during non-growing seasons.
Glyphosate provided several agronomic benefits for conventional agricultural uses from 1975-2010:
1) Early uses from 1975-1985 helped reduce labor needs and control weeds that other herbicides struggled with.
2) Optimized applications from 1980-1995 expanded uses in larger areas and brought unintended benefits like faster harvests and reduced disease risks.
3) Lower prices from 1990-2005 due to generic competition led to higher usage intensities.
4) After 2005, stewardship needs increased with frequent use and fewer alternative herbicides, though glyphosate continued providing benefits through conservation tillage and compliance with regulations.
The document discusses environmental impact indices and how they can be used to assess and compare the environmental impact of herbicide regimes in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant maize and conventional maize. It specifically focuses on the Pesticide Occupational and Environmental Risk Indicator (POCER), which evaluates impacts across 10 modules related to human health and the environment. The POCER was calculated for 13 conventional herbicide regimes and 10 glyphosate-based regimes in Roundup Ready maize. Results showed the glyphosate-only regimes had lower risks to operators and the environment compared to conventional regimes, though some conventional regimes were lower risk than glyphosate regimes combined with other herbicides.
This document discusses genetically modified soybean cultivation in Romania. It provides background on soybean production in Romania, noting that Romania is a leading soybean producer in Europe. It discusses the rapid uptake of Roundup Ready soybean varieties after they were first approved in 1999. The economic benefits of Roundup Ready soybeans are outlined, showing they have higher yields and profits than conventional soybeans due to lower costs. Maps show the concentration of soybean cultivation areas and production levels over time. In conclusion, the use of biotech crops could address farmers' needs and help European agriculture move forward.
This document summarizes a symposium on Roundup Ready maize held by the Joint Research Centre in Brussels on March 24, 2010. It discusses the global area planted to herbicide-tolerant maize from 1996 to 2008, with over 90% grown in the US. Potential economic impacts of HT maize include facilitating no-tillage systems and greater management flexibility. The objective is to analyze factors affecting the ex ante adoption of GM crops, focusing on HT oilseed rape and HT maize in Europe. A survey of farmers found the likelihood of adopting HT OSR varied by country, while ease of use increased likelihood of adopting HT maize. Implementation of coexistence measures had a large negative effect on adoption probabilities.
The document summarizes the experience of a South African farmer who switched from conventional to Roundup Ready maize. It discusses the reasons for switching, including difficulties in weed control, and how Roundup Ready technology works and has changed his farming practices, such as enabling minimum-tillage systems. The farmer has observed benefits like increased wildlife, reduced insecticide use, and more efficient water use since adopting Roundup Ready maize.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information from the document:
The document discusses a presentation given at the Roundup Ready Maize Symposium in Brussels in March 2010. The presentation was given by Ramon Albajes, Xavier Pons, and Belén Lumbierres from the Universitat de Lleida in Lleida, Spain. The presentation topic was the impact of herbicide-tolerant maize on non-target organisms.
This document discusses weed control programs for Roundup Ready maize in Europe. It begins by providing global and EU production statistics for maize to establish its importance. It then outlines the major weeds found in European maize and current control strategies. The document proposes 4 concepts for weed control in Roundup Ready maize that involve applying Roundup alone or in combination with other herbicides. It presents trial results showing Roundup Ready maize can provide effective weed control. Finally, it argues Roundup Ready maize will increase sustainability of weed management in Europe by adding another mode of action and protect maize yield potential.
This document summarizes a talk on weed ecology and control in maize production in Europe. It discusses the main weed species found in maize across different European regions and climate zones. It also describes the emergence patterns of important summer annual weeds and the critical period of weed competition for maize. Finally, it outlines the requirements for effective herbicides in maize and questions which herbicides will remain registered for use in the future.
1) A study analyzed the effects of glyphosate-resistant maize cultivation on weed diversity over 6 years across 3 sites in Germany with different herbicide treatments.
2) The results showed that weed diversity remained high, with treatment effects being less significant than differences between sites and years of maize monoculture.
3) Roundup Ready cultivation did not negatively impact weed diversity compared to local standard practices. Some weed species required high glyphosate dosages to control effectively.
The document describes a study that evaluated the impact of Roundup Ready maize production systems on non-target organisms (NTOs) over two years in Germany. The study used pitfall traps, yellow sticky traps, and visual assessments to sample arthropods across five treatment plots with different herbicide applications. Statistical analysis found several herbivore and predator taxa showed significant differences in numbers caught among the treatment plots, including Amara spp., Harpalus spp., Pterostichus spp., Staphylinidae, and spiders. Overall, the results indicate Roundup Ready maize production can impact some non-target arthropod populations.
This document summarizes an experiment evaluating glyphosate loss from maize fields using Roundup Ready crops in France over four years. The experiment included 11 plots of different rotations and soil types. Glyphosate and its breakdown product AMPA were measured in drainage and runoff water after applications at different times of year. Results showed immediate transfer of glyphosate and AMPA when applied during rainy periods, but little to no transfer when applications were made according to Roundup Ready practices during dry periods. Over the entire experiment, glyphosate losses were low at 0.00012% of the applied amount.
The document discusses herbicide resistance in weeds in Southern Europe. It notes that glyphosate resistance has been confirmed in several weed species found in perennial crops that rely solely on glyphosate for weed control. Resistance can be managed by using glyphosate at times when weeds are most susceptible, combining herbicides, and adding cultural practices. Mixtures of auxinic herbicides with glyphosate are effective on dicot weeds, but ALS and ACCase inhibitor mixtures require careful management due to their risk in resistance development.
This document estimates the potential change in glyphosate volumes with the introduction of Roundup Ready maize in Europe. It outlines assumptions for modeling, including a maximum 50% adoption rate of Roundup Ready traits by 2020 and average use of 4.5 liters of Roundup per hectare in Roundup Ready maize fields. The model predicts that even at a 50% trait penetration, only 22% of total glyphosate use would be in Roundup Ready maize by 2020, with the majority still used in conventional agriculture.
1) The TOPPS project focused on managing point sources of pesticide pollution from agricultural activities.
2) Key risk areas for point source pollution included sprayer cleaning, remnant management, and filling activities.
3) The project found that point sources contribute over 50% of pesticide contamination in some areas, and training farmers on improved practices like field cleaning of sprayers could reduce point source pollution by around 70%.
4) Sustainable management of point sources requires a multi-stakeholder approach including improved farmer behavior, equipment, infrastructure, regulations, and advisory support.
This document summarizes an agro-economic analysis of glyphosate use in UK agriculture. It finds that glyphosate provides major benefits by controlling weeds pre-planting and pre-harvest, increasing yields and reducing costs. Loss of glyphosate could cause severe losses over £150m-550m/year for wheat and over £300m/year for all crops. It would also negatively impact the environment by increasing GHG emissions up to 20% and worsening soil and water quality. The analysis concludes the key benefits of glyphosate must be communicated to ensure its continued availability for UK agriculture.
Regulatory status of glyphosate:
1. Glyphosate was first registered in Europe in 1974 and has since undergone major regulatory reviews confirming its safety.
2. While glyphosate has a long history of safe use, some regulators overlook the substantial data when re-evaluating it.
3. Current regulatory challenges include addressing surface water monitoring results, claims from non-standard studies, and ensuring weed resistance management plans.
1) NK603 is currently in the EU approval process, having received a positive opinion from EFSA. It is expected to complete the comitology process by the end of 2010, allowing for its authorization.
2) Monsanto is preparing for post-market environmental monitoring of NK603 by collaborating with EuropaBio and member states on farmer surveys and monitoring networks. They are also monitoring scientific literature and reporting potential adverse effects.
3) If NK603 receives EU authorization by the end of 2010 and individual member states complete variety registration and herbicide approvals, NK603 could potentially be launched in some markets in 2011.
The document summarizes the current legislative framework for registering plant protection products in the European Union. It discusses key aspects of Directive 91/414/EEC and the upcoming Regulation 1107/2009, including [1] the process for approving active substances at the EU level and authorizing products for specific uses at the national level, [2] the extensive data requirements for registration dossiers, and [3] the criteria for ensuring products are safe and effective while minimizing environmental and resistance impacts. The conclusion is that authorities will continue overseeing pesticide approvals and monitoring under this legislation for all uses, including on genetically modified crops.
The document summarizes the role of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in evaluating the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) maize NK603. EFSA is responsible for providing independent scientific advice on GM plant authorization applications. For maize NK603, EFSA evaluated potential risks related to unintended effects on plant fitness, gene transfer to other plants or microorganisms, interactions with target and non-target organisms, and impacts on human and animal health and the environment. Based on the application details, scientific literature, and additional studies, EFSA concluded the risks of maize NK603 were similar to conventional maize and unlikely to cause adverse environmental effects.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
3. Definitions:
Herbicide Resistance: "Herbicide resistance is the inherited ability of a plant to
survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally
lethal to the wild type.”
– ‘dose of herbicide’ = Labeled Rate
– Minimum differential between ‘susceptible’ and ‘resistant’ populations is generally
considered to be 2X
Herbicide Tolerance: "Herbicide tolerance is the inherent ability of a species to
survive and reproduce after herbicide treatment. This implies that there was
no selection or genetic manipulation to make the plant tolerant; it is naturally
tolerant."
Hard-to-control: Weed species that tend to be more sensitive to rate, growth
stage and application conditions to achieve commercially acceptable
control.
– Hard-to-control does not equate to species most likely to develop resistance
4. Weed Resistance : Selection pressure
"Herbicide resistance is the inherited ability of a plant to survive and reproduce
following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type.”
Resistant
Resistance is detected when a high proportion
(usually >15-30%) of the treated population is
resistant to the herbicide.
Courtesy of Ian Heap
5. Resistance has been reported to all herbicide
classes
• First herbicide resistance reported in 1957 to 2,4-D
• First triazine resistance reported in 1968
• To date resistance has been confirmed in 195 species (115
dicots and 80 monocots), 346 resistance biotypes
This website requires that a species be tested to confirm that the resistance is at
levels above the labeled rate and is heritable.
6. Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds - 2010
12 genus/ 17 species worldwide
Ambrosia spp.
U.S. Conyza spp.
Canada U.S.
Brazil
Argentina
Amaranthus spp. S. Africa
U.S. Israel Other broadleaves
Parthenium sp. Colombia
Spain
Euphorbia sp. Brazil
China
S. Halepense (P) Plantago sp. S. Africa
Argentina
U.S.
Lolium spp. (A)
U.S.
Brazil
Digitaria insularis (P) Other annual grasses
S. Africa
Paraguay Elucine sp. Malaysia, Colombia
Argentina
Brazil Urochloa sp. Australia
France, Italy, Spain
Australia
01/11/10JKS 6
7. Reported Glyphosate Resistant Weeds
Genus Year First Country Situation
Reported
Lolium (2 spp.) 1996 / 2001 Australia / Chile Fallow / Orchards
Eleucine 1997 Malaysia Orchards
Conyza (2 spp.) 2000 / 2003 USA / S. Africa RR soybeans / Vineyards
Plantago 2003 S. Africa Vineyards
Ambrosia (2 spp.) 2004 USA RR soybeans
Parthenium 2004 Colombia Orchards
Amaranthus (2 spp.) 2005 USA RR soybeans / RR cotton
Sorghum (perennial) 2005 Argentina RR soybeans
Digitaria (perennial) 2006 Paraguay RR soybeans
Euphorbia 2006 Brazil RR soybeans
Echniochloa 2007 Australia Fallow
Urochloa 2008 Australia Fallow
Kochia 2009 USA Fallow, RR corn, RR soybeans
8. Factors Associated with Evolution of GR Weeds
• Fallow
– Glyphosate only
– “Low rates”
– Reduced tillage
• Orchards / Vineyards
– Glyphosate only
– “Low rates”
– Reduced tillage
• GT Crops (gly use)
– Glyphosate only
– “Low rates”
– Reduced tillage
9. Factors Associated with Evolution of GR
Weeds: “Low Rates”
• “Low Rates” ( application rate
and/or applications beyond
recommended growth
stages)
– For some species, rate is a
factor related to the
development of resistance
– Rate is also a factor related to
weed shifts
10. Glyphosate-
Glyphosate-Induced Weed Shifts in GR corn or a Rotation of GR
Corn, Sugarbeet and Spring Wheat. (Wilson et. al. Weed Tech.
2007)
Chenopodium album Kochia scopia
500 600
450
400 500
Lambsquarters Density
350
Kochia Density
400
(plants / m2)
(plant/m2)
300
250 300
200
200
150
100 100
50
0
0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Low GLY Rate 490 50 4 35 4 4
Low GLY Rate 136 40 86 222 106 449
Labeled GLY Rate 70 11 2 9 1 2
Labeled GLY Rate 144 18 37 26 9 141
Conclusion: Low rates of glyphosate can cause species shifts.
11. Weed management diversity is the foundation of
proactive resistance management:
Definition of Diversity
Use of multiple methods to manage weed populations
Key Elements
• Integration of in-crop weed management options
– Multiple modes-of-action in tank mix or in sequence
– Use of cultural practices to supplement herbicide use
RR Corn- YR 1 RR Corn – YR 2 RR Corn – RR 3
Acetanilide + Acetanilide +
Triazine Acetanilide
Triazine
Glyphosate Glyphosate +
Glyphosate
Auxins
• Integration of weed management options across a crop rotation system
(multiple crops and fallow period)
Wheat RR Soybeans RR Corn
SU Glyphosate Acetanilide
Auxin Glyphosate
12. Alternating Herbicides vs Mixtures
(Postemergence example)
Herbicide mixtures, whose Field pennycress (Thlaspi
components are equally arvense) response averaged
effective against the target over 4 yr of the experiment
weed species, are predicted No ALS ALS 1:4 ALS Mixture
through model simulations to
29
delay resistance longer than
rotations. (Dingle et al,
2003; Powles et al. 1997) 11
8
4
0,3 0,6
Biomass @ maturity (g/m2) Resistant seed bank (%)
Selection for Weed Resistance: Herbicide Rotation
and Mixture. Beckie et al. Weed Tech. 2009.
13. Managing Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds
Resistant Species Options
Amaranthus spp. Triazine, HPPD (corn)
PPO (cotton)
PPO, Triazines, ALS (soybeans)
Conyza ALS, PPO (vineyards, orchards)
Auxins (2,4-D, dicamba) (corn, preplant)
ALS, Triazines, PPO (soybeans)
Ambrosia spp. PPO, ALS, Triazines (soybeans)
HPPD, ALS, Triazines (corn)
S. halepense ACCase, Acetanilides (soybeans, cotton)
D. insularis SU, Acetanilides (corn)
Lolium spp. ACCase, paraquat, glufosinate (fallow, orchards, vineyards)
ACCase, Acetanilides (soybeans, cotton)
ALS, Acetanilides (corn)
Conclusion: there are multiple options for controlling resistant populations.
01/11/10JKS 13
14. Managing Glyphosate Resistant Weeds:
Amaranthus palmerii in Cotton
Fields were across the road from each other. Two different farmers, two
different programs.
Genuity™ Roundup Ready® Flex Variety Widestrike® Genuity™Roundup Ready® Flex
Valor™ fb Cotoran™ fb Roundup PowerMAX™ + Variety
Dual Magnum™ Cotoran fb Roundup PowerMAX + Dual Magnum
fb Roundup PowerMAX + Staple™ fb Ignite®
Labeled Use Rates of All Products, Missouri Bootheel 2009; Dow AgroSciences and Bayer Crop Science do not endorse
the use of Ignite over the top of Widestrike cotton
15. Crop Rotation with an aggressive weed management
program can reduce seed bank significantly
Glyphosate-resistant
weeds prevalent
Soybeans ‘08, ‘09
Alternative crop
‘08,
Soybeans ‘09
Carthage, NC July 2009
17. Robust Stewardship Programs are key to effectively
managing weed shifts and the development of
herbicide resistance in agriculture…..
Key Elements of a Stewardship Program:
• Research
• Monitoring
• Grower/Retailer Education and Training
Adoption of Best Management Practices in Brazil
Conyza - RGS – Feb 2009 Conyza - RGS – Feb 2010 Conyza - RGS – Feb10
High adoption
Low to Medium adoption
18. Research and Development
Significant resources are focused on herbicide resistance:
– Mechanisms of resistance
– Weed biology / Modeling
– Best practices to retard development of resistance and management of
existing problems
– Discovery/development of new options
100%
90%
Translocatio
n
Target Site 80% GA S
GA R
Percent Control
70% TN 1
60% TN 2
MS
50%
Azlin
Sequestration Metabolism 40% TN 1 Fit
TN 2 Fit
30%
MS Fit
20% Azlin Fit
10%
0%
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Glyphosate (kg a.e./ha)
Monsanto works closely with Academics around the world to answer
the key questions…..
19. Weed Resistance Monitoring:
Objectives: Early detection of new species and spread
to new areas
Options:
– Long-term field studies
– Monitor grower fields and take weed counts
– Monitor grower performance issues with appropriate follow up
– Random collection of weed seed and grow-outs
What has been useful:
– Coordinated efforts between Industry, Farm Consultants, and
Universities to monitor grower performance for early detection
– Random collection of weed seed and growouts is effective to
identify the spread of resistance
What has not worked:
– Long-term field studies nor routine monitoring of grower fields
are effective for either objective Courtesy B. Johnson
Baseline studies are only needed when the
performance of a herbicide in not clearly
understood
– with glyphosate since performance is well known.
20. Stewardship Guidelines
General principles of herbicide resistance management:
• Apply integrated weed management practices. Use multiple herbicide modes-of-
action with overlapping weed spectrums in rotation, sequences, or mixtures.
• Use the full recommended herbicide rate and proper application timing for the hardest
to control weed species present in the field.
• Scout fields after herbicide application to ensure control has been achieved. Avoid
allowing weeds to reproduce by seed or to proliferate vegetatively
• Monitor site and clean equipment between sites.
Summary
• Significant progress has been made in the consistency of messages
21. Principles of Monsanto’s Weed Resistance Stewardship
Program:
Commitment to follow-up on performance complaints and situations in which
weed resistance is suspected
Transparency (a clear and open process)
Where resistance has been confirmed by established valid criteria, we
acknowledge and communicate and recommend practices to manage the
resistant weed
Provide management solutions, information, and training to farmers so they
can continue to be successful with the Roundup Ready System and
glyphosate herbicide
Maintain close cooperation with all outside parties involved with weed
resistance (Industry, Academics, Commodity Groups, Regulators) to provide
the best solutions to growers
Maintain a leadership position in research on glyphosate resistant weeds
and best management practices
Discover and provide new options for more effective weed control
management
23. Proactive versus Reactive
Management in U.S. Soybeans
1. Current management of waterhemp (Amaranthus sp.) in
Soybeans
– Sequential postemergence applications of glyphosate
– Total cost of $10/A
2. Strategy to delay the selection of glyphosate-resistant waterhemp -
pre/post
– Canopy XL @ 4.5oz/A preemergence ($8.66/A)
– Roundup Weathermax @ 22 oz/A postemergence ($10.21/A)
– Total cost of $14/A
3. Strategy to control PSII/ALS/glyphosate-resistant waterhemp -
pre/post in soy
– Boundary 7.8EC @ 1.25 pt/A PRE ($12.14/A)
– Flexstar @ 24 oz/A PRE ($19.03/A)
– Fusion @ 12 oz/A PRE ($14.66/A) or RWM @ 22 oz/A
– Total cost of $46/A
Strategies to Manage Amaranthus sp in Soybeans in IL (B. Young, 2009)
24. Evidence of Success of Education
Programs in the U.S.
Always or Rarely or
Best Practices Often Sometimes Never
Scout before 83% 11% 5%
Scout after 81% 15% 4%
Start with clean field 75% 13% 12%
Control early 89% 9% 2%
Control escapes 79% 15% 6%
Clean equipment 25% 20% 54%
New seed 94% 3% 2%
Different modes 39% 33% 28%
Supplemental tillage 21% 26% 53%
Use label rate 93% 4% 1%
Frisvold et al, 2009