TechBook: EMC VPLEX Metro Witness Technology and High Availability EMC
This TechBook describes how implementation of EMC VPLEX leads to a higher level of availability. It also introduces VPLEX High Availability and the VPLEX Witness.
Learn about the Program Directory For CBPDO Installation and ServerPac Reference z/OS.This Program Directory addresses the installation of z/OS Version 1 release 13, which is also referred to as z/OS V1.13.0. This Program Directory is intended for the system programmer who is responsible for installing the z/OS Version 1 Release 13 elements using the CBPDO delivery option. If you are installing z/OS V1.13.0 with ServerPac, use the book ServerPac: Installing Your Order, which is shipped with your ServerPac to install z/OS. That book might refer to specific sections of this Program Directory for information that applies to the ServerPac installation path. For more information on IBM System z, visit http://ibm.co/PNo9Cb.
Visit http://on.fb.me/LT4gdu to 'Like' the official Facebook page of IBM India Smarter Computing.
TechBook: EMC VPLEX Metro Witness Technology and High Availability EMC
This TechBook describes how implementation of EMC VPLEX leads to a higher level of availability. It also introduces VPLEX High Availability and the VPLEX Witness.
Learn about the Program Directory For CBPDO Installation and ServerPac Reference z/OS.This Program Directory addresses the installation of z/OS Version 1 release 13, which is also referred to as z/OS V1.13.0. This Program Directory is intended for the system programmer who is responsible for installing the z/OS Version 1 Release 13 elements using the CBPDO delivery option. If you are installing z/OS V1.13.0 with ServerPac, use the book ServerPac: Installing Your Order, which is shipped with your ServerPac to install z/OS. That book might refer to specific sections of this Program Directory for information that applies to the ServerPac installation path. For more information on IBM System z, visit http://ibm.co/PNo9Cb.
Visit http://on.fb.me/LT4gdu to 'Like' the official Facebook page of IBM India Smarter Computing.
wxFormBuilder - Tutorial on “A GUI for making GUIs” for PythonUmar Yusuf
wxFormBuilder - Tutorial on “A GUI for making GUIs” for Python
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) in Python are commonly created using Tk via the Tkinter package. However, at the moment of writing this post, designing GUI via the Tkinter package is done purely in code (python syntax) which means that a simple dialog window may consist of approximately 100+ lines of code.
Wouldn’t it be pleasant if we had a visual tool for making GUIs? That is “A GUI for making GUIs”. Creating GUI with code (WxPython) is too tedious work and it requires lots of attention and time. With WXFormBuilder, you create GUI much faster and efficiently in less time. In most cases this is faster than writing this code by hand.
That is what ‘wxFormBuilder’ is set to realize. WxFormBuilder is a Rapid Application Development (RAD) tool for wxWidgets GUI design. It is an open source GUI designer application for wxWidgets toolkit, which allows creating cross-platform applications.
WxFormBuilder allows you to design your GUIs visually and save them in a wxFormBuilder Project File - *.fbp file (which is just an XML file listing every component in your GUI and defining each component’s properties). Then, the *.fbp file can be converted automatically into a Python *.py file ready to be imported into your Python program. It also serves as Source code generation other programming languages are supported such as: C++, PHP, Lua and XRC.
Tutorial objective:
I will guide you through the basics of wxFormBuilder as used with wxPython generated code. The goal is for you to build a usable First GUI in Python.
Map Coloring and Some of Its Applications MD SHAH ALAM
This is a research paper which I have conducted at the final year of undergrad study and got 4.00/4.00. It is mainly related to graph theory and has many applications in practical life.
In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.Graph theory is also important in real life.
Notes for C++ Programming / Object Oriented C++ Programming for MCA, BCA and ...ssuserd6b1fd
C++ programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
01 of 02 parts
Get Part 2 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/introduction-to-c-programming-for-beginners-by-arunumrao-2-of-2-250786026
Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming,
Think Like Scilab and Become a Numerical Programming Expert- Notes for Beginn...ssuserd6b1fd
Notes for Scilab Programming. This notes includes the mathematics used behind scilab numerical programming. Illustrated with suitable graphics and examples. Each function is explained well with complete example. Helpful to beginners. GUI programming is also explained.
wxFormBuilder - Tutorial on “A GUI for making GUIs” for PythonUmar Yusuf
wxFormBuilder - Tutorial on “A GUI for making GUIs” for Python
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) in Python are commonly created using Tk via the Tkinter package. However, at the moment of writing this post, designing GUI via the Tkinter package is done purely in code (python syntax) which means that a simple dialog window may consist of approximately 100+ lines of code.
Wouldn’t it be pleasant if we had a visual tool for making GUIs? That is “A GUI for making GUIs”. Creating GUI with code (WxPython) is too tedious work and it requires lots of attention and time. With WXFormBuilder, you create GUI much faster and efficiently in less time. In most cases this is faster than writing this code by hand.
That is what ‘wxFormBuilder’ is set to realize. WxFormBuilder is a Rapid Application Development (RAD) tool for wxWidgets GUI design. It is an open source GUI designer application for wxWidgets toolkit, which allows creating cross-platform applications.
WxFormBuilder allows you to design your GUIs visually and save them in a wxFormBuilder Project File - *.fbp file (which is just an XML file listing every component in your GUI and defining each component’s properties). Then, the *.fbp file can be converted automatically into a Python *.py file ready to be imported into your Python program. It also serves as Source code generation other programming languages are supported such as: C++, PHP, Lua and XRC.
Tutorial objective:
I will guide you through the basics of wxFormBuilder as used with wxPython generated code. The goal is for you to build a usable First GUI in Python.
Map Coloring and Some of Its Applications MD SHAH ALAM
This is a research paper which I have conducted at the final year of undergrad study and got 4.00/4.00. It is mainly related to graph theory and has many applications in practical life.
In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.Graph theory is also important in real life.
Notes for C++ Programming / Object Oriented C++ Programming for MCA, BCA and ...ssuserd6b1fd
C++ programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
01 of 02 parts
Get Part 2 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/introduction-to-c-programming-for-beginners-by-arunumrao-2-of-2-250786026
Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming, Introduction to c++ programming,
Think Like Scilab and Become a Numerical Programming Expert- Notes for Beginn...ssuserd6b1fd
Notes for Scilab Programming. This notes includes the mathematics used behind scilab numerical programming. Illustrated with suitable graphics and examples. Each function is explained well with complete example. Helpful to beginners. GUI programming is also explained.
Basic ForTran Programming - for Beginners - An Introduction by Arun Umraossuserd6b1fd
ForTran Programming Notes for Beginners. With complete example. Covers full syllabus. Well structured and commented for easy - self understanding. Good for Senior Secondary Students.
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 1 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
Notes for c programming for mca, bca, b. tech cse, ece and msc (cs) 1 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
01 of 03 parts
Get Part 2 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/notes-for-c-programming-for-bca-mca-b-sc-msc-be-amp-btech-1st-year-2
Get Part 3 from https://www.slideshare.net/ArunUmrao/notes-for-c-programming-for-bca-mca-b-sc-msc-be-amp-btech-1st-year-3
C is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, while a static type system prevents unintended operations. C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such applications include operating systems and various application software for computers, from supercomputers to PLCs and embedded system.
Java Programming Notes for Beginners by Arun Umraossuserd6b1fd
Shot notes for quick revision. Not explained extensively but suitable for last night preparation. Fit for CBSE Class XII board students for their last minute preparation.
How use Modelica? Read this note for better understanding. Professionally written and explained. Good for software development by beginners in Modelica .
Functions
Function
Type of Function
Algebraic Function
Trigonometric Function
Logarithmic Function
Integral Function
Rational Fraction
Rational Function
Explicie & Implicit Function
Unique Values of Function
Odd & Even Function
Properties of Odd-Even Functions
Homogeneous Function
Linear Function
Inverse Function
Sampling of Function
Piece-wise Function
Sketch the Function
Straight Line
Domain & Range
Ordered Pairs
Ordered Pairs from Function
Function in Different Domains
Increasing-Decreasing Function
Modulo Function
Sub-equations of Modulo Function
Inequality
Inequalities
Properties of Inequalities
Transitivity
Addition and subtraction
Multiplication and Division
Additive inverse
Multiplicative Inverse
Interval Notion In Inequality
Answer Set
For Real Numbers
For Integers
Compound Statements
Linear Inequality
Quadratic Inequality
Quotients and Absolute Inequalities
Energy & Work, Measurement of Energy, Measurement of Energy, Kilo Watt Hour, Energy, Energy Exchange, Methods of Energy Exchange, Type of Energy Source, Energy Equilibrium, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat Capacity, Heat Exchange, Phases of Matter, Latent Energy, Work, Work In Linear Motion, Work Energy Relation, Work In Vertical Motion, Efficiency, Efficiency, Efficiency in Parallel Network, Efficiency in Series Network, Gain
Polynomial (poly), Polynomial Division (pdiv), Residue (residu), Roots of Polynomial (roots) Roots of Quadratic Equation Roots of Polynomials, Simplification (simp), Flip Matrix Dimension (flipdim), Permutation (permute), Matrix Replication (repmat), Cumulative Product (cumprod), Cumulative Summation (cumsum), Kronekar Product (kron), Product (prod), Summation (sum) . Matrices, Determinant, Transpose Matrix, Diagonal Matrix, Identity Matrix, Inverse of Matrix, Normalization of Matrix, Normalzation Factor (norm), Permutation & Transpositi . Interpolation, Lineary Interpolation (interp), Two Data Linear Interpolation (interpln), Linear Interpolation (linear interpn) . Symbolic, Symbolic Addition (addf), Symbolic Left Division (ldivf), Symbolic Multiplication (mulf), Symbolic Right Division (rdivf), Symbolie Subtraction (subf) Special Functions . Bessel Function, Bessel Function of Second Kind (besselj), Bessel Function of Second Kind (bessely), Bessel Function of First Kind (besseli), Hyperbolic Bessel Function of Second Kind (besselk), Bessel Function as Hankel Function (besselh) . Beta Function (beta) . Gamma Function (gamma)
, Logarithm of Gamma Function (gammaln) . Legendre Function (legendre) . Error Functions, Calculate Error (calerf), Error Function (erf), Complementary Error Function (erfc), Inverse Error Function (erfinv) Directory & Files . Directory Operation, Change Directory (chdir), Create Directory (createdir), List Current Directory (dir), Whether A Directory (isdir), List Current Directory (ls), Make Directory (mkdir), Present Working Directory (pwd), Remove Directory (removedir), Remove Directory (rmdir), Base Name of File (basename), Directory name (dirname), Extension Name (fileext), Parts of File (fileparts), Path Separator (filesep), Fill File Name (fullfile), Full File Path (fullpath), Drives In System (getdrives), Temporary Name (tempname) . file, Open a file (file), Close a file (file), Copy File (copyfile), Delete File (deletefile), File Information (fileinfo), Search Files (findfiles), Write Matrix to File (fprintfMat), Read Matrix from File (fscanfMat), Is It A File (isfile), Close a File Stream (mclose), Delete a File (mdelete), Check End of File (meof), Write Data to File (mfprintf), Read Data Stream (mfscanf), Read Line By Line (mgetl), Open File Stream (mopen), Move File (movefile), Write Bytes to Stream (mput), Current Position of Binary File (mseek), Length of Passed Data (mtell), Environment (getenv), Process ID (getpid), Stop Execution (halt), Prompt The Message (input), Read From a File (read), Set Environment (setenv), Write Formatted Output to File (write) Strings . String Operations, ASCII, Blanks, Convret To String (convstr), Empty String (emptystr), Evaluate (eval), Array Index (grep), Is Argument Alphabets or Numeric (isalphanum), Is Argument Digit (isdigit), Is Argument Letter (isletter),
Errors Contents,Errors, Measurements, Estimates and Errors, Accuracy & Precision, Discrepancy Acceptance & Measured Value Why Errors are Absolute? Errors, Calculation of Errors, Limitation of Errors, Error By Calculus, Application of Error Analysis, Rounding Off Errors, Error in Sample Measurements, Definitions
Motion, Body May Have Many Types of Energies, Linear Motion, Straight Path Motion Displacement, Velocity Distance Speed, Direction Plane Uniform Motion Average Speed, Average Velocity Non Uniform Motion Instantaneous Velocity And Instantaneous Speed Acceleration Single Variable Motion Motion In Cartesian Plane, Derivative of Unit Vector, Newton’s Law Of Motion, Net Force Equations of Motion In Horizontal Plane, Motion In Vertical Plane Effect Of Center of Mass In Vertical Motion, Velocity Curve, Linear Velocity Curve, Vertical Throw, Vertical Drop Relative Velocity Equations of Motions for Relative Motion Motion in River, First Type, Second Type Motion in Lift Lift is In Rest Lift Moving Upward Direction Lift Moving Downward Direction, Motion of Parachute Friction, Walking Man Coefficient of Friction, What is R?, Object at Rest, Object is About to Move, Object is Moving Why μk < μs?, Arun of Mo of Mo V ti V ti Umrao tion In H tion In H l Pl l Pl, MOTION, Angle of Friction Angle of Repose, Law of Dry Friction, Rolling & Sliding Wheal, Motion of Coupled Objects System Is In Rest, System is In Motion, Impulse Energy Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy Total Mechanical Energy, Potential Energy Graph, Momentum, Conservation of Momentum Rebounding of particle, Explosion of particle, Collision Oblique Collisions Rules of Elastic Collision Perfect Plastic Collision, Conservation of Momentum of Varying particle Mass, Momentum & Newton’s Law of Motion First Law, Second Law Third Law Two Dimensional Collisions, Scattering Angle After Collision
Expression, Index Expression, Reshape Elements (reshape), Is Element an Index (isindex) Arithmetic Operators Addition & Subtraction, Multiplication, Division Power, Unary Operations Left Division (ldivide) Matrix Left Division (mldivide), Subtraction (minus), Matrix Power (mpower), Matrix Right Division (mrdivide) Recursive Product (mtimes), Element-wise Recursive Product (times) Element-wise Right Division (rdivide), Addition of Elements (plus), Power (power) Unary Subtraction (uminus), Unary Addition (uplus), Comparison Operator Equals (eq) Greater Than or Equal (ge), Greater Than (gt) Is Arguments are Equal (isequal) Less Than or Equal (le), Less Than (lt) Not Equals (ne), Evaluation, Arithmetic, Absolute Value (abs), Ceiling (ceil), Truncate Fraction (fix) Geometry, Cartesian to Polar Conversion (cartpol), Polar to Cartesian Conversion (polcart), Spherical to Cartesian Conversion (sphcart), Cartesian to Spherical Conversion (cartsph), Logarithm, Natural Logarithm (log), Logarithm Base Ten (log), Unit Increment Logarithm (logp), Binary Base Logarithm (log) Exponential Base (e), Matrix, Transpose of Matrix (transpose) Complex Conjugate Transpose of Matrix (ctranspose) Dot Product (dot) Cross Product (cross) Determinant (det) Identity Matrix (eye), Eigenvalues (eig), Eigens (eigs), Inverse of Matrix (inv) Linear Equation Solver (linsolve) Type of Matrix (matrix type) Normalized Matrix (norm), Null Space Matrix (null), Orthogonal Basis (orth), Rank of Matrix (rank) Trace of Matrix (trace), Cholesky Matrix (chol), Inverse Cholesky Matrix (cholinv), Matrix Exponential (expm), Logarithmic Matrix (logm), Square Root of Matrix (sqrtm), Kronecker Product (kron) Diagonal Matrix (diag), Single Value Decomposition (svd) Lower Upper Decomposition (lu) Lower Upper Composition (qr), Length of Matrix (length) Special Functions, Bessel Function of First Kind (besselj), Bessel Function of Second Kind (bessely), Hyperbolic Bessel Function of First Kind (besseli) Hyperbolic Bessel Function of Second Kind (besselk), Bessel Function as Hankel Function (besselh), Beta Function (beta), Gamma Function (gamma), Error Function (erf), Complementary Error Function (erfc), Inverse Error Function (erfinv), Legendre Function (legendre) Differentiation Derivative (diff), Linear ODE Solver (lsode) Options For Linear ODE Solver (lsode options) Differential Algebraic System Solver (dassl) Differential Algebraic System Solver Options (dassl options) Differential Algebraic Equations (daspk) Differential Algebraic Equations Options (daspk oot Solver Options (dasrt options) Integration Quadratic Integration (quad) Vectorized Quadratic Integration (quadv), Quadratic Lobatto’s Integration (quadl) Quadratic Gauss-Kronrod Integration (quadgk) Quadratic Clenshaw-Curtis Integration
Expression, Index Expression, Reshape Elements (reshape), Is Element an Index (isindex) Arithmetic Operators Addition & Subtraction, Multiplication, Division Power, Unary Operations Left Division (ldivide) Matrix Left Division (mldivide), Subtraction (minus), Matrix Power (mpower), Matrix Right Division (mrdivide) Recursive Product (mtimes), Element-wise Recursive Product (times) Element-wise Right Division (rdivide), Addition of Elements (plus), Power (power) Unaryn or Equal (le), Less Than (lt) Not Equals (ne), Evaluation, Arithmetic, Absolute Value (abs), Ceiling (ceil), Truncate Fraction (fix) Geometry, Cartesian to Polar Conversion (cartpol), Polar to Cartesian Conversion (polcart), Spherical to Cartesian Conversion (sphcart), Cartesian to Spherical Conversion (cartsph), Logarithm, Natural Logarithm (log), Logarithm Base Ten (log), Unit Increment Logarithm (logp), Binary Base Logarithm (log) Exponential Base (e), Matrix, Transpose of Matrix (transpose) Complex Conjugate Transpose of Matrix (ctranspose) Dot Product (dot) Cross Product (cross) Determinant (det) Identity Matrix (eye), Eigenvalues (eig), Eigens (eigs), Inverse of Matrix (inv) Linear Equation Solver (linsolve) Type of Matrix (matrix type) Normalized Matrix (norm), Null Space Matrix (null), Orthogonal Basis (orth), Rank of Matrix (rank) Trace of Matrix (trace), Cholesky Matrix (chol), Inverse Cholesky Matrix (cholinv), Matrix Exponential (expm), Logarithmic Matrix (logm), Square Root of Matrix (sqrtm), Kronecker Product (kron) Diagonal Matrix (diag), Single Value Decomposition (svd) Lower Upper Decomposition (lu) Lower Upper Composition (qr), Length of Matrix (length) Special Functions, Bessel Function of First Kind (besselj), Bessel Function of Second Kind (bessely), Hyperbolic Bessel Function of First Kind (besseli) Hyperbolic Bessel Function of Second Kind (besselk), Bessel Function as Hankel Function (besselh), Beta Function (beta), Gamma Function (gamma), Error Function (erf), Complementary Error Function (erfc), Inverse Error Function (erfinv), Legendre Function (legendre) Differentiation Derivative (diff), Linear ODE Solver (lsode) Options For Linear ODE Solver (lsode options) Differential Algebraic System Solver (dassl) Differential Algebraic System Solver Options (dassl options) Differential Algebraic Equations (daspk) Differential Algebraic Equations Options (daspk options) Differential Algebraic System Root Solver (dasrt), Differential Algebraic System Root Solver Options (dasrt options) Integration Quadratic Integration (quad) Vectorized Quadratic Integration (quadv), Quadratic Lobatto’s Integration (quadl) Quadratic Gauss-Kronrod Integration (quadgk) Quadratic Clenshaw-Curtis Integration
Force and its application for k12 studentsArun Umrao
Force changes the state of body. If body is in rest and a force is applied on it, body came in motion. Similarly, a force bring a body to rest from its motion if applied force is in opposite direction to the direction of momentum of the body. Unit of force is Kg m/s2 . Second unit of force is Newton represented by N, honoring to Sir James Newton. Mass of a body is m and force F is applied on it then mass force relation is F = ma (1) While we discuss the physics’ rule, we always take ideal conditions not real one. For ex- ample, in Newton’s force law, “body” means tiny, round, symmetrical particle of sufficient large mass but not too much small in size. Its center of mass lies at its center. As the “size” of body increases, the environmental phenomenon shall affect the motion of body in several ways, by means of frictional or drag force.
Electric Field Contents 1 Electric Field 3 1.1 Electric Field . 3 1.1.1 Electric Field (Quantitatively Approach) 3 1.1.2 Electric Dipole 6 1.1.3 Electric Field Due To Electric Dipole 6 1.1.4 3-Dimensional Electric Field Problems . 16 1.2 Numerical Computation . 20 1.2.1 Electric Field . 20 1.2.2 Electric Potential . 24 1.3 Displacement Field 26 1.4 Electric Force . 27 1.4.1 Electric Dipole in Electric Field . 27 1.4.2 Oil Drop Experiment . 32 1.5 Charge Density 34 1.6 Motion of Charged Particle in Electric Field 34 1.6.1 Motion of Charge in Uniform Electric Field 34 1.7 Relative Permittivity . 37 1.8 Electric Field Due To Charge Distribution . 37 1.8.1 Charged Rod At Axial Position . 38 1.8.2 Charged Rod On Equatorial Position 39 1.8.3 Charged Rod On Un-Symmetrical Position . 42 1.8.4 Charged Ring At Position On Its Axis . 45 1.8.5 Charged Disk On Its Axis 46 1.8.6 Cavity in a Non-Conducting Sphere . 49 1.9 Electric Force on Surface of Conductor
What is function? 1. A function f relates with each element of x of a set, say Df , with exactly one element y of another set, say Rf . 2. Df is called domain of function f. 3. Rf is called range of function f. 4. x is independent variable. 5. y is called dependent variable.
Angular Motion Contents 1 Angular Motion 3 1.1 Rigid Body 3 1.1.1 Axis of Rotation . 3 1.1.2 Moment of Force . 4 1.1.3 Equilibrium & Stability . 7 1.1.4 Equilibrium Point 8 1.1.5 Equilibrium of Moment of Force 9 1.1.6 Center of Mass 10 Reduction Method 11 Vector Form . 14 Cartesian Method 15 Calculus Method . 18 Sign Conventions . 19 Objects of Non-Homogeneous Form 20 Homogeneous Object With Varying Density 24 1.1.7 Radius of Gyration 24 1.1.8 Center of Gravity . 27 Reduced Mass 28 1.2 Angular Motion 28 1.2.1 Angular Velocity . 29 1.2.2 Linear Velocity & Angular Velocity . 29 1.2.3 Linear & Angular Accelerations . 30 1.2.4 Angular Momentum - Moment of Momentum . 30 1.2.5 Rolling of Object . 35 1.2.6 Angular Motion In Inclined Plane . 36 1.2.7 Power in Rotational Motion . 38 1.3 Inertia . 38 1.3.1 Moment of Inertia 39 1.3.2 Law of Inertia . 39 Law of Parallel Axis . 39 Law of Perpendicular Axis 42 1.3.3 Relation Between Torque and Inertia 43 1.3.4 Moment of Inertia of Rod 45 1.3.5 Moment of Inertia of Rectangular Body 49 1.3.6 Moment of Inertia of Ring 50 1.3.7 Moment of Inertia of Disk 50 1.3.8 Moment of Inertia of Solid Sphere . 53 1.3.9 Moment of Inertia of Cylinder . 56 1.4 Energy . 66 1.4.1 Angular Kinetic Energy .
It’s definition varies from person to person. Success is achievment against set targets. So, definition of success is different for different persons as their targets are different. Some persons think being a teacher is success of their life. Some choose to be a doctors. And some choose to be professionals.
Energy Source and Power Source. Condition for energy source or power source. 4 0.1 Energy Energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to a body or physical system to perform work on the body. Its SI unit is Joule and also referred as Calorie. 0.1.1 Energy Source An energy source has capacity to supply the desired quantity of energy at a steady rate over a long period of time. Ideally, energy of source declines with time and in long and finite duration, its energy decreases to zero. In reality, no energy source can have infinite energy. Total energy (E) of an energy source in infinite time duration is finite. 0 < E < ∞ Power of an energy source is non zero initially but after sufficient long time, power becomes zero as energy exhausted. For infinite duration, average total power is zero. Pavg = lim t=∞ P Et t = E ∞ = 0 X Et = E is finite energy in infinite time.
The accuracy of an instrument is the extent to which the reading it gives might be wrong. Accuracy is often quoted as a percentage of the full-scale deflection (f.s.d.) of the instrument.
Why error in science are always positive (absolute) not negative, Errors means unfit to accept or useless for the purpose or not acceptable for good trade practice. Unfit to accept or useless for purpose or not acceptable for good trade practice are have both positive or negative observations.Due to above reasons, we always take ERRORS as Absolute Value (Positive in All Cases) irrespective of they are positive or negative. ERRORS ARE ALWAYS ERRORS.
How Does XfilesPro Ensure Security While Sharing Documents in Salesforce?XfilesPro
Worried about document security while sharing them in Salesforce? Fret no more! Here are the top-notch security standards XfilesPro upholds to ensure strong security for your Salesforce documents while sharing with internal or external people.
To learn more, read the blog: https://www.xfilespro.com/how-does-xfilespro-make-document-sharing-secure-and-seamless-in-salesforce/
Providing Globus Services to Users of JASMIN for Environmental Data AnalysisGlobus
JASMIN is the UK’s high-performance data analysis platform for environmental science, operated by STFC on behalf of the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). In addition to its role in hosting the CEDA Archive (NERC’s long-term repository for climate, atmospheric science & Earth observation data in the UK), JASMIN provides a collaborative platform to a community of around 2,000 scientists in the UK and beyond, providing nearly 400 environmental science projects with working space, compute resources and tools to facilitate their work. High-performance data transfer into and out of JASMIN has always been a key feature, with many scientists bringing model outputs from supercomputers elsewhere in the UK, to analyse against observational or other model data in the CEDA Archive. A growing number of JASMIN users are now realising the benefits of using the Globus service to provide reliable and efficient data movement and other tasks in this and other contexts. Further use cases involve long-distance (intercontinental) transfers to and from JASMIN, and collecting results from a mobile atmospheric radar system, pushing data to JASMIN via a lightweight Globus deployment. We provide details of how Globus fits into our current infrastructure, our experience of the recent migration to GCSv5.4, and of our interest in developing use of the wider ecosystem of Globus services for the benefit of our user community.
Experience our free, in-depth three-part Tendenci Platform Corporate Membership Management workshop series! In Session 1 on May 14th, 2024, we began with an Introduction and Setup, mastering the configuration of your Corporate Membership Module settings to establish membership types, applications, and more. Then, on May 16th, 2024, in Session 2, we focused on binding individual members to a Corporate Membership and Corporate Reps, teaching you how to add individual members and assign Corporate Representatives to manage dues, renewals, and associated members. Finally, on May 28th, 2024, in Session 3, we covered questions and concerns, addressing any queries or issues you may have.
For more Tendenci AMS events, check out www.tendenci.com/events
Software Engineering, Software Consulting, Tech Lead.
Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Spring Core, Spring JDBC, Spring Security,
Spring Transaction, Spring MVC,
Log4j, REST/SOAP WEB-SERVICES.
Accelerate Enterprise Software Engineering with PlatformlessWSO2
Key takeaways:
Challenges of building platforms and the benefits of platformless.
Key principles of platformless, including API-first, cloud-native middleware, platform engineering, and developer experience.
How Choreo enables the platformless experience.
How key concepts like application architecture, domain-driven design, zero trust, and cell-based architecture are inherently a part of Choreo.
Demo of an end-to-end app built and deployed on Choreo.
Designing for Privacy in Amazon Web ServicesKrzysztofKkol1
Data privacy is one of the most critical issues that businesses face. This presentation shares insights on the principles and best practices for ensuring the resilience and security of your workload.
Drawing on a real-life project from the HR industry, the various challenges will be demonstrated: data protection, self-healing, business continuity, security, and transparency of data processing. This systematized approach allowed to create a secure AWS cloud infrastructure that not only met strict compliance rules but also exceeded the client's expectations.
Code reviews are vital for ensuring good code quality. They serve as one of our last lines of defense against bugs and subpar code reaching production.
Yet, they often turn into annoying tasks riddled with frustration, hostility, unclear feedback and lack of standards. How can we improve this crucial process?
In this session we will cover:
- The Art of Effective Code Reviews
- Streamlining the Review Process
- Elevating Reviews with Automated Tools
By the end of this presentation, you'll have the knowledge on how to organize and improve your code review proces
Field Employee Tracking System| MiTrack App| Best Employee Tracking Solution|...informapgpstrackings
Keep tabs on your field staff effortlessly with Informap Technology Centre LLC. Real-time tracking, task assignment, and smart features for efficient management. Request a live demo today!
For more details, visit us : https://informapuae.com/field-staff-tracking/
Gamify Your Mind; The Secret Sauce to Delivering Success, Continuously Improv...Shahin Sheidaei
Games are powerful teaching tools, fostering hands-on engagement and fun. But they require careful consideration to succeed. Join me to explore factors in running and selecting games, ensuring they serve as effective teaching tools. Learn to maintain focus on learning objectives while playing, and how to measure the ROI of gaming in education. Discover strategies for pitching gaming to leadership. This session offers insights, tips, and examples for coaches, team leads, and enterprise leaders seeking to teach from simple to complex concepts.
Your Digital Assistant.
Making complex approach simple. Straightforward process saves time. No more waiting to connect with people that matter to you. Safety first is not a cliché - Securely protect information in cloud storage to prevent any third party from accessing data.
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Visitor is registered and checked-in by the Receptionist
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Large Language Models and the End of ProgrammingMatt Welsh
Talk by Matt Welsh at Craft Conference 2024 on the impact that Large Language Models will have on the future of software development. In this talk, I discuss the ways in which LLMs will impact the software industry, from replacing human software developers with AI, to replacing conventional software with models that perform reasoning, computation, and problem-solving.
Climate Science Flows: Enabling Petabyte-Scale Climate Analysis with the Eart...Globus
The Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) is a global network of data servers that archives and distributes the planet’s largest collection of Earth system model output for thousands of climate and environmental scientists worldwide. Many of these petabyte-scale data archives are located in proximity to large high-performance computing (HPC) or cloud computing resources, but the primary workflow for data users consists of transferring data, and applying computations on a different system. As a part of the ESGF 2.0 US project (funded by the United States Department of Energy Office of Science), we developed pre-defined data workflows, which can be run on-demand, capable of applying many data reduction and data analysis to the large ESGF data archives, transferring only the resultant analysis (ex. visualizations, smaller data files). In this talk, we will showcase a few of these workflows, highlighting how Globus Flows can be used for petabyte-scale climate analysis.
top nidhi software solution freedownloadvrstrong314
This presentation emphasizes the importance of data security and legal compliance for Nidhi companies in India. It highlights how online Nidhi software solutions, like Vector Nidhi Software, offer advanced features tailored to these needs. Key aspects include encryption, access controls, and audit trails to ensure data security. The software complies with regulatory guidelines from the MCA and RBI and adheres to Nidhi Rules, 2014. With customizable, user-friendly interfaces and real-time features, these Nidhi software solutions enhance efficiency, support growth, and provide exceptional member services. The presentation concludes with contact information for further inquiries.
Multiple Your Crypto Portfolio with the Innovative Features of Advanced Crypt...Hivelance Technology
Cryptocurrency trading bots are computer programs designed to automate buying, selling, and managing cryptocurrency transactions. These bots utilize advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques to analyze market data, identify trading opportunities, and execute trades on behalf of their users. By automating the decision-making process, crypto trading bots can react to market changes faster than human traders
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Cyaniclab : Software Development Agency Portfolio.pdfCyanic lab
CyanicLab, an offshore custom software development company based in Sweden,India, Finland, is your go-to partner for startup development and innovative web design solutions. Our expert team specializes in crafting cutting-edge software tailored to meet the unique needs of startups and established enterprises alike. From conceptualization to execution, we offer comprehensive services including web and mobile app development, UI/UX design, and ongoing software maintenance. Ready to elevate your business? Contact CyanicLab today and let us propel your vision to success with our top-notch IT solutions.
Globus Connect Server Deep Dive - GlobusWorld 2024Globus
We explore the Globus Connect Server (GCS) architecture and experiment with advanced configuration options and use cases. This content is targeted at system administrators who are familiar with GCS and currently operate—or are planning to operate—broader deployments at their institution.
Developing Distributed High-performance Computing Capabilities of an Open Sci...Globus
COVID-19 had an unprecedented impact on scientific collaboration. The pandemic and its broad response from the scientific community has forged new relationships among public health practitioners, mathematical modelers, and scientific computing specialists, while revealing critical gaps in exploiting advanced computing systems to support urgent decision making. Informed by our team’s work in applying high-performance computing in support of public health decision makers during the COVID-19 pandemic, we present how Globus technologies are enabling the development of an open science platform for robust epidemic analysis, with the goal of collaborative, secure, distributed, on-demand, and fast time-to-solution analyses to support public health.
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Les Buildpacks existent depuis plus de 10 ans ! D’abord, ils étaient utilisés pour détecter et construire une application avant de la déployer sur certains PaaS. Ensuite, nous avons pu créer des images Docker (OCI) avec leur dernière génération, les Cloud Native Buildpacks (CNCF en incubation). Sont-ils une bonne alternative au Dockerfile ? Que sont les buildpacks Paketo ? Quelles communautés les soutiennent et comment ?
Venez le découvrir lors de cette session ignite
In software engineering, the right architecture is essential for robust, scalable platforms. Wix has undergone a pivotal shift from event sourcing to a CRUD-based model for its microservices. This talk will chart the course of this pivotal journey.
Event sourcing, which records state changes as immutable events, provided robust auditing and "time travel" debugging for Wix Stores' microservices. Despite its benefits, the complexity it introduced in state management slowed development. Wix responded by adopting a simpler, unified CRUD model. This talk will explore the challenges of event sourcing and the advantages of Wix's new "CRUD on steroids" approach, which streamlines API integration and domain event management while preserving data integrity and system resilience.
Participants will gain valuable insights into Wix's strategies for ensuring atomicity in database updates and event production, as well as caching, materialization, and performance optimization techniques within a distributed system.
Join us to discover how Wix has mastered the art of balancing simplicity and extensibility, and learn how the re-adoption of the modest CRUD has turbocharged their development velocity, resilience, and scalability in a high-growth environment.
9. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 9
1Blocks Pallets
A Xcos model is created in the Xcos diagram panel. The diagram panel setup dialog
can be opened by right clicking on the panel window and select of setup. From setup
dialogue window we can set the final integration time (time upto which simulation takes
place), real time scaling, Integrator absolute and relative tolerance (what amount of com-
puted data shall be different from actual one), tolerance on time, maximum integration
time interval, solver type and maximum step size etc. The same dialogue can be accessed
from Setup submenu from Simulation menubar. From Xcos diagram panel and pallets we
can create own simulating diagrams. There are ready-made blocks which are preinstall in
Xcos. These blocks are called core Xcos blocks. There are few generic and user defined
blocks through them we can access the other language in for analysis and computations.
In xcos, familiarity with data type and port size is crucial for simulations. There are three
main data arrangement in xcos. (i) Scalar data, (ii) Vector data and (iii) Matrix data.
A scalar data is continuous data whose dimension always remains 1 × 1. Scalar data has
infinite numbers of elements. Vector data is either of 1× n or m× 1 size. Vector data has
fixed number of elements. A matrix data is always represented as m×n. It has also fixed
number of elements. A function block accepts or transmits continuous data. A matrix
block accepts or transmits vector or matrix data. To differentiate between function blocks
and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with f and m (also contains MAT word
in their block name) respectively.
1.1 Source of Data Blocks
In Xcos, source blocks are those blocks where a pulse, signal or wave is generated.
1.1.1 Clock Block
Clock block in Xcos is module that trigger pulses to another block. The maximum
frequency of clock in Xcos is less than or equal to the processor frequency. The clock
symbol is
Figure 1.1: Clock (Clock c)
This clock has one command port. In clock block, its frequency and initial time can
be set as required. Following example uses the clock.
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fixed number of elements. A matrix data is always represented as
fixed number of elements. A matrix data is always represented as
number of elements. A function block accepts or transmits continuous data. A matrix
number of elements. A function block accepts or transmits continuous data. A matrix
block accepts or transmits vector or matrix data. To differentiate between function blocks
block accepts or transmits vector or matrix data. To differentiate between function blocks
and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with
and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with
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fixed number of elements. A matrix data is always represented as
fixed number of elements. A matrix data is always represented as
number of elements. A function block accepts or transmits continuous data. A matrix
number of elements. A function block accepts or transmits continuous data. A matrix
block accepts or transmits vector or matrix data. To differentiate between function blocks
block accepts or transmits vector or matrix data. To differentiate between function blocks
and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with
and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with f and
f and m (also contains MAT word
m (also contains MAT word
10. 10 Blocks Pallets
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
Figure 1.2: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
The output will be like
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.3: Output of simulation 1.2.
A point to be noted that the period of clock is time period of one oscillation and its
reverse is frequency of clock.
T =
1
f
⇒ f =
1
T
1.1.2 Sampling Clock
Another clock is sample clock whose frequency is calculated as greatest common divisor
of all same offset blocks. Sampling clock has only one command port. Sampling rate and
offset numbers can be set as required. Sampling rate is given in seconds, i.e. at each
interval of this time, the clock send command signal to the connected block for reading
of the input value. Offset value is that time after which the clock is activated.
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11. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 11
Figure 1.4: Sampling Clock (SampleCLK)
In the following example, a sampling clock is used with frequency of 5 seconds and
offset time as 1 second.
CScope
GenSin f
Figure 1.5: In this configuration, a sample clock is used to refresh the single scope for
showing the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
The output will be like
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.6: Output of simulation 1.5.
1.1.3 Time Function
It is source of time. The data output at its output port is time increasing constantly by
integer one.
Figure 1.7: Time Function Block (TIME f)
Figure 1.5: In this configuration, a sample clock is used to refresh the
Figure 1.5: In this configuration, a sample clock is used to refresh the
showing the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
showing the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
The output will be like
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Figure 1.5: In this configuration, a sample clock is used to refresh the
Figure 1.5: In this configuration, a sample clock is used to refresh the
showing the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
showing the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
12. 12 Blocks Pallets
The time function is given as
f(t) = t 0 ≤ t < ∞
Example for the time function is
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
Figure 1.8: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the time function.
Output of this example is
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.9: Output of simulation 1.8.
1.1.4 Constant Block
As named, constant block gives output a constant value. User can set the constant value
as required. The constant symbol is
1
Figure 1.10: Constant Block (Const m)
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13. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 13
There are three types of constant block. Constant block (Const), constant block of
function type (Const f) and constant block of matrix type (Const m). Constant block
also accepts a vector or matrix as its value. For example,
1 5
5 −8
Figure 1.11: Constant Block (Const m)
The schematic diagram of use of constant block is given below.
Clock c
CScope
3
Const m
Figure 1.12: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the constant value ‘3’.
This simulation has output like
−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.13: Output of simulation 1.12.
1.1.5 Curve Block
Curve block plots user data into graphics window. It has one output port. User can modify
xy-data from the setting option of the block. A graphical user interface is provided to edit
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Const m
m
Figure 1.12: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
Figure 1.12: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
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CScope
CScope
Figure 1.12: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
Figure 1.12: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
14. 14 Blocks Pallets
the xy-data. After completing the data it is required to save it to overwrite the previous
data.
Curve
Figure 1.14: Curve Function Generator (CURV f)
Clock c
CScope
Curve f
This simulation has output like
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.15: Output of simulation 1.1.5.
1.1.6 Counter Block
Counter block counts from lower limit, normally 0, to upper limit (n) either in increasing
order or in decreasing order as per user’s definition. Counter’s count (c) is controlled by
clock, at each clock triger count value is changed by one. Normally control pulses are
supplied by a clock. If clock frequency is low, counting is slow and if frequency of clock
is high then counting is fast. User can set the properties of counter block. The counter
symbol is
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This simulation has output like
This simulation has output like
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15. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 15
Counter
0 → n
Figure 1.16: Counter block (Counter)
Counter block simulation is given below
Clock c
CScope
Counter
0 → 10
Counter
Figure 1.17: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the counter value from zero to fifteen.
The counter value is reset to lower limit when count value is equal to the upper limit.
Mathematically,
c =
(
c when c n
0 when c = n
Or
c = c % n
This simulation has output like
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.18: Output of simulation 1.17.
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the counter value from zero to fifteen.
the counter value from zero to fifteen.
The counter value is reset to lower limit when count value is equal to the upper limit.
The counter value is reset to lower limit when count value is equal to the upper limit.
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The counter value is reset to lower limit when count value is equal to the upper limit.
The counter value is reset to lower limit when count value is equal to the upper limit.
16. 16 Blocks Pallets
1.1.7 Sine Wave Generator
This block generates a sine wave of desired amplitude, frequency and initial time. Sine
wave generated by this block has numerical relation as
y = a sin ωt
Amplitude, frequency and phase values can be set at the setting dialog of the block. The
sine wave generator block is shown in below figure.
Figure 1.19: Sine wave generator (GenSin f)
Sine wave generator example is
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
Figure 1.20: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the sine wave.
−1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 1.21: Simulated output of simulation block (1.20).
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18. 18 Blocks Pallets
It has slope of 450
and height and width of saw tooth depends on the period value of
control pulse. The sawtooth wave generator block symbol is
Figure 1.24: Saw-tooth Wave Generator (SAWTOOTH f)
Clock c
CScope
SAWTOOTH f
Figure 1.25: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the saw-tooth wave.
Simulated output of circuit (1.25) is
−1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1.10 Pulse Wave Generator
Pulse wave generator produces a square wave having different width in upper lower
levels. It has one output port. The width of pulse wave can be defined by user as required.
The pulse width is a fraction of period of the wave.
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Figure 1.25: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
Figure 1.25: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
the saw-tooth wave.
the saw-tooth wave.
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Figure 1.25: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
Figure 1.25: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
scope for showing
19. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 19
Figure 1.26: Pulse Wave Generator (PULSE SC)
The duration of time for which, the pulse wave remains active is known as “duty
time”. Pulse width of the pulse wave is percentage ratio of the period of the wave.
Clock c
CScope
PULSE SC
Figure 1.27: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
of the pulse wave.
Simulated output of circuit (1.27) is
−1
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1.11 Step Function
Step function changes step from upper level to lower level or vice-versa. User can assign
level change time and the upper lower level values (initial final values). The properties
of this block are visible when it is double clicked. It has one output port.
Figure 1.28: Step Function Generator (STEP FUNCTION)
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Figure 1.27: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
Figure 1.27: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
of the pulse wave.
of the pulse wave.
Simulated output of circuit (1.27) is
Simulated output of circuit (1.27) is
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Figure 1.27: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
Figure 1.27: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
20. 20 Blocks Pallets
STEP FUNCTION is used to rise the level of value at and after any instant of time.
Mathematically, step function is defined as givne below:
f(t) =
(
0 when t a
1 when t ≥ a
A simplest form of simulation circuit is shown in figure below.
Clock c
CScope
STEP FUNCTION
Figure 1.29: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
of the steps.
Simulated output of circuit (1.29) is
−1
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1.12 Modulo Counter
Counter modulo block counts the values, c, from zero to upper limit and when it encoun-
ters to upper limit, it reset to zero. It has one control and one output ports.
Counter
Modulo n
Figure 1.30: Counter Modulo block (Counter)
Mathematically, modulo value c of given input i for upper limit n is represented as
c = i mod n = i % n (1.1)
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Simulated output of circuit (1.29) is
Simulated output of circuit (1.29) is
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21. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 21
Here, % sign is used to represent modulo in numerical programming. Modulo counter
block simulation is given below
Clock c
CScope
Counter
Modulo 10
Modulo Counter
Figure 1.31: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the counter modulo 10.
1.1.13 Ramp
Ramp block provide output values according to the relation
y = mt + c
Where y is value provided by ramp at any instant of time t. m, t c are ramp parameters.
m is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies. t is time function
that increases continuously from its initial value. c is initial value of ramp output. Ramp
has only one output port. Derivating to ramp relation
m =
dy
dt
The right side of above relation represent to velocity parameter, therefore, ramp function
also represents to velocity function. The symbol of ramp function is
Figure 1.32: Ramp block (Ramp)
1.1.14 Random Generator
Random generator block generates random values within the two given ranges. The
random value generated by this block is received when clock triggers the block. It has
one control port and one output port. Mathematically
r = R(t)
where, r is sampled random value and R(t) is random value generated by the random
block at time t. The random value r has range a ≤ r ≤ b, i.e. within domain of [a, b].
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is value provided by ramp at any instant of time
is value provided by ramp at any instant of time
is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies.
is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies.
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mt +
+ c
is value provided by ramp at any instant of time
is value provided by ramp at any instant of time t.
. m,
, t
t
c
c are ramp parameters.
are ramp parameters.
is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies.
is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies. t
t
22. 22 Blocks Pallets
−2
−1
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5
r
t
The block symbol is given below:
Random
Generator
Figure 1.33: Random Generator block (Rand m)
Each random block uses random number algorithm. User can defined own random
block generator by using “Function Block”..
Clock c
CScope
Random
Generator
1.1.15 Read From Input File
This block is used to read data from input file stored in temporary directory or in “my
document” folder. It has one control port and one output control port.
Read data
from input file
Figure 1.34: Read from input file (RFILE f).
This block uses configure options.
1. Time record selection : It is either an empty matrix or an strictly positive integer
0. If it is empty, there is no output event exists. If an integer value, ‘i’, is given,
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block generator by using “Function Block”..
block generator by using “Function Block”..
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block generator by using “Function Block”..
block generator by using “Function Block”..
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Clock
Clock c
23. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 23
then ith
element of the read record is assumed to be the date of the output event,
i.e. this record is treated as value of t-axis (time variable).
2. Outputs record selection : It is a vector of positive integers like [1, 2, 5]. If read data
is like a vector [k1, k2, . . . kn] then kth
i elements of the read records, i.e. the vector
made of elements [k1, k2, k5] is given in output.
3. Input file name is a file name or path file name. Its value is string of characters.
4. Buffer size : It is similar to the number of bytes read by fread function of C language.
To improve efficiency of input read, file is only done after each Buffer size call to
the block.
For example, consider a data file myfle.txt with following data except label row
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24. 24 Blocks Pallets
C1 C2 C3
01 0.100 -0.100
02 0.199 -0.199
03 0.296 -0.296
04 0.389 -0.389
05 0.479 -0.479
06 0.565 -0.565
07 0.644 -0.644
08 0.717 -0.717
09 0.783 -0.783
10 0.841 -0.841
11 0.891 -0.891
12 0.932 -0.932
13 0.964 -0.964
14 0.985 -0.985
15 0.997 -0.997
16 1.000 -1.000
17 0.992 -0.992
18 0.974 -0.974
19 0.946 -0.946
20 0.909 -0.909
21 0.863 -0.863
22 0.808 -0.808
23 0.746 -0.746
24 0.675 -0.675
25 0.598 -0.598
26 0.516 -0.516
27 0.427 -0.427
28 0.335 -0.335
29 0.239 -0.239
30 0.141 -0.141
31 0.042 -0.042
32 -0.058 0.058
Each row has data record for different entity. Hence the unique data vector for each
row is [k1, k2, k3]. If time record selection is 1, then first column will be used at t values,
i.e. time event values. If this option has value 2, then second column is used at time even
values. Note that, time value is always 0 and continuous increasing, hence block stops
reading of data when either time becomes negative or time starts decreasing. So, time
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16 1.000 -1.000
17
1
18 0.974 -0.974
8 0.974 -0.974
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6 1.000 -1.000
6 1.000 -1.000
0. -0.992
8 0.974 -0.974
8 0.974 -0.974
25. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 25
column should be positive, greater than zero and continuous increasing. There are three
output records. If output record selection has value 1 then only data of first column is
sent as output of this block. If the output record selection has value [123] then values in
first, second and third columns will be sent as output of this block.
Clock c
CScope
Read data
from input file
RFILE f
The time record selection is 1 and output record selection is [2, 3]. The output will be
as
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
If the time record selection is 2 and output record selection is [2, 3], then time for data
read shall be from t = 0 to t = 1 seconds. After than time starts decreasing hence reading
block will stop reading of data from input data file. And the output will be as
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
If the time record selection is 3 and output record selection is [2, 3], then time for data
read shall be from t = 0 to t = 0 seconds as time value is negative. There will be no
output. Similarly, if time record selection option value is empty, then there is null time,
hence no output.
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−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
The ForTran data edit descriptors are LOGICAL, CHARACTER, INTEGER, REAL,
DOUBLE PRECISION and COMPLEX which are represented by L, A, I, D, E, F or G
descriptors respectively. ForTran descriptor is written as Iw.m where ‘I’ is data type,
here it is integer, ‘w’ is total field width and it must be greater than zero, ‘m’ is minimum
number of digits produced on output and it may be zero, ‘d’ is number of digits to the
right of the decimal point and it may be zero, and ‘e’ number of digits in the exponent
part and it must be greater than zero. ‘BN’ is blank space controller. While using this
format control descriptor, all embedded and trailing blanks are treated as null and ignored.
Similarly, in ‘BZ’ black control descriptor, all embedded and trailing blanks are treated
as zeros. Blank space format control descriptor applies only to input and is ignored on
output. ‘S’ format control descriptor restore the system default for printing plus ‘+’ signs.
This is normally ‘SS’ which suppress the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical
data for the remainder of the FORMAT description. Format control descriptor ‘SP’ force
the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical data for the remainder of the FORMAT
description. Plus sign format control descriptor are applies only to output and is ignored
on input. There are column control descriptors in the ForTrans too. These are ‘nX’
which shifts right n spaces from current position. ‘Tn’ which shifts to column n in the
record. ‘TLn’ which shifts left n spaces from current position. Note that you cannot shift
left past column 1. This descriptor allows you to reread records on input and overwrite
records on output. ‘TRn’ which shifts right n spaces from current position. Note that
‘TRn’ is exactly equivalent to ‘nX’. The slash ‘/’ descriptor begins a new line (record)
on output and skips to the next line on input, ignoring any unread information on the
current record. Two slashes ‘//’ skips one line, three slashes ‘///’ skips two lines, etc.
The format descriptor may be repeated if it is defined as r(Fw.d) or r(Fw.d, Iw.d). Here,
‘r’ is an integer greater than one which specify, how many times the format descriptor
inside the parentheses will be repeated. For example, 2(Fw.d) is equal to Fw.d, Fw.d.
1.1.16 Read ‘C’ Binary File
This block is used to read ‘C’ binary file stored in temporary directory or in “my doc-
ument” folder written by WRITEC f block. It has one control port and one output
control port if Time Record Selection option has empty value. Otherwise, it also has one
command port. Before reading this section, it is strongly recommended to read section
explaining WRITEC f block.
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data for the remainder of the FORMAT description. Format control descriptor ‘SP’ force
data for the remainder of the FORMAT description. Format control descriptor ‘SP’ force
the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical data for the remainder of the FORMAT
the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical data for the remainder of the FORMAT
description. Plus sign format control descriptor are applies only to output and is ignored
description. Plus sign format control descriptor are applies only to output and is ignored
on input. There are column control descriptors in the ForTrans too. These are ‘nX’
on input. There are column control descriptors in the ForTrans too. These are ‘nX’
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data for the remainder of the FORMAT description. Format control descriptor ‘SP’ force
data for the remainder of the FORMAT description. Format control descriptor ‘SP’ force
the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical data for the remainder of the FORMAT
the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical data for the remainder of the FORMAT
description. Plus sign format control descriptor are applies only to output and is ignored
description. Plus sign format control descriptor are applies only to output and is ignored
on input. There are column control descriptors in the ForTrans too. These are ‘nX’
on input. There are column control descriptors in the ForTrans too. These are ‘nX’
27. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 27
Read from
‘C’ binary file
Figure 1.35: Read from ‘C’ binary file (READC f).
This block uses configure options.
1. Time Record Selection : It is either an empty matrix or an strictly positive integer
greater than zero (scalar). If it is empty, there is no output event port exists. If
an integer value, ‘i’, is given, then ith
element of the read record is assumed to be
the time event value of the output event port, i.e. this record is treated as value of
t-axis (time variable). If this option has value greater than zero, then one command
port is created in this block and ith
will be used as time axis value and also may be
used to control scope viewers.
2. Outputs Record Selection : It is a vector of positive integers like [1, 2, 5]. If read
data is like a vector [k1, k2, . . . kn] then kth
i elements of the read records, i.e. the
vector made of elements [k1, k2, k5] is given in output.
3. Input File Name : It is a file name or path file name. Its value is string of characters.
4. Input Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”, “i”,
“s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32, int16,
int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type. This
value must be same as the value of Output Format option of WRITEC f block.
5. Record Size : This specify the number of columns to be read from C binary file.
This should be same as the input size option of WRITEC f block. If this value is
2 and data being read from C binary file is integer type, then 8 bytes data shall be
read for one record. It is vector of size one.
6. Buffer Size : It is similar to the number of bytes read by fread function of C language.
7. Initial Record Index : This fixes the first record of the file to use. For example, if
record of each entity is arranged in one line and this option is set four, then file will
be read from the fourth line in place of first line.
8. Swap Mode : If Swap mode=1 then file is supposed to be coded in “little endian
IEEE format” and data are swapped if necessary to match the IEEE format of the
processor. If Swap mode=0 then automatic bytes swap is disabled.
A simple block arrangement is shown below:
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4. Input Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”, “i”,
4. Input Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”, “i”,
“s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32, int16,
“s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32, int16,
int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type. This
int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type. This
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4. Input Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”, “i”,
4. Input Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”, “i”,
“s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32, int16,
“s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32, int16,
int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type. This
int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type. This
28. 28 Blocks Pallets
Clock c
CScope
Read From
c binary file
READC f
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
If first column of read record is time value then Time Record Selection option shall
have value 1. The block arrangement will be changed as
CScope
Read From
c binary file
READC f
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
1.1.17 Read Sound File
This block is used to read data sound file stored in temporary directory or in “my docu-
ment” folder. It has one control port and one output control port.
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have value 1. The block arrangement will be changed as
have value 1. The block arrangement will be changed as
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have value 1. The block arrangement will be changed as
have value 1. The block arrangement will be changed as
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29. 1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 29
Read from .au
sound file
Figure 1.36: Read from sound file (READAU f).
1.1.18 Signal Builder
Signal builder is used to draw a signals in any form as required. Signal builder uses x-y
data for generating a signal. It has one output port and one command port.
Signal
Builder
Figure 1.37: Signal Builder block (Sigbuilder)
1.1.19 TK Scale
It is Tk powered slider scale window. Input value is adjusted by sliding the pointer of
slider scale. This block has three parameters, (i) minimum value, (ii) maximum value
and (iii) normalization. Normalization (h) controls the number of steps between minimum
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is h, then total number of sliding
steps shall be
n =
xmax − xmin
h
and vice-versa. Smaller the normalization value, larger the number of steps of Tk sliding
scale and finer the input value. Hence there shall be larger steps and smaller normalization
value for high precision input. Normalization is some times also known as step difference
value of Tk sliding scale. This scale is used for tuning the signals. This block has one
control port and one output port.
TK Scale
Figure 1.38: Signal Builder block (TKSCALE)
Signals are stimulated by clock pulse. On stimulation, Tk slider scale supplies the
value pointed by the pointer of the scale. Its minimum block requirement is shown below:
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It is Tk powered slider scale window. Input value is adjusted by sliding the pointer of
It is Tk powered slider scale window. Input value is adjusted by sliding the pointer of
slider scale. This block has three parameters, (i) minimum value, (ii) maximum value
slider scale. This block has three parameters, (i) minimum value, (ii) maximum value
and (iii) normalization. Normalization (
and (iii) normalization. Normalization (
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is
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It is Tk powered slider scale window. Input value is adjusted by sliding the pointer of
It is Tk powered slider scale window. Input value is adjusted by sliding the pointer of
slider scale. This block has three parameters, (i) minimum value, (ii) maximum value
slider scale. This block has three parameters, (i) minimum value, (ii) maximum value
) controls the number of steps between minimum
) controls the number of steps between minimum
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is h
h, then total number of sliding
, then total number of sliding
30. 30 Blocks Pallets
Clock c
CScope
TK Scale
This simulation has output like
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.39: Output of simulation 1.1.19.
1.2 Sink of Data Blocks
Sinks is that point where all data is ended in form of graphs, numerical values or event.
Following sinks are used in Xcos.
1.2.1 Display Floating Number
This block is used to show the output in numeric form rather than graphical representa-
tion. It has one input port and one command port.
1.2.2 Bar XY
This block uses relation y = f(x) to plot the data. Here x is independent value while y
is a function of x. This block shows results in bar lines.
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0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
31. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 31
1.2.3 Floating Point Scope
Floating point scope, shows output of floating points ranges between zero to one. It has
one control port. The output viewed in this scope is
y = (float)x
Figure 1.40: Floating Point Scope (CFSCOPE)
Following parameters of the block can be set as and when required.
Color Set the number for color of output graph.
Output Window Number Output windows are assigned an identification numbers for
processing of data. By default it is ‘-1’. It means the window number will automatically
assigned an ID. Apart from it, user defined ID can also be assigned to the window.
Output Window Position Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
tioned after opening. By default it is positioned in center of screen. The xy-coordinates
of window position are assigned like [x; y]. The coordinates are calculated from the top
left corner of the screen of computer system.
Output Window Sizes It determines the size of output window. The coordinates are
syntax as [x; y].
Ymin It is the minimum value of the output to be displayed in the output window.
Ymin is used to set the lower scale point of the y-axis in output display.
YMax It is the maximum value of the output to be displayed in the output window.
Ymax is used to set the upper scale point of the y-axis in output display.
Refresh Period It is the maximum range of independent variable to be displayed in
the output window.
Buffer Size The size of output values to be stored in the memory. The drawing is
only done after each Buffer size call to the block.
1.2.4 XY Animated Viewer
XY animated viewer visualized the second input with respect first input as a function of
first input at instant simulated time. Mathematically
y = f(x)
The output plot is two dimensional. It has two input ports and one control port. One of
the two input ports is for variable and second is for function of variable.
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Output Window Position
Output Window Position Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
ioned after opening. By default it is positioned in center of screen. The xy-coordinates
ioned after opening. By default it is positioned in center of screen. The xy-coordinates
of window position are assigned like [
of window position are assigned like [ Umrao
Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
ioned after opening. By default it is positioned in center of screen. The xy-coordinates
ioned after opening. By default it is positioned in center of screen. The xy-coordinates
y]. The coordinates are calculated from the top
]. The coordinates are calculated from the top
32. 32 Blocks Pallets
Figure 1.41: XY Animation Viewer block (CANIMXY)
The simplest form of block arrangement is given in the following figure.
Clock c
CANIMXY
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous x and y value. It is animated like the
figure given below:
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.2.5 XY 3D Animated Viewer
XY 3D animated viewer block draw a graph of function like
f(z) = f(x, y)
Where x, y are two independent values. The α and φ values can be defined as required by
user to change the viewing point. This block has one control port and three input ports.
Figure 1.42: XY 3D Animated Viewer block (CANIMXY3D)
The simplest form of block arrangement is given in the following figure.
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A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous
A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous
figure given below:
figure given below:
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A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous
A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous x and y value. It is animated like the
33. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 33
Clock c
CANIMXY3D
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous x, y and z values. It is animated like
the figure given below:
x
y
z
1.2.6 3D Matrix Viewer
3D Matrix Viewer is a scope that shows matrix values as z values on a xy grid. It has
one input port and one control port. The input to this block is always a matrix.
Mat 3D
Figure 1.43: 3D Matrix Viewer block (CMAT3D)
The drawing of block arrangement is shown in the following figure.
Clock c
Mat 3D
Mat. 3D
1 2 1
2 1 1
2 3 1
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y
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34. 34 Blocks Pallets
Simulate this block arrangement to see the result. The output is computed as following
methods. In CMAT3D matrix viewer, a ruled mess grid is created. Each point where x
and y lines intersects to each other is called a node. At these nodes matrix elements are
placed and element value is the height of the point in z-axis. The nodes parallel to the
x-axis are column elements of the supplied matrix and nodes parallel to the y-axis are
row elements of the supplied matrix. For a given matrix of 3 × 3,
A =
1 2 1
2 1 1
2 3 1
The mess is looked like
x
y
z
The index of row or column numbers in CMAT3D viewer is started from zero. So, the
elements of the matrix will be placed as shown in the following figure. Note that, column
elements are placed parallel to the x-axis. Now,
x
y
z
A00
A10
A20
A01
A11
A21
A02
A12
A22
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
Now connect the zij from its neighbouring z. Four neighbouring z nodes form a facet
of the 3D surface. The mesh thus form is three dimensional plot of the given function.
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elements of the matrix will be placed as shown in the following figure. Note that, column
elements of the matrix will be placed as shown in the following figure. Note that, column
elements are placed parallel to the
elements are placed parallel to the x
x-axis. Now,
-axis. Now,
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elements of the matrix will be placed as shown in the following figure. Note that, column
elements of the matrix will be placed as shown in the following figure. Note that, column
-axis. Now,
-axis. Now,
35. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 35
x
y
z
A00
A10
A20
A01
A11
A21
A02
A12
A22
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
Now, fill each quadrilateral surface with different color or using colormaps. This is
output of the CMAT3D viewer block.
x
y
z
A00
A10
A20
A01
A11
A21
A02
A12
A22
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1.2.7 Matrix Viewer
Matrix Viewer is a scope that shows matrix values on colormap grid. It has one input
port and one control port. The input to this block is always a matrix. The colormap
grid is a range color linked to the window output of the scope. There are three types of
color maps, (i) jetcolormap, (ii) hotcolormap and (iii) graycolormap. These colormaps
accepts a level (n) of color map and it constructs color levels of size n × 3 where n ≥ 3.
For example,
1 -- graycolormap (10)
divides white to perfect gray color into ten different gray color shades as shown in the
following output.
ans =
0. 0. 0.
0.1111111 0.1111111 0.1111111
0.2222222 0.2222222 0.2222222
0.3333333 0.3333333 0.3333333
0.4444444 0.4444444 0.4444444
0.5555556 0.5555556 0.5555556
0.6666667 0.6666667 0.6666667
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A00
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A10
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36. 36 Blocks Pallets
0.7777778 0.7777778 0.7777778
0.8888889 0.8888889 0.8888889
1. 1. 1.
Each shade contains equal components of red, green and blue colors. Hence rgb(0.1
0.1 0.1) is equal to the gray(0.1). All rgb components are zero means perfect black and all
component of rgb are one means perfect white. The difference between two gray shades
is computed as
d =
1 − 0
n − 1
and levels are
l = 0 + i × d
The minimum level range is the minimum value who comes in the regular input port.
It would be linked to the ‘cold value’ of the colormap. The maximum level range is the
maximum value who comes in the regular input port. It would be linked to the ‘hot value’
of the colormap. Minimum and maximum values are scalars.
Mat View
Figure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
The drawing of block arrangement is shown in the following figure.
Clock c
Mat View
0. 1. 2.
2. 3. 4.
4. 5. 6.
6. 7. 8.
Computation method of this block is explained as given below. Assume that the input
matrix has elements from minimum value 0 to maximum value 8. There are eight levels
of gray colourmap. So the list of actual gray colourmap codes, those will be used to fill
the plot are
1 -- graycolourmap (8)
ans =
0.
0.1428571
0.2857143
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F
Figure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
igure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
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igure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
igure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
37. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 37
0.4285714
0.5714286
0.7142857
0.8571429
1.
Let the matrix elements are arranged in the xy-plane taking x-axis as rows and y-axis as
columns. The experimental matrix is
1 -- M=[0 1 2; 2 3 4; 4 5 6;6 7 8]
M=
0. 1. 2.
2. 3. 4.
4. 5. 6.
6. 7. 8.
Now, the minimum matrix value (say 0) is set to gray color level 0 and maximum matrix
value (say 8) is set to gray color level 1. The intermediate distinct matrix elements are
assigned proposed gray color code from equally distributed gray colormap values ranging
from 0 to 1 as shown in the below table.
Matrix Element Proposed Gray Code
0 0.000
1 0.125
2 0.250
3 0.375
4 0.500
5 0.625
6 0.750
7 0.875
8 1.000
As there are 8 colormap levels and 9 distinct matrix elements, hence the proposed
gray color codes are rounded to near gray colormap values of actual gray colormap. Thus
the actual table will be
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Matrix Elemen
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Proposed Gray Code
0.000
39. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 39
Now, for each cell, its corner values are used for calculation of average gray scale for
that cell. So, the first cell has gray value as
g =
0.000 + 0.286 + 0.143 + 0.429
4
= 0.2145
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
0.215
The shading of this cell be like
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
0.215
Now, we can calculate average gray scales/levels for other cells and their background
can be filled by appropriate gray colors as shown in the following figure.
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(0,0.000)
0,0.000) (2,0.286)
The shading of this cell be like
The shading of this cell be like
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(4,0.571)
(4,0.571) (6,0.857)
40. 40 Blocks Pallets
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
0.215 0.500 0.785
0.357 0.642 0.892
1.2.8 Single Display Scope
Single display scope displays its input with respect to simulation time. User can change
the refresh time, maximum and minimum value of axes. It has one control port and one
input port.
Figure 1.45: Single Display Scope (CSCOPE)
This scope can be customized from the setting dialogue which can be opened by double
clicking one it. The default input size of this scope is 8, i.e. data vector size shall be
less than or equal to ‘8’. The color is a vector of integers. The ith
element is the color
number or marker type used to draw the evolution of the ith
input port signal. Colors
are defined by positive integers i.e. color index relative to the current colormap and
markers are defined by negative integers. The marker type are identified by an integer
in range of 0 to -14 which stands respectively for: dot, plus, cross, star, filled diamond,
diamond, triangle up, triangle down, diamond plus, circle, asterisk, square, triangle right,
triangle left and pentagram. Note that, this scope automatically detects the number of
data groups coming inside and plots different/multiple plots in same graphics window.
In the following figure, a sine wave is plotted at single scope window.
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41. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 41
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
The output will be like
−2
−1
0
1
2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
For grouping of multiple data, Multiplexure is used. In the following figure, two sine
wave data is multiplexed before passing it to input port of single scope viewer. Here both
data are plotted in same graph window as shown in the output.
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
GenSin f
The output will be like
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3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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42. 42 Blocks Pallets
−2
−1
0
1
2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
1.2.9 Multiple Display Scope
Multiple display scope displays its different input values simultaneously with respect to
simulation time . User can change the refresh time, number of input port its size and
type, maximum and minimum value of axes for each input ports and buffer size etc. The
size of input port of the multiple display scope should be equal to the size of data received
from the output port of other block. It accepts continuous data or row matrix or column
matrix or vector data types. For continuous data type, input port size is 1, and for row
or column matrix or vector data, the input port size is size of row or column matrix or
vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of m × n type can not be
directly fed to this display scope. It has one control port and user defined multiple input
port. This scope draws subplots in different subgraphics windows for each input port
data.
Figure 1.46: Multiple Display Scope (CMSCOPE)
For the input ports of this block, user must be familiar with size of the ports and type
of the ports. For example, in the field ‘input port sizes’ in setting dialogue, if data is
placed as ‘1 1’ then it represents to two input ports as ‘1’ is written two times separated
with space. Similarly, ‘1 1 1’ represents to three input ports. ‘1 2 1’ is also represents
to three input ports but these ports are of different type. ‘1’ represents that a port
can receives or transmits only one column vector (1 × 1 vector), which is also known as
continuous scalar data. While ‘2’ represents that a port can receives or transmits only
two column vector (1 × 2 vector). It is also known as row matrix data. Similarly ‘7’
represents a vector having seven columns (1 × 7 vector) and so on. Remember that a
Scope needs the drawing color equal to the sum of size of all ports. If there are two ports
of size 3 and 7 respectively, then there is required to define 3+7 = 10 colours in ‘Drawing
colors or marks’ field. There are also required to set the separate values of Ymin, Ymax
and refresh rate for each input port.
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matrix or vector data types. For continuous data type, input port size is 1, and for row
matrix or vector data types. For continuous data type, input port size is 1, and for row
or column matrix or vector data, the input port size is size of row or column matrix or
or column matrix or vector data, the input port size is size of row or column matrix or
vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of
vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of
directly fed to this display scope. It has one control port and user defined multiple input
directly fed to this display scope. It has one control port and user defined multiple input
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matrix or vector data types. For continuous data type, input port size is 1, and for row
matrix or vector data types. For continuous data type, input port size is 1, and for row
or column matrix or vector data, the input port size is size of row or column matrix or
or column matrix or vector data, the input port size is size of row or column matrix or
vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of
vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of m
m × n
n
directly fed to this display scope. It has one control port and user defined multiple input
directly fed to this display scope. It has one control port and user defined multiple input
43. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 43
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
GenSin f
The output will be like
−2
−1
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−2
−1
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
1.2.10 XY Single Display Scope
This block visualize the two inputs signals by drawing the second input as a function of
the first input at any instant of time. When a point is drawn on screen it stays until the
simulation is finished. It has two input ports and one control ports. One of the two input
ports is for variable and second is for function of variable.
y = f(x)
Figure 1.47: XY Single Display Scope (CSCOPXY)
The simplest form of block arrangement is given in the following figure.
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44. 44 Blocks Pallets
Clock c
CSCOPXY
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
A moving dot with trailing curve is used to show the animated path. It is animated
like the figure given below:
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.2.11 XY 3D Single Display Scope
This block visualize the two inputs signals by drawing the second input as a function of
the first input at any instant of time. When a point is drawn on screen it stays until
the simulation is finished. It has two input ports and one control ports. Two of the
three input ports are for variables and third is for function of variables. The mathematics
behind the visualization is
f(z) = f(x, y)
Figure 1.48: XY 3D Single Display Scope (CSCOPXY3D)
The simplest form of block arrangement is given in the following figure.
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0 1 2
1.2.11 XY 3D Single Display Scope
1.2.11 XY 3D Single Display Scope
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3 4 5 6 7
1.2.11 XY 3D Single Display Scope
1.2.11 XY 3D Single Display Scope
45. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 45
Clock c
CSCOPXY3D
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
A moving dot with trailing curve is used to show the animated path. It is animated
like the figure given below:
x
y
z
1.2.12 Terminating Blocks
A terminating block ends the simulation when simulation time is encounter to the time
specified in terminating blocks. There are three types of terminating blocks. First is ‘End
Block’: it ends the simulation after the time specified in the end block. It has no ports.
END
Figure 1.49: End Block (ENDBLK)
Second type of terminating block is ending counter. It received current time from
control port and matches with defined final time in itself. If both are equal, it instructs
final simulation time otherwise passes current time from command port. This block has
one control port and one command port.
END
Figure 1.50: End Block (END c)
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46. 46 Blocks Pallets
Third is halt block.
HALT
Figure 1.51: Halt Block (HALT f)
Some times, there is situation when one or more ports are need to keep open but
simulation can not be processed if one or more ports are hanging. So to keep these ports
close we use trash block. It just make port close and all the data received at this port is
considered as junk. This block works as terminating blocks and do nothing.
Trash
Figure 1.52: Trash Function block (TRASH f)
1.2.13 Writing to Audio File
This block writes the sound data in *.au file format. It has one control port and one
input port. Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but
user can change the name and path of the writing file. Before using this block, user must
have writing permissions.
Write to audio
Figure 1.53: Write AU to devaudio (WRITEAU f)
1.2.14 Writing to ‘C’ Binary File
This block writes the data in binary ‘C’ file. It has one control port and one input port.
Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but user can change
the name and path of the writing file. Before using this block, user must have writing
permissions.
Write to C
Figure 1.54: Write To Binary ‘C’ (WRITEC f)
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.2.13 Writing to Audio File
.2.13 Writing to Audio File
This block writes the sound data in *.au file format. It has one control port and one
This block writes the sound data in *.au file format. It has one control port and one
input port. Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but
input port. Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but
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This block writes the sound data in *.au file format. It has one control port and one
This block writes the sound data in *.au file format. It has one control port and one
input port. Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but
input port. Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but
47. 1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 47
1. Input Size : It is size of input column vector. A scalar that determines the how
many columns of data values are used to form a record. This description must
be read with the data output format description. Suppose, we have define integer
datatype data format and input size is 2 then total 8 bytes shall be used to write a
record of data in binary form. The data received at input port of WRITEC f block
must be of same size as defined in the Input Size option.
2. Output File Name : It is a file name or path file name where data would be written.
Its value is string of characters.
3. Output Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”,
“i”, “s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32,
int16, int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type.
4. Buffer Size : It is similar to the number of bytes read by fread function of C language.
5. Swap Mode : If swap mode=1 then file is supposed to be coded in “little endian
IEEE format” and data are swapped if necessary to match the IEEE format of the
processor. If Swap mode=0 then automatic bytes swap is disabled.
Clock c
Write to C
GenSin f
The above block diagram is indicative purpose about the use of WRITEC f. The data
written by this block is in format as shown below:
rec[4]
20 4
byte[1] byte[2]
rec[5]
40 12
byte[1] byte[2]
rec[6]
60 20
byte[1] byte[2]
rec[7]
80 28
byte[1] byte[2]
wr
In this figure, we have explained that the character type data with size two is saved in
binary format. First byte is for one of the two data elements of a record and second byte
is for other of the two data elements of a record. The number of bytes required depends
on the type of data and size of data. A character data type requires one byte memory
space and if record size is two then two bytes are required to save a record. If data type
is integer type and data size is two, then memory arrangement shall be like
rec[4]
0 0 20 4
byte[1] byte[2] byte[3] byte[4]
rec[5]
0 0 40 12
byte[1] byte[2] byte[3] byte[4]
rec[6]
0 0 60 20
byte[1] byte[2] byte[3] byte[4]
wr
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48. 48 Blocks Pallets
Note that, index origin has been implemented in different programming languages
differently. The equivalent decimal number in each memory byte represents the binary
value saved in that memory cell.
1.3 Mathematical Blocks
In this section, those blocks are discussed which are used in mathematical operations.
1.3.1 Max Min
Max min block compares the two input values and returns the minimum or maximum
value as the conditions are defined. This block can be used in vector mode only i.e. input
should be supplied only vector values. If zero crossing is set true then negative value
would also be returned.
MAX
Figure 1.55: Max-Min block (MAXMIN)
This block acts as Min block if min/max input option is set to 1 and acts as Max
block if min/max input option is set to 2. It may be set for one input or two inputs. A
schematic diagram is shown for working of Max/Min block.
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
TIME f
COS
COSBLK f
MAX
In this block two inputs, one sine value and other cosine value are entered into the
max/min block. The block is set to max state, i.e. the maximum value of the two inputs
will be found at its output port. Therefore, the final plot shall be plot of the maximum
value between sine and cosine values. The time clock starts from 0 to continue. The
number of input ports in max/min block is set to two and zero crossing is allowed. The
output of this schematic diagram will be as shown below:
Arun
This block acts as Min block if min/max input option is set to 1 and acts as Max
This block acts as Min block if min/max input option is set to 1 and acts as Max
block if min/max input option is set to 2. It may be set for one input or two inputs. A
block if min/max input option is set to 2. It may be set for one input or two inputs. A
Umrao
This block acts as Min block if min/max input option is set to 1 and acts as Max
This block acts as Min block if min/max input option is set to 1 and acts as Max
block if min/max input option is set to 2. It may be set for one input or two inputs. A
block if min/max input option is set to 2. It may be set for one input or two inputs. A
49. 1.3. MATHEMATICAL BLOCKS 49
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
When the max/min block is set to minimum state, the output of updated configured
schematic block diagram will be as shown below:
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Arun
When the max/min block is set to minimum state, the output of updated
When the max/min block is set to minimum state, the output of updated
schematic block diagram will be as shown below:
schematic block diagram will be as shown below:
Umrao
When the max/min block is set to minimum state, the output of updated
When the max/min block is set to minimum state, the output of updated
schematic block diagram will be as shown below:
schematic block diagram will be as shown below:
50. 50 Blocks Pallets
1.3.2 Max Only Block
Max block returns the maximum value of all supplied values. Max block can be used in
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. The max
block is
MAX
Figure 1.56: Max block (MAX f)
If
A =
62. is input to this block then it gives 12 as its output. The value 12 is maximum among all
elements of the given matrix.
1.3.3 Min Only Block
Min block returns the minimum value of all supplied values. Min block can be used in
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. Min block is
MIN
Figure 1.57: Min block (MIN f)
If
A =
74. is input to this block then it gives 1 as its output. The value 1 is minimum among all
elements of the given matrix.
1.3.4 Square Root Block
A function f(x) =
√
x is called square root function of x. The type of roots can be set
by user. It has only one input port and one output port.
SQRT
Figure 1.58: Square root block (SQRT)
Arun
Min block returns the minimum value of all supplied values. Min block can be used in
Min block returns the minimum value of all supplied values. Min block can be used in
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. Min block is
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. Min block is
Umrao
Min block returns the minimum value of all supplied values. Min block can be used in
Min block returns the minimum value of all supplied values. Min block can be used in
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. Min block is
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. Min block is
75. 1.3. MATHEMATICAL BLOCKS 51
If square root block is set to real only (data type = 1) then it gives output when input
is only positive value as
√
−n is an imaginary value. There is NULL result if input is a
negative number. It can also be set to complex mode by changing its data type to 2 in
setting dialogue.
1.3.5 Absolute Value
Absolute value is mod value of a real number. If given number is positive or negative its
absolute value is always positive in nature. The absolute block returns only positive form
of a positive or negative real number. The absolute block is
ABS
Figure 1.59: Absolute value block (ABS VALUE)
Mathematically
f(x) =
−a when a 0
a when a ≥ 0
A schematic diagram is shown for working of absolute block.
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
COS
COSBLK f
ABS
The output of this schematic diagram will be as shown below:
Arun
A schematic diagram is shown for working of absolute block.
A schematic diagram is shown for working of absolute block.
Umrao
A schematic diagram is shown for working of absolute block.
A schematic diagram is shown for working of absolute block.