This document summarizes key points about using DTDs (Document Type Definitions) with XML documents. It discusses what a DTD is, when to use one, and how to read and write various DTD components like element declarations, attributes, entities, and notations. It also covers calling a DTD internally or externally, with examples of each method. The document provides guidance on understanding and effectively utilizing DTDs to define document structure and validate XML files.
The document discusses XML document type definitions (DTDs), including how they are used to define the structure and elements of an XML document and validate that an XML document complies with the DTD. It covers DTD components like element type definitions, attribute list declarations, and content models that specify element sequences and occurrence. It also discusses how parsers can validate XML documents against associated DTDs.
Document Type Definitions (DTDs) define an XML document's structure using EBNF grammar. DTDs specify elements, attributes, and permitted structure. Parsers can validate documents against DTDs to check for conformity. DTDs are introduced using a document type declaration (DOCTYPE) which can reference an internal or external subset. Element declarations define elements using names (generic identifiers) and content specifications, which indicate permitted child elements and content types like PCDATA. Well-formed documents follow XML syntax rules while valid documents also conform to their DTD.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition and allows an XML document to specify requirements to be valid. It declares elements, attributes, and other components that can be used in an XML document. Validation ensures an XML document matches the DTD specifications by checking elements, attributes, and structure. DTDs can be embedded locally in an XML file or referenced externally from another file.
The document discusses the building blocks of XML documents including elements, attributes, entities, PCDATA, and CDATA. It also covers how each component is declared in a DTD including element declarations, attribute declarations, and restrictions on content and occurrence.
The document discusses using XML and Java together. It covers XML parsers like DOM and SAX, as well as Java XML parsers like DOM, JDOM, and SAX. It compares DOM and JDOM APIs and provides examples of using JDOM to parse and generate XML. The document also discusses XML technologies like XPath, XSL, and using XML with Java technologies like JSP.
A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal building blocks of an XML document, including the document structure with a list of legal elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared internally within an XML file or externally as a reference. The DTD specifies elements, attributes, entities and other components allowed in the document and describes the relationships between them.
The document discusses XML and DTDs. It defines DTDs as describing the components and guidelines in an XML document by listing elements, attributes and their possible values, entities, and their interactions. It provides examples of element declarations in DTDs using tags like ELEMENT, EMPTY, ANY, and content models. It also distinguishes between internal and external DTDs and when each is generally used.
An XML DTD defines the grammar and legal building blocks of an XML document. It specifies elements, attributes, and entities that can be used. A DTD can be internal, defined within the XML file, or external, referenced from an outside file. Elements are declared with ELEMENT tags, attributes with ATTLIST, and entities allow special characters to be represented as shortcuts. A DTD enables validation of an XML file's structure and is useful for data exchange conformance.
The document discusses XML document type definitions (DTDs), including how they are used to define the structure and elements of an XML document and validate that an XML document complies with the DTD. It covers DTD components like element type definitions, attribute list declarations, and content models that specify element sequences and occurrence. It also discusses how parsers can validate XML documents against associated DTDs.
Document Type Definitions (DTDs) define an XML document's structure using EBNF grammar. DTDs specify elements, attributes, and permitted structure. Parsers can validate documents against DTDs to check for conformity. DTDs are introduced using a document type declaration (DOCTYPE) which can reference an internal or external subset. Element declarations define elements using names (generic identifiers) and content specifications, which indicate permitted child elements and content types like PCDATA. Well-formed documents follow XML syntax rules while valid documents also conform to their DTD.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition and allows an XML document to specify requirements to be valid. It declares elements, attributes, and other components that can be used in an XML document. Validation ensures an XML document matches the DTD specifications by checking elements, attributes, and structure. DTDs can be embedded locally in an XML file or referenced externally from another file.
The document discusses the building blocks of XML documents including elements, attributes, entities, PCDATA, and CDATA. It also covers how each component is declared in a DTD including element declarations, attribute declarations, and restrictions on content and occurrence.
The document discusses using XML and Java together. It covers XML parsers like DOM and SAX, as well as Java XML parsers like DOM, JDOM, and SAX. It compares DOM and JDOM APIs and provides examples of using JDOM to parse and generate XML. The document also discusses XML technologies like XPath, XSL, and using XML with Java technologies like JSP.
A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal building blocks of an XML document, including the document structure with a list of legal elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared internally within an XML file or externally as a reference. The DTD specifies elements, attributes, entities and other components allowed in the document and describes the relationships between them.
The document discusses XML and DTDs. It defines DTDs as describing the components and guidelines in an XML document by listing elements, attributes and their possible values, entities, and their interactions. It provides examples of element declarations in DTDs using tags like ELEMENT, EMPTY, ANY, and content models. It also distinguishes between internal and external DTDs and when each is generally used.
An XML DTD defines the grammar and legal building blocks of an XML document. It specifies elements, attributes, and entities that can be used. A DTD can be internal, defined within the XML file, or external, referenced from an outside file. Elements are declared with ELEMENT tags, attributes with ATTLIST, and entities allow special characters to be represented as shortcuts. A DTD enables validation of an XML file's structure and is useful for data exchange conformance.
The document discusses XML document type definitions (DTDs). It explains that DTDs are used to define the structure, elements, and attributes of an XML language. It provides examples of element declarations that define tags and child elements. It also discusses attribute declarations that define element attributes and their types. The document outlines how DTDs can be internal, embedded in the XML document, or external, referenced from an external file.
This document provides an introduction to XML. It discusses that XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is a text-based markup language used to store and transport data. It also describes that XML documents have a .xml file extension and reference a DTD or schema that defines the document structure. The document then gives examples of XML tags, elements, and attributes to illustrate XML syntax and building blocks.
The document provides an introduction to XML, including:
1. XML is a markup language that allows users to define their own tags to describe data, unlike HTML which has predefined tags.
2. XML uses DTDs or schemas to define the structure and elements of an XML document.
3. Namespaces are used in XML to distinguish identically named elements and avoid collisions between elements from different vocabularies. Namespaces are assigned a URI to uniquely identify them.
XML is an extensible markup language that was designed to store and transport data. It allows data to be shared across different systems, hardware, and software. XML has several advantages over HTML including separating data from presentation, simplifying data sharing and transport, and making data more available. XML documents use tags to define elements and can also use attributes. XML documents must follow syntax rules to be well-formed, such as having matching start and end tags and properly nested elements.
- HTML uses tags to mark up text and graphics for web browsers, while SGML is an international standard for defining markup languages. XML improves on HTML with greater intelligence and compatibility.
- SGML/XML uses elements delimited by angle brackets to identify markup. Elements can have attributes that refine their content. Entities allow assigning names to chunks of data that can then be referenced.
- Structured authoring requires changing authoring processes and separate tools to publish presentational forms from structural forms. It also generally requires more expensive authoring tools.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition and allows an XML document to specify requirements to be considered valid. A DTD defines allowable elements, attributes, and relationships between elements in an XML document. Validation ensures an XML document matches the DTD specifications. DTDs can be embedded locally in an XML file or referenced externally from a URI.
Introduction to the usage of DTDs in connection with XML documents. Elements and attributes are introduced in details. Use of ID, IDREF, and IDREFS for uniqueness and referring to elements are illustrated using a number of examples.
This document defines and provides examples of XML DTDs. It explains that a DTD defines the structure and elements of an XML document and can be used to validate XML data. It describes the syntax of DTDs and the different types (internal and external). Key points covered include that a DTD specifies elements, attributes, and entities; defines the root element; and element types include PCDATA for parsed character data and CDATA for non-parsed character data. Examples are provided of internal and external DTDs. The document concludes that using a DTD allows different groups to agree on a common standard for exchanging data and applications to validate received and internal data.
An attribute declaration specifies attributes for elements in a DTD. It defines the attribute name, data type or permissible values, and required behavior. For example, an attribute may have a default value if not provided, be optional, or require a value. Notations can label non-XML data types and unparsed entities can import binary files. Together DTDs and entities provide a schema to describe document structure and relationships.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition. It defines the structure and elements of an XML document. DTDs check if an XML document is valid by defining the grammar. They are used to create and manage large sets of shared documents. DTDs declare elements, attributes, entities, and define the document structure with content models. While DTDs were useful, more robust alternatives like XML Schema emerged.
The document discusses Document Type Definitions (DTDs) and XML parsers. It provides information on:
- What a DTD is and how it defines the legal elements and structure of an XML document.
- The different types of XML parsers, including non-validating parsers that only check well-formedness, and validating parsers that also check if a document conforms to a DTD.
- How DTDs can be internal, contained within an XML file, or external, stored in a separate file and linked to from the XML file. DTDs help ensure different people and programs can read each other's XML files by defining the allowed elements and attributes.
XML Introduction,Syntax of XML,Well formed XML Documents,XML Document Structure,Document Type Definitions,XML Namespace,XML Schemas,DOM(Document Object Model)
The document discusses XML namespaces and XML schemas. It provides examples of using namespaces to differentiate between similarly named elements, such as <highschool:subject> and <medicine:subject>. It also compares defining an XML document using a DTD versus using an XML schema, and provides a sample schema for defining book information. Key differences between "ref" and "type" attributes in schemas are explained using an employee example.
The document provides an introduction to XML. It discusses what XML is, including that it is a markup language used to describe data, it is self-descriptive, and it does not define tags. It also discusses why XML is used, noting that it keeps data separate from layout, allows automatic data management and exchange, and can define new data formats. Finally, it provides an example of a basic XML file describing computer parts to illustrate XML structure and elements.
The document discusses XML namespaces and how they are used to avoid ambiguity when combining XML documents from different sources. Namespaces allow element and attribute names to be distinguished by providing a unique prefix. Namespaces can be declared at the root element level so that all child elements inherit the namespace, or at lower levels to limit the scope. Shorthand namespace prefixes make namespace declarations and usage more readable.
The document discusses Document Type Definitions (DTDs) and XML Schema, which are used to define the structure and validate XML documents. It provides information on DTD elements like declarations, internal and external DTDs. It also covers XML Schema topics such as data types, elements, attributes, namespaces and advantages over DTDs like richer data types and extensibility.
The document discusses XML schemas, explaining that they define elements, attributes, and data types that can be used in XML documents. It covers creating simple and complex elements, declaring data types, and grouping elements using sequences, groups, and choices. The document also provides examples of how to define attributes and create user-defined data types in an XML schema.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition and is used to define the structure and elements of an XML document. It allows you to create rules for elements within XML documents and ensures XML documents conform to the DTD. A DTD can be internal, within the XML document, or external, in a separate file. It uses elements, attributes, and operators to define elements, attributes, data types, cardinality, and sequences within an XML document.
XML is an extensible markup language that allows users to define their own elements and tags. It was designed to store and transport data, unlike HTML which was designed for displaying data. XML separates data from presentation by using user-defined tags to describe information rather than pre-defined tags like HTML. This extensibility makes XML highly flexible and customizable for different applications and domains.
XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It was designed to carry data, not display it like HTML. XML is important because it separates data from presentation, allows data to be shared across different systems, and makes data easier to store and process. The basic building blocks of XML include elements, attributes, entities, processing instructions, comments, and tags.
The document provides an introduction to web services, including their origins, characteristics, life cycle, requirements, and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses how web services use XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI to allow programs to communicate over the web. The document also introduces XML, describing its structure, elements, attributes, and validation using DTDs.
The document discusses XML document type definitions (DTDs). It explains that DTDs are used to define the structure, elements, and attributes of an XML language. It provides examples of element declarations that define tags and child elements. It also discusses attribute declarations that define element attributes and their types. The document outlines how DTDs can be internal, embedded in the XML document, or external, referenced from an external file.
This document provides an introduction to XML. It discusses that XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is a text-based markup language used to store and transport data. It also describes that XML documents have a .xml file extension and reference a DTD or schema that defines the document structure. The document then gives examples of XML tags, elements, and attributes to illustrate XML syntax and building blocks.
The document provides an introduction to XML, including:
1. XML is a markup language that allows users to define their own tags to describe data, unlike HTML which has predefined tags.
2. XML uses DTDs or schemas to define the structure and elements of an XML document.
3. Namespaces are used in XML to distinguish identically named elements and avoid collisions between elements from different vocabularies. Namespaces are assigned a URI to uniquely identify them.
XML is an extensible markup language that was designed to store and transport data. It allows data to be shared across different systems, hardware, and software. XML has several advantages over HTML including separating data from presentation, simplifying data sharing and transport, and making data more available. XML documents use tags to define elements and can also use attributes. XML documents must follow syntax rules to be well-formed, such as having matching start and end tags and properly nested elements.
- HTML uses tags to mark up text and graphics for web browsers, while SGML is an international standard for defining markup languages. XML improves on HTML with greater intelligence and compatibility.
- SGML/XML uses elements delimited by angle brackets to identify markup. Elements can have attributes that refine their content. Entities allow assigning names to chunks of data that can then be referenced.
- Structured authoring requires changing authoring processes and separate tools to publish presentational forms from structural forms. It also generally requires more expensive authoring tools.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition and allows an XML document to specify requirements to be considered valid. A DTD defines allowable elements, attributes, and relationships between elements in an XML document. Validation ensures an XML document matches the DTD specifications. DTDs can be embedded locally in an XML file or referenced externally from a URI.
Introduction to the usage of DTDs in connection with XML documents. Elements and attributes are introduced in details. Use of ID, IDREF, and IDREFS for uniqueness and referring to elements are illustrated using a number of examples.
This document defines and provides examples of XML DTDs. It explains that a DTD defines the structure and elements of an XML document and can be used to validate XML data. It describes the syntax of DTDs and the different types (internal and external). Key points covered include that a DTD specifies elements, attributes, and entities; defines the root element; and element types include PCDATA for parsed character data and CDATA for non-parsed character data. Examples are provided of internal and external DTDs. The document concludes that using a DTD allows different groups to agree on a common standard for exchanging data and applications to validate received and internal data.
An attribute declaration specifies attributes for elements in a DTD. It defines the attribute name, data type or permissible values, and required behavior. For example, an attribute may have a default value if not provided, be optional, or require a value. Notations can label non-XML data types and unparsed entities can import binary files. Together DTDs and entities provide a schema to describe document structure and relationships.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition. It defines the structure and elements of an XML document. DTDs check if an XML document is valid by defining the grammar. They are used to create and manage large sets of shared documents. DTDs declare elements, attributes, entities, and define the document structure with content models. While DTDs were useful, more robust alternatives like XML Schema emerged.
The document discusses Document Type Definitions (DTDs) and XML parsers. It provides information on:
- What a DTD is and how it defines the legal elements and structure of an XML document.
- The different types of XML parsers, including non-validating parsers that only check well-formedness, and validating parsers that also check if a document conforms to a DTD.
- How DTDs can be internal, contained within an XML file, or external, stored in a separate file and linked to from the XML file. DTDs help ensure different people and programs can read each other's XML files by defining the allowed elements and attributes.
XML Introduction,Syntax of XML,Well formed XML Documents,XML Document Structure,Document Type Definitions,XML Namespace,XML Schemas,DOM(Document Object Model)
The document discusses XML namespaces and XML schemas. It provides examples of using namespaces to differentiate between similarly named elements, such as <highschool:subject> and <medicine:subject>. It also compares defining an XML document using a DTD versus using an XML schema, and provides a sample schema for defining book information. Key differences between "ref" and "type" attributes in schemas are explained using an employee example.
The document provides an introduction to XML. It discusses what XML is, including that it is a markup language used to describe data, it is self-descriptive, and it does not define tags. It also discusses why XML is used, noting that it keeps data separate from layout, allows automatic data management and exchange, and can define new data formats. Finally, it provides an example of a basic XML file describing computer parts to illustrate XML structure and elements.
The document discusses XML namespaces and how they are used to avoid ambiguity when combining XML documents from different sources. Namespaces allow element and attribute names to be distinguished by providing a unique prefix. Namespaces can be declared at the root element level so that all child elements inherit the namespace, or at lower levels to limit the scope. Shorthand namespace prefixes make namespace declarations and usage more readable.
The document discusses Document Type Definitions (DTDs) and XML Schema, which are used to define the structure and validate XML documents. It provides information on DTD elements like declarations, internal and external DTDs. It also covers XML Schema topics such as data types, elements, attributes, namespaces and advantages over DTDs like richer data types and extensibility.
The document discusses XML schemas, explaining that they define elements, attributes, and data types that can be used in XML documents. It covers creating simple and complex elements, declaring data types, and grouping elements using sequences, groups, and choices. The document also provides examples of how to define attributes and create user-defined data types in an XML schema.
DTD stands for Document Type Definition and is used to define the structure and elements of an XML document. It allows you to create rules for elements within XML documents and ensures XML documents conform to the DTD. A DTD can be internal, within the XML document, or external, in a separate file. It uses elements, attributes, and operators to define elements, attributes, data types, cardinality, and sequences within an XML document.
XML is an extensible markup language that allows users to define their own elements and tags. It was designed to store and transport data, unlike HTML which was designed for displaying data. XML separates data from presentation by using user-defined tags to describe information rather than pre-defined tags like HTML. This extensibility makes XML highly flexible and customizable for different applications and domains.
XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It was designed to carry data, not display it like HTML. XML is important because it separates data from presentation, allows data to be shared across different systems, and makes data easier to store and process. The basic building blocks of XML include elements, attributes, entities, processing instructions, comments, and tags.
The document provides an introduction to web services, including their origins, characteristics, life cycle, requirements, and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses how web services use XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI to allow programs to communicate over the web. The document also introduces XML, describing its structure, elements, attributes, and validation using DTDs.
This document provides an overview of XML (eXtensible Markup Language). It discusses the history and development of XML from older markup languages like SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). The basics of XML include elements, tags, attributes, character entities, and document type definitions. Stylesheets can be used to format and view XML documents.
XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. XML was developed based on SGML and is designed to transport and store data. XML documents contain elements, attributes, and have a tree structure. Documents must follow specific rules to be considered valid XML, such as having matching start and end tags.
The document provides an overview of XML and related technologies including SOAP and WSDL. It discusses what XML is, its uses, XML schemas and validation, and XML query languages. It also covers SOAP and WSDL for defining web services, and related specifications from the W3C and OASIS. Examples of XML documents and tags are provided to illustrate XML syntax and structure.
XML is a markup language that is used to define and store data in a structured format. It allows data to be separated from its presentation and is extensible to add new tags. An XML document must have a root element and follow syntax rules to be well-formed. It can also be validated against a DTD or schema to check that the elements and structure match the definitions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts for understanding XML including:
1. XML uses tags to describe and organize data in a hierarchical structure. Elements can contain other elements or data.
2. XML schemas and DTDs allow defining elements and attributes to validate an XML document structure.
3. XML schemas provide a more robust way to define data types compared to DTDs and allow customizing built-in types.
This document provides an introduction to XML, including its structure, syntax, and uses. It defines XML as a markup language that provides a format for structured data. It describes XML elements, attributes, and how XML documents must follow specific syntax rules to be considered well-formed. The document also discusses Document Type Definitions (DTDs), XML namespaces, XML schemas, displaying XML with CSS, and transforming XML with XSLT.
This document provides an overview of DXL, the Domino XML Language. It begins by explaining the basics of XML, including elements, attributes, text content, and the tree structure of XML documents. It then states that DXL is an XML representation of Domino data, such as documents, design elements, and database properties. The document concludes by explaining that with an understanding of XML fundamentals, the reader now understands the basics of DXL, and can learn what specific Domino data it can represent and how to work with DXL using tools like parsers, transformers, and the Domino Designer.
The document provides an overview of markup languages and XML. It discusses the structure of XML documents including elements, tags, attributes, entities and the XML declaration. It also covers XML validation using DTDs, character encoding using UTF-8 and UTF-16, and special attributes like xml:lang.
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language and is used to mark up data so it can be processed by computers, whereas HTML is used to mark up text to be displayed for users. Both XML and HTML use elements enclosed in tags, attributes, and entities, but XML only describes content while HTML describes both structure and appearance. XML allows users to define their own tags, and is strictly structured, making it suitable for data processing by computers.
The document discusses XML (eXtensible Markup Language), including what it is, how it differs from HTML, its basic structure and components. XML is a markup language that allows users to define their own tags to structure data. It is more flexible than HTML and allows structured storage and exchange of data. Well-formed XML documents follow syntax rules like having matching open/close tags and proper nesting of elements.
The document provides an introduction to XML, including that it is defined by the W3C as a markup language for documents and data interchange. XML allows users to define their own tags and has become widely used for data exchange between organizations. Key aspects of XML covered include elements, attributes, nesting of elements to represent relationships between data, and using Document Type Definitions (DTDs) or XML Schema to constrain the structure and relationships of XML documents.
This document provides an introduction to XML, including:
- What XML is and why it was created as an extensible meta language for describing other languages.
- Basic XML rules like tags being case sensitive, elements needing closing tags, and attributes requiring quotation marks.
- Differences between XML and HTML in terms of focus, predefined tags, and use for transporting vs displaying data.
- Benefits of XML like improved web functionality through custom markup and being a meta language that describes other languages.
SGML is a standard for specifying markup languages. It describes how to define document structure separately from presentation. XML is a simplified version of SGML used to store and transport data. Key differences between XML and HTML include XML focusing on data rather than presentation, being case sensitive, requiring closing tags, and preserving whitespace.
The document provides an overview of XML, XSLT, and XPath. It discusses the history and goals of XML, how to structure an XML document including elements, attributes, and namespaces. It also covers XML Schema, XPath, and how XSLT uses XPath to transform an XML document into another format.
The document discusses XML (eXtensible Markup Language), including a comparison between XML and HTML, how to author XML elements and documents, XML data islands, document type definitions (DTDs), XML query languages like XML-QL, mediators, limitations of HTML, and challenges with XML. It provides examples of XML syntax as well as XML-QL queries to retrieve author names and bookstore names.
XML is a meta-markup language that specifies rules for creating markup languages. It is designed to carry data, not display data. XML uses tags to structure data, but does not have predefined tags - authors can define their own tags. XML documents must be "well-formed", following syntax rules like having one root element with matched opening and closing tags.
XML is a markup language that represents text information in a standard format. It was designed to transport and store information in a reliable way. XML has a wide range of applications and is just a formalism unlike HTML. XML documents can be validated against a DTD to check that they conform to the defined syntax rules and are well-formed.
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Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Sparkphanleson
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Spark
References to Spark Course
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
Course : Functional Programming Principles in Scala : http://ouo.io/rh4vv
Firewall - Network Defense in Depth Firewallsphanleson
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This document discusses wireless security and protocols such as WEP, WPA, and 802.11i. It describes weaknesses in WEP such as vulnerabilities in the RC4 encryption algorithm that allow attacks like dictionary attacks. It introduces WPA as an improvement over WEP that uses stronger encryption keys, protocols like TKIP that change keys dynamically, and AES encryption in 802.11i as stronger alternatives. It also discusses authentication methods like 802.1X that distribute unique keys to each user to address issues with shared keys in WEP.
Authentication in wireless - Security in Wireless Protocolsphanleson
The document discusses authentication protocols for wireless devices. It begins by describing the authentication problem and some basic client-server protocols. It then introduces the challenge-response protocol which aims to prevent replay attacks by including a random number in the response. However, this protocol is still vulnerable to man-in-the-middle and reflection attacks. The document proposes improvements like including an identifier in the hashed response to prevent message manipulation attacks. Overall, the document provides an overview of authentication challenges for wireless devices and the development of challenge-response protocols to address these issues.
HBase In Action - Chapter 04: HBase table designphanleson
HBase In Action - Chapter 04: HBase table design
Learning HBase, Real-time Access to Your Big Data, Data Manipulation at Scale, Big Data, Text Mining, HBase, Deploying HBase
HBase In Action - Chapter 10 - Operationsphanleson
HBase In Action - Chapter 10: Operations
Learning HBase, Real-time Access to Your Big Data, Data Manipulation at Scale, Big Data, Text Mining, HBase, Deploying HBase
Hbase in action - Chapter 09: Deploying HBasephanleson
Hbase in action - Chapter 09: Deploying HBase
Learning HBase, Real-time Access to Your Big Data, Data Manipulation at Scale, Big Data, Text Mining, HBase, Deploying HBase
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Learning spark ch07 - Running on a Clusterphanleson
This chapter discusses running Spark applications on a cluster. It describes Spark's runtime architecture with a driver program and executor processes. It also covers options for deploying Spark, including the standalone cluster manager, Hadoop YARN, Apache Mesos, and Amazon EC2. The chapter provides guidance on configuring resources, packaging code, and choosing a cluster manager based on needs.
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Learning spark ch05 - Loading and Saving Your Dataphanleson
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Learning spark ch04 - Working with Key/Value Pairsphanleson
Learning spark ch04 - Working with Key/Value Pairs
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
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Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Sparkphanleson
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Spark
References to Spark Course
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
Course : Functional Programming Principles in Scala : http://ouo.io/rh4vv
XML FOR DUMMIES
The document is a chapter from the book "XML for Dummies" that introduces XML. It discusses what XML is, including that it is a markup language and is flexible for exchanging data. It also examines common uses of XML such as classifying information, enforcing rules on data, and outputting information in different ways. Additionally, it clarifies what XML is not, namely that it is not just for web pages, not a database, and not a programming language. The chapter concludes by discussing how to build an XML document using editors that facilitate markup and enforce document rules.
This document discusses the differences between HTML, XML, and XHTML. It covers how XHTML combines the structure of XML with the familiar tags of HTML. Key points include:
- HTML was designed for displaying web pages, XML for data exchange, and XHTML uses HTML tags with XML syntax.
- XML allows custom tags, separates content from presentation, and is self-describing, while HTML focuses on display.
- Converting to XHTML requires following XML syntax rules like closing all tags, using empty element syntax, proper nesting, and lowercase tags and attribute quotes.
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Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...alexjohnson7307
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
Xml For Dummies Chapter 8 Understanding And Using Dt Ds it-slideshares.blogspot.com
1. XML For Dummies Book Author : Lucinda Dykes & Ed Tittle Slides Prepared By: Son TN Chapter 8 :Understanding and Using DTDs
2. Contents What ‘s a DTD ? Inspecting the XML Prolog Reading a DTD Using Element Declarations Declaring Attributes Understanding Notations Calling a DTD
3. 8. 1. What’s a DTD ? Document Type Definition (DTD) Defines the syntax, grammar & semantics Defines the document structure What Elements, Attributes, Entities, etc are permitted? How are the document elements related & structured? Referenced by or defined in XML documents, but it’s not XML! Enables validation of XML documents using an XML Parser. Can be referenced to by more than one XML document. DTD’s may reference other DTD’s
4. 1. What’s a DTD ? (Cont) Table 8-1 deciphers some of the terms
5. 8.1.1 When to use a DTD XML doesn’t require you to use a DTD Including DTDs in a document is to decide whether you want to jump off that particular bridge. Several reasons to use DTD: To create and manage large sets of documents for your company. To define clearly what markup may be used in certain documents and how markup should be sequenced. To provide a common frame of reference for documents that many users can share. Standardization and control are what they’re all about!
6. 8.1.2 When NOT to use a DTD You may not need to use a DTD if: You’re working with only one or a few small documents. You’re using a nonvalidating processor to handle your XML documents. Let the XML documents or data that you work with drive you toward or away from creating formal document descriptions.
7. 8.2 2. Inspecting the XML Prolog The XML prolog is the first thing that a processor — or human eye, for that matter — sees in an XML document An XML prolog may include the following items XML declaration DOCTYPE declaration Comments Processing instructions White space The XML declaration.
8. 8.2.1 Examining the XML declaration A declaration is markup that tells an XML processor what to do. Declarations don’t add structure or define document elements. They provide instructions for a processor, such as what type of document to process and what standards to use. The XML declaration can include version, encoding, and/or standalone attributes: This is an XML document. The version of XML is XML 1.0. The character encoding is UTF-8. An external document may be needed to complete the document content (standalone=”no”). <?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8” standalone=”no”?>
9. 8.2.2 Discovering the DOCTYPE The document type (DOCTYPE) declaration is markup that tells the processor where it can find a specific DTD. Here’s the basic markup of a DOCTYPE declaration: <!DOCTYPE marks the start of the DOCTYPE declaration. Books is the name of the DTD used. SYSTEM “bookstore.dtd” tells the processor to fetch an external document — in this case, a file named bookstore.dtd. <!DOCTYPE books SYSTEM “bookstore.dtd”>
10. 8.2.3 Understanding comments Comments — use them and read them! Use comments to include text that explains a document better (humans love that sort of thing) without that text being displayed — or even processed. The correct format is: You have two rules to live by when you’re using comments: Never nest a comment inside another element. Never include - (hyphen) or -- (double hyphen) within the comment text. Using comments enables you to leave human-style instructions (that is, comments) addressed to someone who reads the markup without disrupting the document’s structure. <!-- comment text --> <!-- Include your comment here -->
11. 8.2.4 Processing instructions Processing instructions are like comments addressed to machines; they provide a way to send instructions to computer programs or applications. All processing instructions follow this format: A common example of a processing instruction in XML documents is a reference to stylesheets. All processing instructions must begin with <? and end with ?>. <?name data?> <?xml:stylesheet type=”text/css” href=”bookstore.css”?>
12. 8.2.5 How about that white space? XML considers four characters to be whitespace: the carriage return ( or ch(13)), the linefeed ( or ch(10)), the tab(), and the spacebar (' '). In XML documents, there are two types of whitespace: Significant whitespace is part of the document content and should be preserved. Insignificant whitespace is used when editing XML documents for readability. The XML specification allows you to add white space outside markup; it’s ignored when the document is processed When you write markup, consider adding a line of white space between sections.
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15. 8. 4.1 Using the EMPTY element type… Empty elements are like boxes you put in place but want left empty. To use them, first you have to point them out to the processor — by declaring them. Such a declaration looks like this: In our example DTD, the source element is an empty element: If (on the other hand) you want your element to serve as a catch-all box that you can put anything in, you may want to use another type of content specification: ANY. <!ELEMENT Name EMPTY> <!ELEMENT source EMPTY>
16.
17. Allow an element to contain both text and other elements (In that case, don’t forget the asterisk!<!ELEMENT Name (#PCDATA | Child1 | Child2)*> <!ELEMENT Name #PCDATA> <!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA | publisher )*>
18. 8. 4.3 Using element content models An element content model describes the child elements that an element can contain. The basic structure is : Example The element content model uses occurrence indicators to control the order and number of times that elements can occur. <!ELEMENT Name (childName)> <!ELEMENT books (book+)> <!ELEMENT customer (custNumber, lastName, firstName, address, city, state, zip, phone, email)>
19. 8. 4.4 Declaring Attributes You need to include attribute-list declarations in your DTD whenever you want elements to use associated attributes. The attribute-list declaration lists all attributes that may be used within a given element and also defines each attribute’s type and default value. The basic format for an attribute-list declaration is: Example The following list defines the terms that appear in attribute-list declarations: Element name Attribute name Datatype (CDATA, or character data , ID, IDREF, IDREFS, ENTITY, ENTITIES , NMTOKEN, NMTOKENS, NOTATION, Enumrated list Default value (#REQUIRED, #IMPLIED , #FIXED , value) <!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name datatypedefaultvalue> <!ATTLIST customer custType CDATA #REQUIRED> <!ATTLIST price priceType (Retail | Wholesale) #REQUIRED>
20. 8. 4.5 Discovering Entities An entity declaration defines an alias for a block of text. You can attach a name to a specific block of text and then insert the whole block by using just one name. An entity declaration in a DTD looks like this: entityNameis the name of the entity and is used to call up the replacement Text in your document. The two main classifications of entities are general entities and parameter entities. A general entity is an abbreviation for data that becomes part of the content of an XML document. A parameter entity is an abbreviation for data that becomes part of the content of a DTD. <!ENTITY entityName“replacementText”>
21. 8. 4.6 General entities The XML specification supports two types of general entities: Internal entities hold their values in the entity declaration external entities point to an external file. Internal entities To declare a general internal entity, you must use the following syntax: Or <!ENTITY entityName“replacementText”> <!ENTITY store1 “River Valley Center”> Five commonly used internal entities are already defined as part of XML
22. 8. 4.6 General entities (cont) External entities External entities help you integrate external documents and files into your XML document. In general, you use them in one of two ways: As a mechanism to divide your document into logical pieces. To reference images, multimedia clips, and other non-XML files. To declare an external entity, you use the following syntax: Use the following syntax to refer to a public identifier not stored on your system The benefit of using external entities is that they’re reusable. They are subject to three important limitations: You can’t use an entity before you define it. Your entity references have to do something. The entity has to refer to data that’s in the XML document. <!ENTITY entityNameSYSTEM “system-identifier”> <!ENTITY entityNamePUBLIC “system-identifier”>
23. 8. 4.7 Parameter entities A parameter entity Is an entity that is created specifically for the purpose of helping you use shortcuts when you write a DTD. They don’t refer to content in XML documents at all. Parameter entities may also be internal or external. Internal entities : Internal parameter entities work well to eliminate the need to repeat commonly used element and attribute declarations. Parameter entities must be declared before they can be used. The general syntax for an internal parameter entity declaration: External entities : Use external parameter entities to carve DTDs into bite-size bits of declarations that are easy to read and manipulate. You can then save each bit in a separate file and create a single parameter entity in the master DTD that points to each individual file. <!ENTITY % entityName “replacementText”>
24. 8. 4.7 Parameter entities External entities : These kinds of parameter entities are called external parameter entity references because they refer to information that’s external to the DTD in which they appear. <-- Master DTD for book information, sales data, and customer information --> <!ENTITY % Bks SYSTEM “book.dtd”> <!ENTITY % Sls SYSTEM “sales.dtd”> <!ENTITY % Cust SYSTEM “customer.dtd”> %Bks; %Sls; %Cust;
25. 8. 5. Understanding Notations In XML, you may come across data that you would like to include in your documents that is not XML. Notations allow you to include that data in your documents by describing the format it and allowing your application to recognize and handle it. The format for a notation is: The name identifies the format used in the document, and the external_id identifies the notation - usually with MIME-types. For example, to include a GIF image in your XML document: You can also use a "public" identifier, instead of "system". <!NOTATION name system "external_ID"> <!NOTATION GIF system "image/gif"> <!NOTATION GIF public "-//IETF/NOSGML Media Type image/gif//EN" "http://www.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types/image/gif">
26. 8. 5. Calling a DTD DTDs come in two flavors: internal and external. Internal DTDs are entirely contained in the XML prolog of an XML document. External DTDs are contained in an external file and are referenced in the DOCTYPE declaration of an XML document.
27. 8. 5.1 Internal DTDs If your DTD is short and simple, and you don’t need to include it in a large group of XML documents, you may want to use it as an internal DTD. To add an internal DTD to your XML document, you include it within the DOCTYPE declaration Example <!DOCTYPE rootElement [ ... the entire DTD goes here ... ] <?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”?> <!DOCTYPE books [ <!ELEMENT books (book+, totalCost, customer)> <!ELEMENT book (bookInfo, salesInfo)> ... ] <books> <book contentType=”Fiction” format=”Hardback”> <bookInfo> ...
28. 8. 5.2 External DTDs Using external DTDs is a great idea, because you can then share a single DTD among any group of XML documents. To use an external DTD with an XML document, simply reference the external DTD in the DOCTYPE declaration in the XML prolog of your XML document. Example <!DOCTYPE rootElement SYSTEM dtd.url> <?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8” standalone=”no”?> <!DOCTYPE books SYSTEM “bookstore.dtd”> <books> ...
29. 8. 5.3 When to use an internal or external DTD The inside view: Internal DTD subsets A single file processes faster than multiple files. Validity and well-formedness are kept in the same place. You can use internal DTDs on a local system without connecting to the Internet Calling for outside support: Referencing external DTDs They’re recyclable They’re versatile They’re easy to change. They’re timesavers. Two are sometimes better than one Combining DTDs isn’t much different. Live by these two major rules when mixing these two types of DTDs: An XML processor always reads the internal subset first. Entities declared in the internal subset can be referenced in the external subset.
30. 8.6 Summary Defining DTDs Knowing when and why to use a DTD Using an XML prolog Exploring an XML DTD Declaring elements and their attributes Declaring an entity Noting notations Including internal and external DTDs Choosing between internal and external DTDs