This document discusses basic terminology related to xenobiotic metabolism, including endogenous, exogenous, xenobiotic, contaminant, and toxicant substances. It describes sources of xenobiotic exposure like pollutants, drugs, and plant products. The document focuses on the biotransformation of xenobiotics, including phase I and phase II reactions. Key enzymes like cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugation reactions involving glucuronidation and sulfation are explained in detail.
Biotransformation of Xenobiotics (Drugs/toxicant Metabolism)Fateh Mohammad
This presentation is about the drug metabolism or dexotification of chemicals and drugs. This will help for those who are in pharmaceutical industry or studying toxicology
The shikimate pathway was discovered as the biosynthetic route to the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
This pathway has been found only in microorganisms and plants. Phenylalanine and tryptophan are essential components of animal diets, and animals synthesize tyrosine in a single step from phenylalanine.
Biotransformation of Xenobiotics (Drugs/toxicant Metabolism)Fateh Mohammad
This presentation is about the drug metabolism or dexotification of chemicals and drugs. This will help for those who are in pharmaceutical industry or studying toxicology
The shikimate pathway was discovered as the biosynthetic route to the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.
This pathway has been found only in microorganisms and plants. Phenylalanine and tryptophan are essential components of animal diets, and animals synthesize tyrosine in a single step from phenylalanine.
metabolism of xenobiotis, drugs, medicine, carcinogen generation by enzymes like cyt p450 mono oxigenases, prostaglandin synthase ect. alcohol metabolism, toxin metabolism, definition of genobiotics, biotransformation, detoxification. effects on health
The term neurotoxicity refers to damage to the brain or peripheral nervous system caused by exposure to natural or man-made toxic substances. These toxins can alter the activity of the nervous system in ways that can disrupt or kill nerves.
This presentation is about the Biotransformation of toxicants in very effective way.
I hope you all will like it,,,
Don't forget to remember me in your precious Dua,,,
metabolism of xenobiotis, drugs, medicine, carcinogen generation by enzymes like cyt p450 mono oxigenases, prostaglandin synthase ect. alcohol metabolism, toxin metabolism, definition of genobiotics, biotransformation, detoxification. effects on health
The term neurotoxicity refers to damage to the brain or peripheral nervous system caused by exposure to natural or man-made toxic substances. These toxins can alter the activity of the nervous system in ways that can disrupt or kill nerves.
This presentation is about the Biotransformation of toxicants in very effective way.
I hope you all will like it,,,
Don't forget to remember me in your precious Dua,,,
Microbial Biotransformation of Pesticides(xenobiotics).pptxAliya Fathima Ilyas
* Biotransformation is the chemical modification made by an organism on a chemical compound, often associated with change in pharmacologic and toxicologic activity.
Chemical conversion of a substance mediated by living organisms or enzymes
Can result in DETOXIFICATION and BIOACTIVATION
Vital to survive
Key in defense mechanism
This PowerPoint presentation includes all the necessary points regarding xenobiotics in a well organised and concised way which will help students to frameout before before getting into details.
This presentation tackles the growing problem of chronic toxicity and its effects on living systems, including the living system that is you. It describes toxin types, detoxification pathways, and a systems medicine model for supporting your body's detox capacity, and for thinking about what's really needed to reduce the pollution we're spewing into the world.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
Ergothioneine- High Purity Stable, Safe and Effective Natural Antioxidant.docx李斌 林
Nutritioningredient.com-Factory Supply L-Ergothioneine(EGT) Powder 9%from Golden Mushroom Extract in many foods.
Ergothioneine CAS 497-30-3 Manufacturer & Supplier – Green Stone. Looking for L-Ergothioneine Price. Quality Standards. Get a quick quote now!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. Basic Terminology
Endogenous: denotes a substance made within the body
Exogenous: denotes a substance entering from outside the
body
Xenobiotic: Any exogenous substance normally not found
in the body
Contaminant: An exogenous xenobiotic that is considered
undesirable
Toxicant: A xenobiotic contaminant that is potentially
hazardous to health
Anthropogenic: Any substance produced by human activity
5. BIOTRANSFORMATION
Enzymatic processes in liver & other tissues that
modify the structure of xenobiotics, render them more
water soluble, increase their elimination & decrease
their half life
Biotransformed metabolites are chemically different
from the parent molecule
11. Important features
Systematic nomenclature
Like Hb, they are hemoproteins
Wide distribution across species
Highest amount seen in intestine & enterocytes
Other tissues: SER membrane, mitochondria
6 isoforms present in human liver
Involvement of NADPH
Lipid component: phosphatidyl choline
15. Inhibitors of cyt P450
Used to demonstrate the involvement of cyt P450 in
metabolic pathways
Carbon monoxide: potent inhibitor
Development of mechanism based inhibitors (suicide
substrates): possible tactical approach to drug design
32. PHASE 2
REACTIONS
Biosynthesis of polar,
hydrophilic metabolites
eliminated in urine or
bile
Require cofactors &
endogenous substrates
ATP dependent
33. 1)GLUCURONIDATION
Major phase -2
pathway in all mammals
except cats
Conjugation with
glucuronic acid
Mediated by UDP-GT
Detoxication or
bioactivation
Large increase in
hydrophilicity
72. Glycoside Formation
Glucuronidation & Glucosidation
Most important & widespread form of conjugation
1. Found in plants, animals &
microorganisms
2. Reactive intermediates formed from
glucose
3. Ability to react with wide range of
functional groups
75. Species Differences In
Glycosylation Patterns
Glucuronidation is a major pathway in vertebrates
(except for cat family)
Glucosidation is a major pathway in plants &
invertebrates
However some glucosidation occurs in mammals
76. Types Of GlucuronidationReactions
Site of action: an electron rich
nucleophilic heteroatom
O- glucuronides(alcohols):
naphthol, chloramphenicol,
codeine, estrone
O- glucuronides(carboxylic acid &
esters): Bilirubin, diclofenac,
naproxen
N- glucuronides: Aniline,
benzidine, amitryptiline
S- glucuronides:
diethyldithiocarbamate,
thiophenol
C- glucuronides: Phenylbutazone,
sulfinpyrazone
