Xcos simulation

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XCOS BLOCK DESCRIPTION
A SIMPLE NOTES
Arun Umrao
www.sites.google.com/view/arunumrao
DRAFT COPY - GPL LICENSING
Arun Umrao

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Contents
I Xcos Blocks 5
1 Blocks Pallets 7
1.1 Source of Data Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.1 Clock Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.2 Sampling Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 Time Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.4 Constant Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.5 Curve Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.6 Counter Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.7 Sine Wave Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.8 Square Wave Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1.9 Saw-tooth Wave Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.1.10 Pulse Wave Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.11 Step Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1.12 Modulo Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.1.13 Ramp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.14 Random Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.15 Read From Input File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.16 Read ‘C’ Binary File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.1.17 Read Sound File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.1.18 Signal Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.1.19 TK Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2 Sink of Data Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.2.1 Display Floating Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.2.2 Bar XY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.2.3 Floating Point Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.4 XY Animated Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2.5 XY 3D Animated Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.2.6 3D Matrix Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.2.7 Matrix Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.2.8 Single Display Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.2.9 Multiple Display Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.2.10 XY Single Display Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.2.11 XY 3D Single Display Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.2.12 Terminating Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.2.13 Writing to Audio File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.2.14 Writing to ‘C’ Binary File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.3 Mathematical Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3.1 Max & Min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.3.2 Max Only Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.3 Min Only Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.4 Square Root Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.5 Absolute Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Arun
1.1.17 Read Sound File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.1.17 Read Sound File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Umrao
1.1.17 Read Sound File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.1.17 Read Sound File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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1.3.6 Sum Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.3.7 Big Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.3.8 Summation Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.3.9 Sine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.3.10 Cosine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.3.11 Tangent Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.3.12 Trigonometric Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.3.13 Product Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.3.14 Product Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.3.15 Power Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.3.16 Exponential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.3.17 Gain of Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.3.18 Inverse Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.3.19 Logarithm Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.4 Matrix Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.4.1 Cumulative Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.4.2 Extraction of Line & Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.4.3 Triangular Or Triangular Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1.4.4 Horizontal Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.4.5 Vertical Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.4.6 Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.7 Diagonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.8 Matrix Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.4.9 Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.4.10 Exponential Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.4.11 Inverse Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.4.12 Lower & Upper Triangular Matrix (LU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1.4.13 Magnitude and Phi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1.4.14 Matrix Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
1.4.15 Matrix Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.4.16 Matrix Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
1.4.17 Conjugate Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1.4.18 Real & Imaginary Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1.4.19 Roots & Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
1.4.20 Square Root of Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
1.4.21 Sub Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.4.22 Riccati Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.4.23 Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1.4.24 Pseudo Inverse Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.4.25 Reshape Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.5 Discrete & Continuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
1.5.1 Backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
1.5.2 Deadband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.5.3 Hystheresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
1.5.4 Rate Limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
1.5.5 Discrete Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1.5.6 Discrete Zero Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Arun
1.4.6 Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.6 Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.7 Diagonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.7 Diagonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.8 Matrix Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.4.8 Matrix Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.4.9 Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.4.9 Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Umrao
1.4.6 Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.6 Determinant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.7 Diagonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.7 Diagonal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.4.8 Matrix Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.4.8 Matrix Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.4.9 Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1.4.9 Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

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1.5.7 Discrete State Space System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
1.5.8 Shift Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
1.5.9 Dummy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
1.5.10 Continuous Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.5.11 Continuous State Space System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
1.5.12 Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.5.13 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1.5.14 PID Regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
1.5.15 Continuous Linear System With Jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1.5.16 Unit Delay Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1.5.17 Continuous Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
1.5.18 Discrete Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
1.5.19 Variable Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
1.5.20 Variable Time Delay Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
1.6 Electrical Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
1.6.1 Electrical Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
1.6.2 Electrical Variable Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
1.6.3 Electrical Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
1.6.4 Electrical Inductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
1.6.5 Electrical DC Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
1.6.6 Sine Wave Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
1.6.7 Variable AC Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
1.6.8 Electrical AC Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
1.6.9 Controllable Modelica Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
1.6.10 Controllable Modelica Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.6.11 Electrical Current Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
1.6.12 Electrical Potential Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1.6.13 Electrical Voltage Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
1.6.14 Electrical Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
1.6.15 Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
1.6.16 Modelica Gyrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
1.6.17 Ideal Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
1.6.18 Ideal OpAmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
1.6.19 PNP Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
1.6.20 NPN Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
1.6.21 Simple NMOS Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.6.22 Simple PMOS Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.6.23 NoN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.6.24 Input Zero Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.6.25 Zero Crossing General Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.6.26 Negative to Positive Zero Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
1.6.27 Positive to Negative Zero Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
1.7 Signal Processing Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
1.7.1 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
1.7.2 Sample And Hold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
1.7.3 Demultiplexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
1.7.4 Extractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Arun
Umrao

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1.7.5 GOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
1.7.6 FROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
1.7.7 GOTOMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
1.7.8 FROMMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
1.7.9 Scope Of GOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
1.7.10 Scope Of GOTOMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
1.7.11 Clock Goto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
1.7.12 Clock From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
1.7.13 Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
1.7.14 Multiplexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
1.7.15 Multi Port Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
1.7.16 Merge Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
1.7.17 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
1.7.18 Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
1.7.19 Switch2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
1.7.20 Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
1.7.21 Self Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
1.8 User Defined Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
1.8.1 New C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Simulation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Is Block Implicit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Input Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Output Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Initial Continuous State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Number of Zero Crossing Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Initial Discrete State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Real Parameters Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Integer Parameters Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Initial Firing Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Direct Feedthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Time Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1.8.2 Masked Super Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1.8.3 Mathematical Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
1.8.4 Modelica Generic Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Input Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Input Variables Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Output Variables Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Parameters in Modelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Parameters Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Function name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Parameter values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
1.8.5 Super Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Ports for Connections in Super Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Regular Input Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Arun
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Input Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Input Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Umrao
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Input Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Input Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

6
Regular Output Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Implicit Input Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Implicit Output Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Event Input Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Event Output Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
1.8.6 C Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Function Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
System Parameters Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
1.8.7 ForTran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Function Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
System parameters vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
1.8.8 Generic Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Simulation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Function Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Input Port Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Output Port Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Input Port Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Output Port Event Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Initial Object State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Real Parameters Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Integer Parameters Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Object Parameters List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Number of Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Number of Zero Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Direct Feed-through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Time Dependence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
1.8.9 Scilab Function Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Input Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Input Event Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Output Event Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
System Parameter Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Is Block Always Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
1.9 Other Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
1.9.1 Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
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Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Output Port Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Output Port Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
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Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Output Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Output Port Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Output Port Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

1.1. SOURCE OF DATA BLOCKS 9
1Blocks Pallets
A Xcos model is created in the Xcos diagram panel. The diagram panel setup dialog
can be opened by right clicking on the panel window and select of setup. From setup
dialogue window we can set the final integration time (time upto which simulation takes
place), real time scaling, Integrator absolute and relative tolerance (what amount of com-
puted data shall be different from actual one), tolerance on time, maximum integration
time interval, solver type and maximum step size etc. The same dialogue can be accessed
from Setup submenu from Simulation menubar. From Xcos diagram panel and pallets we
can create own simulating diagrams. There are ready-made blocks which are preinstall in
Xcos. These blocks are called core Xcos blocks. There are few generic and user defined
blocks through them we can access the other language in for analysis and computations.
In xcos, familiarity with data type and port size is crucial for simulations. There are three
main data arrangement in xcos. (i) Scalar data, (ii) Vector data and (iii) Matrix data.
A scalar data is continuous data whose dimension always remains 1 × 1. Scalar data has
infinite numbers of elements. Vector data is either of 1× n or m× 1 size. Vector data has
fixed number of elements. A matrix data is always represented as m×n. It has also fixed
number of elements. A function block accepts or transmits continuous data. A matrix
block accepts or transmits vector or matrix data. To differentiate between function blocks
and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with f and m (also contains MAT word
in their block name) respectively.
1.1 Source of Data Blocks
In Xcos, source blocks are those blocks where a pulse, signal or wave is generated.
1.1.1 Clock Block
Clock block in Xcos is module that trigger pulses to another block. The maximum
frequency of clock in Xcos is less than or equal to the processor frequency. The clock
symbol is
Figure 1.1: Clock (Clock c)
This clock has one command port. In clock block, its frequency and initial time can
be set as required. Following example uses the clock.
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fixed number of elements. A matrix data is always represented as
and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with
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and matrix blocks, their block name are ended with f and
f and m (also contains MAT word
m (also contains MAT word

10 Blocks Pallets
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
Figure 1.2: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single scope for showing
the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
The output will be like
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.3: Output of simulation 1.2.
A point to be noted that the period of clock is time period of one oscillation and its
reverse is frequency of clock.
T =
1
f
⇒ f =
1
T
1.1.2 Sampling Clock
Another clock is sample clock whose frequency is calculated as greatest common divisor
of all same offset blocks. Sampling clock has only one command port. Sampling rate and
offset numbers can be set as required. Sampling rate is given in seconds, i.e. at each
interval of this time, the clock send command signal to the connected block for reading
of the input value. Offset value is that time after which the clock is activated.
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Figure 1.4: Sampling Clock (SampleCLK)
In the following example, a sampling clock is used with frequency of 5 seconds and
offset time as 1 second.
CScope
GenSin f
Figure 1.5: In this configuration, a sample clock is used to refresh the single scope for
showing the sine wave generated by sine function generator.
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
1.1.3 Time Function
It is source of time. The data output at its output port is time increasing constantly by
integer one.
Figure 1.7: Time Function Block (TIME f)
Figure 1.5: In this configuration, a sample clock is used to refresh the
The output will be like Umrao

12 Blocks Pallets
The time function is given as
f(t) = t 0 ≤ t < ∞
Example for the time function is
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
the time function.
Output of this example is
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
1.1.4 Constant Block
As named, constant block gives output a constant value. User can set the constant value
as required. The constant symbol is
1
Figure 1.10: Constant Block (Const m)
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There are three types of constant block. Constant block (Const), constant block of
function type (Const f) and constant block of matrix type (Const m). Constant block
also accepts a vector or matrix as its value. For example,

1 5
5 −8

Figure 1.11: Constant Block (Const m)
The schematic diagram of use of constant block is given below.
Clock c
CScope
3
Const m
the constant value ‘3’.
This simulation has output like
−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
1.1.5 Curve Block
Curve block plots user data into graphics window. It has one output port. User can modify
xy-data from the setting option of the block. A graphical user interface is provided to edit
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Const
Const m
m
Figure 1.12: In this configuration, a clock is used to refresh the single
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CScope
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14 Blocks Pallets
the xy-data. After completing the data it is required to save it to overwrite the previous
data.
Curve
Figure 1.14: Curve Function Generator (CURV f)
Clock c
CScope
Curve f
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.15: Output of simulation 1.1.5.
1.1.6 Counter Block
Counter block counts from lower limit, normally 0, to upper limit (n) either in increasing
order or in decreasing order as per user’s definition. Counter’s count (c) is controlled by
clock, at each clock triger count value is changed by one. Normally control pulses are
supplied by a clock. If clock frequency is low, counting is slow and if frequency of clock
is high then counting is fast. User can set the properties of counter block. The counter
symbol is
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Counter
0 → n
Figure 1.16: Counter block (Counter)
Counter block simulation is given below
Clock c
CScope
Counter
0 → 10
Counter
the counter value from zero to fifteen.
The counter value is reset to lower limit when count value is equal to the upper limit.
Mathematically,
c =
(
c when c n
0 when c = n
Or
c = c % n
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0
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10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
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Mathematically, Umrao

16 Blocks Pallets
1.1.7 Sine Wave Generator
This block generates a sine wave of desired amplitude, frequency and initial time. Sine
wave generated by this block has numerical relation as
y = a sin ωt
Amplitude, frequency and phase values can be set at the setting dialog of the block. The
sine wave generator block is shown in below figure.
Figure 1.19: Sine wave generator (GenSin f)
Sine wave generator example is
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
the sine wave.
−1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Figure 1.21: Simulated output of simulation block (1.20).
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1.1.8 Square Wave Generator
Square wave generator produces a sinusoidal wave of square type. It has one control port
and one output port. The width of square wave depends on the trigger pulse supplied
by the clock through control port. A pulse trigger the lower level of square wave into
upper level and vice-versa on next trigger pulse. Low frequency of trigger pulse (here a
sinusoidal clock) gives larger width of square wave. Amplitude of square wave determines
its height.
Figure 1.22: Square Wave Generator (GENSQR f)
Clock c
CScope
GENSQR f
the square wave.
Simulated output of circuit (1.23) is
−1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1.9 Saw-tooth Wave Generator
Sawtooth wave generator produces a wave whose shape is like a saw teeth. It has one
control port and one output port. The shape is determined by the period of control pulse.
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It has slope of 450
and height and width of saw tooth depends on the period value of
control pulse. The sawtooth wave generator block symbol is
Figure 1.24: Saw-tooth Wave Generator (SAWTOOTH f)
Clock c
CScope
SAWTOOTH f
the saw-tooth wave.
−1
0
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1.10 Pulse Wave Generator
Pulse wave generator produces a square wave having different width in upper lower
levels. It has one output port. The width of pulse wave can be defined by user as required.
The pulse width is a fraction of period of the wave.
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the saw-tooth wave.
the saw-tooth wave.
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scope for showing

Figure 1.26: Pulse Wave Generator (PULSE SC)
The duration of time for which, the pulse wave remains active is known as “duty
time”. Pulse width of the pulse wave is percentage ratio of the period of the wave.
Clock c
CScope
PULSE SC
of the pulse wave.
−1
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1.11 Step Function
Step function changes step from upper level to lower level or vice-versa. User can assign
level change time and the upper lower level values (initial final values). The properties
of this block are visible when it is double clicked. It has one output port.
Figure 1.28: Step Function Generator (STEP FUNCTION)
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of the pulse wave.
of the pulse wave.
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STEP FUNCTION is used to rise the level of value at and after any instant of time.
Mathematically, step function is defined as givne below:
f(t) =
(
0 when t a
1 when t ≥ a
A simplest form of simulation circuit is shown in figure below.
Clock c
CScope
STEP FUNCTION
of the steps.
−1
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1.12 Modulo Counter
Counter modulo block counts the values, c, from zero to upper limit and when it encoun-
ters to upper limit, it reset to zero. It has one control and one output ports.
Counter
Modulo n
Figure 1.30: Counter Modulo block (Counter)
Mathematically, modulo value c of given input i for upper limit n is represented as
c = i mod n = i % n (1.1)
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Here, % sign is used to represent modulo in numerical programming. Modulo counter
block simulation is given below
Clock c
CScope
Counter
Modulo 10
Modulo Counter
the counter modulo 10.
1.1.13 Ramp
Ramp block provide output values according to the relation
y = mt + c
Where y is value provided by ramp at any instant of time t. m, t c are ramp parameters.
m is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies. t is time function
that increases continuously from its initial value. c is initial value of ramp output. Ramp
has only one output port. Derivating to ramp relation
m =
dy
dt
The right side of above relation represent to velocity parameter, therefore, ramp function
also represents to velocity function. The symbol of ramp function is
Figure 1.32: Ramp block (Ramp)
1.1.14 Random Generator
Random generator block generates random values within the two given ranges. The
random value generated by this block is received when clock triggers the block. It has
one control port and one output port. Mathematically
r = R(t)
where, r is sampled random value and R(t) is random value generated by the random
block at time t. The random value r has range a ≤ r ≤ b, i.e. within domain of [a, b].
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is value provided by ramp at any instant of time
is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies.
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mt +
+ c
is value provided by ramp at any instant of time t.
. m,
, t
t
c
c are ramp parameters.
are ramp parameters.
is slope of ramp that determines how fast the output values varies. t
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−2
−1
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5
r
t
The block symbol is given below:
Random
Generator
Figure 1.33: Random Generator block (Rand m)
Each random block uses random number algorithm. User can defined own random
block generator by using “Function Block”..
Clock c
CScope
Random
Generator
1.1.15 Read From Input File
This block is used to read data from input file stored in temporary directory or in “my
document” folder. It has one control port and one output control port.
Read data
from input file
Figure 1.34: Read from input file (RFILE f).
This block uses configure options.
1. Time record selection : It is either an empty matrix or an strictly positive integer
0. If it is empty, there is no output event exists. If an integer value, ‘i’, is given,
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Clock
Clock c

then ith
element of the read record is assumed to be the date of the output event,
i.e. this record is treated as value of t-axis (time variable).
2. Outputs record selection : It is a vector of positive integers like [1, 2, 5]. If read data
is like a vector [k1, k2, . . . kn] then kth
i elements of the read records, i.e. the vector
made of elements [k1, k2, k5] is given in output.
3. Input file name is a file name or path file name. Its value is string of characters.
4. Buffer size : It is similar to the number of bytes read by fread function of C language.
To improve efficiency of input read, file is only done after each Buffer size call to
the block.
For example, consider a data file myfle.txt with following data except label row
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C1 C2 C3
01 0.100 -0.100
02 0.199 -0.199
03 0.296 -0.296
04 0.389 -0.389
05 0.479 -0.479
06 0.565 -0.565
07 0.644 -0.644
08 0.717 -0.717
09 0.783 -0.783
10 0.841 -0.841
11 0.891 -0.891
12 0.932 -0.932
13 0.964 -0.964
14 0.985 -0.985
15 0.997 -0.997
16 1.000 -1.000
17 0.992 -0.992
18 0.974 -0.974
19 0.946 -0.946
20 0.909 -0.909
21 0.863 -0.863
22 0.808 -0.808
23 0.746 -0.746
24 0.675 -0.675
25 0.598 -0.598
26 0.516 -0.516
27 0.427 -0.427
28 0.335 -0.335
29 0.239 -0.239
30 0.141 -0.141
31 0.042 -0.042
32 -0.058 0.058
Each row has data record for different entity. Hence the unique data vector for each
row is [k1, k2, k3]. If time record selection is 1, then first column will be used at t values,
i.e. time event values. If this option has value 2, then second column is used at time even
values. Note that, time value is always 0 and continuous increasing, hence block stops
reading of data when either time becomes negative or time starts decreasing. So, time
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16 1.000 -1.000
17
1
18 0.974 -0.974
8 0.974 -0.974
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6 1.000 -1.000
6 1.000 -1.000
0. -0.992
8 0.974 -0.974
8 0.974 -0.974

column should be positive, greater than zero and continuous increasing. There are three
output records. If output record selection has value 1 then only data of first column is
sent as output of this block. If the output record selection has value [123] then values in
first, second and third columns will be sent as output of this block.
Clock c
CScope
Read data
from input file
RFILE f
The time record selection is 1 and output record selection is [2, 3]. The output will be
as
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
If the time record selection is 2 and output record selection is [2, 3], then time for data
read shall be from t = 0 to t = 1 seconds. After than time starts decreasing hence reading
block will stop reading of data from input data file. And the output will be as
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
If the time record selection is 3 and output record selection is [2, 3], then time for data
read shall be from t = 0 to t = 0 seconds as time value is negative. There will be no
output. Similarly, if time record selection option value is empty, then there is null time,
hence no output.
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−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
The ForTran data edit descriptors are LOGICAL, CHARACTER, INTEGER, REAL,
DOUBLE PRECISION and COMPLEX which are represented by L, A, I, D, E, F or G
descriptors respectively. ForTran descriptor is written as Iw.m where ‘I’ is data type,
here it is integer, ‘w’ is total field width and it must be greater than zero, ‘m’ is minimum
number of digits produced on output and it may be zero, ‘d’ is number of digits to the
right of the decimal point and it may be zero, and ‘e’ number of digits in the exponent
part and it must be greater than zero. ‘BN’ is blank space controller. While using this
format control descriptor, all embedded and trailing blanks are treated as null and ignored.
Similarly, in ‘BZ’ black control descriptor, all embedded and trailing blanks are treated
as zeros. Blank space format control descriptor applies only to input and is ignored on
output. ‘S’ format control descriptor restore the system default for printing plus ‘+’ signs.
This is normally ‘SS’ which suppress the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical
data for the remainder of the FORMAT description. Format control descriptor ‘SP’ force
the printing of plus ‘+’ signs in front of numerical data for the remainder of the FORMAT
description. Plus sign format control descriptor are applies only to output and is ignored
on input. There are column control descriptors in the ForTrans too. These are ‘nX’
which shifts right n spaces from current position. ‘Tn’ which shifts to column n in the
record. ‘TLn’ which shifts left n spaces from current position. Note that you cannot shift
left past column 1. This descriptor allows you to reread records on input and overwrite
records on output. ‘TRn’ which shifts right n spaces from current position. Note that
‘TRn’ is exactly equivalent to ‘nX’. The slash ‘/’ descriptor begins a new line (record)
on output and skips to the next line on input, ignoring any unread information on the
current record. Two slashes ‘//’ skips one line, three slashes ‘///’ skips two lines, etc.
The format descriptor may be repeated if it is defined as r(Fw.d) or r(Fw.d, Iw.d). Here,
‘r’ is an integer greater than one which specify, how many times the format descriptor
inside the parentheses will be repeated. For example, 2(Fw.d) is equal to Fw.d, Fw.d.
1.1.16 Read ‘C’ Binary File
This block is used to read ‘C’ binary file stored in temporary directory or in “my doc-
ument” folder written by WRITEC f block. It has one control port and one output
control port if Time Record Selection option has empty value. Otherwise, it also has one
command port. Before reading this section, it is strongly recommended to read section
explaining WRITEC f block.
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Read from
‘C’ binary file
Figure 1.35: Read from ‘C’ binary file (READC f).
This block uses configure options.
1. Time Record Selection : It is either an empty matrix or an strictly positive integer
greater than zero (scalar). If it is empty, there is no output event port exists. If
an integer value, ‘i’, is given, then ith
element of the read record is assumed to be
the time event value of the output event port, i.e. this record is treated as value of
t-axis (time variable). If this option has value greater than zero, then one command
port is created in this block and ith
will be used as time axis value and also may be
used to control scope viewers.
2. Outputs Record Selection : It is a vector of positive integers like [1, 2, 5]. If read
data is like a vector [k1, k2, . . . kn] then kth
i elements of the read records, i.e. the
vector made of elements [k1, k2, k5] is given in output.
3. Input File Name : It is a file name or path file name. Its value is string of characters.
4. Input Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”, “i”,
“s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32, int16,
int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type. This
value must be same as the value of Output Format option of WRITEC f block.
5. Record Size : This specify the number of columns to be read from C binary file.
This should be same as the input size option of WRITEC f block. If this value is
2 and data being read from C binary file is integer type, then 8 bytes data shall be
read for one record. It is vector of size one.
6. Buffer Size : It is similar to the number of bytes read by fread function of C language.
7. Initial Record Index : This fixes the first record of the file to use. For example, if
record of each entity is arranged in one line and this option is set four, then file will
be read from the fourth line in place of first line.
8. Swap Mode : If Swap mode=1 then file is supposed to be coded in “little endian
IEEE format” and data are swapped if necessary to match the IEEE format of the
processor. If Swap mode=0 then automatic bytes swap is disabled.
A simple block arrangement is shown below:
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Clock c
CScope
Read From
c binary file
READC f
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
If first column of read record is time value then Time Record Selection option shall
have value 1. The block arrangement will be changed as
CScope
Read From
c binary file
READC f
−1
0
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
1.1.17 Read Sound File
This block is used to read data sound file stored in temporary directory or in “my docu-
ment” folder. It has one control port and one output control port.
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Read from .au
sound file
Figure 1.36: Read from sound file (READAU f).
1.1.18 Signal Builder
Signal builder is used to draw a signals in any form as required. Signal builder uses x-y
data for generating a signal. It has one output port and one command port.
Signal
Builder
Figure 1.37: Signal Builder block (Sigbuilder)
1.1.19 TK Scale
It is Tk powered slider scale window. Input value is adjusted by sliding the pointer of
slider scale. This block has three parameters, (i) minimum value, (ii) maximum value
and (iii) normalization. Normalization (h) controls the number of steps between minimum
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is h, then total number of sliding
steps shall be
n =
xmax − xmin
h
and vice-versa. Smaller the normalization value, larger the number of steps of Tk sliding
scale and finer the input value. Hence there shall be larger steps and smaller normalization
value for high precision input. Normalization is some times also known as step difference
value of Tk sliding scale. This scale is used for tuning the signals. This block has one
control port and one output port.
TK Scale
Figure 1.38: Signal Builder block (TKSCALE)
Signals are stimulated by clock pulse. On stimulation, Tk slider scale supplies the
value pointed by the pointer of the scale. Its minimum block requirement is shown below:
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and (iii) normalization. Normalization (
and (iii) normalization. Normalization (
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is
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) controls the number of steps between minimum
) controls the number of steps between minimum
and maximum values. For example, if normalization is h
h, then total number of sliding
, then total number of sliding

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Clock c
CScope
TK Scale
−10
−5
0
5
10
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
Figure 1.39: Output of simulation 1.1.19.
1.2 Sink of Data Blocks
Sinks is that point where all data is ended in form of graphs, numerical values or event.
Following sinks are used in Xcos.
1.2.1 Display Floating Number
This block is used to show the output in numeric form rather than graphical representa-
tion. It has one input port and one command port.
1.2.2 Bar XY
This block uses relation y = f(x) to plot the data. Here x is independent value while y
is a function of x. This block shows results in bar lines.
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0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

1.2. SINK OF DATA BLOCKS 31
1.2.3 Floating Point Scope
Floating point scope, shows output of floating points ranges between zero to one. It has
one control port. The output viewed in this scope is
y = (float)x
Figure 1.40: Floating Point Scope (CFSCOPE)
Following parameters of the block can be set as and when required.
Color Set the number for color of output graph.
Output Window Number Output windows are assigned an identification numbers for
processing of data. By default it is ‘-1’. It means the window number will automatically
assigned an ID. Apart from it, user defined ID can also be assigned to the window.
Output Window Position Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
tioned after opening. By default it is positioned in center of screen. The xy-coordinates
of window position are assigned like [x; y]. The coordinates are calculated from the top
left corner of the screen of computer system.
Output Window Sizes It determines the size of output window. The coordinates are
syntax as [x; y].
Ymin It is the minimum value of the output to be displayed in the output window.
Ymin is used to set the lower scale point of the y-axis in output display.
YMax It is the maximum value of the output to be displayed in the output window.
Ymax is used to set the upper scale point of the y-axis in output display.
Refresh Period It is the maximum range of independent variable to be displayed in
the output window.
Buffer Size The size of output values to be stored in the memory. The drawing is
only done after each Buffer size call to the block.
1.2.4 XY Animated Viewer
XY animated viewer visualized the second input with respect first input as a function of
first input at instant simulated time. Mathematically
y = f(x)
The output plot is two dimensional. It has two input ports and one control port. One of
the two input ports is for variable and second is for function of variable.
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Output Window Position
Output Window Position Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
Position of window tell the window that where it will posi-
ioned after opening. By default it is positioned in center of screen. The xy-coordinates
of window position are assigned like [
of window position are assigned like [ Umrao
y]. The coordinates are calculated from the top
]. The coordinates are calculated from the top

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Figure 1.41: XY Animation Viewer block (CANIMXY)
The simplest form of block arrangement is given in the following figure.
Clock c
CANIMXY
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous x and y value. It is animated like the
figure given below:
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.2.5 XY 3D Animated Viewer
XY 3D animated viewer block draw a graph of function like
f(z) = f(x, y)
Where x, y are two independent values. The α and φ values can be defined as required by
user to change the viewing point. This block has one control port and three input ports.
Figure 1.42: XY 3D Animated Viewer block (CANIMXY3D)
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A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous
figure given below:
figure given below:
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A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous x and y value. It is animated like the

Clock c
CANIMXY3D
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
A moving dot is used to show the instantaneous x, y and z values. It is animated like
the figure given below:
x
y
z
1.2.6 3D Matrix Viewer
3D Matrix Viewer is a scope that shows matrix values as z values on a xy grid. It has
one input port and one control port. The input to this block is always a matrix.
Mat 3D
Figure 1.43: 3D Matrix Viewer block (CMAT3D)
The drawing of block arrangement is shown in the following figure.
Clock c
Mat 3D
Mat. 3D


1 2 1
2 1 1
2 3 1


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Simulate this block arrangement to see the result. The output is computed as following
methods. In CMAT3D matrix viewer, a ruled mess grid is created. Each point where x
and y lines intersects to each other is called a node. At these nodes matrix elements are
placed and element value is the height of the point in z-axis. The nodes parallel to the
x-axis are column elements of the supplied matrix and nodes parallel to the y-axis are
row elements of the supplied matrix. For a given matrix of 3 × 3,
A =


1 2 1
2 1 1
2 3 1


The mess is looked like
x
y
z
The index of row or column numbers in CMAT3D viewer is started from zero. So, the
elements of the matrix will be placed as shown in the following figure. Note that, column
elements are placed parallel to the x-axis. Now,
x
y
z
A00
A10
A20
A01
A11
A21
A02
A12
A22
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
Now connect the zij from its neighbouring z. Four neighbouring z nodes form a facet
of the 3D surface. The mesh thus form is three dimensional plot of the given function.
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elements are placed parallel to the
elements are placed parallel to the x
x-axis. Now,
-axis. Now,
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-axis. Now,
-axis. Now,

x
y
z
A00
A10
A20
A01
A11
A21
A02
A12
A22
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
Now, fill each quadrilateral surface with different color or using colormaps. This is
output of the CMAT3D viewer block.
x
y
z
A00
A10
A20
A01
A11
A21
A02
A12
A22
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1.2.7 Matrix Viewer
Matrix Viewer is a scope that shows matrix values on colormap grid. It has one input
port and one control port. The input to this block is always a matrix. The colormap
grid is a range color linked to the window output of the scope. There are three types of
color maps, (i) jetcolormap, (ii) hotcolormap and (iii) graycolormap. These colormaps
accepts a level (n) of color map and it constructs color levels of size n × 3 where n ≥ 3.
For example,

1 -- graycolormap (10)

divides white to perfect gray color into ten different gray color shades as shown in the
following output.

ans =
0. 0. 0.
0.1111111 0.1111111 0.1111111
0.2222222 0.2222222 0.2222222
0.3333333 0.3333333 0.3333333
0.4444444 0.4444444 0.4444444
0.5555556 0.5555556 0.5555556
0.6666667 0.6666667 0.6666667
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A00
A00
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A10
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0.7777778 0.7777778 0.7777778
0.8888889 0.8888889 0.8888889
1. 1. 1.

Each shade contains equal components of red, green and blue colors. Hence rgb(0.1
0.1 0.1) is equal to the gray(0.1). All rgb components are zero means perfect black and all
component of rgb are one means perfect white. The difference between two gray shades
is computed as
d =
1 − 0
n − 1
and levels are
l = 0 + i × d
The minimum level range is the minimum value who comes in the regular input port.
It would be linked to the ‘cold value’ of the colormap. The maximum level range is the
maximum value who comes in the regular input port. It would be linked to the ‘hot value’
of the colormap. Minimum and maximum values are scalars.
Mat View
Figure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
The drawing of block arrangement is shown in the following figure.
Clock c
Mat View




0. 1. 2.
2. 3. 4.
4. 5. 6.
6. 7. 8.




Computation method of this block is explained as given below. Assume that the input
matrix has elements from minimum value 0 to maximum value 8. There are eight levels
of gray colourmap. So the list of actual gray colourmap codes, those will be used to fill
the plot are

1 -- graycolourmap (8)

ans =
0.
0.1428571
0.2857143
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F
Figure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
igure 1.44: Matrix Viewer block (CMATVIEW)
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0.4285714
0.5714286
0.7142857
0.8571429
1.

Let the matrix elements are arranged in the xy-plane taking x-axis as rows and y-axis as
columns. The experimental matrix is

1 -- M=[0 1 2; 2 3 4; 4 5 6;6 7 8]

M=
0. 1. 2.
2. 3. 4.
4. 5. 6.
6. 7. 8.

Now, the minimum matrix value (say 0) is set to gray color level 0 and maximum matrix
value (say 8) is set to gray color level 1. The intermediate distinct matrix elements are
assigned proposed gray color code from equally distributed gray colormap values ranging
from 0 to 1 as shown in the below table.
Matrix Element Proposed Gray Code
0 0.000
1 0.125
2 0.250
3 0.375
4 0.500
5 0.625
6 0.750
7 0.875
8 1.000
As there are 8 colormap levels and 9 distinct matrix elements, hence the proposed
gray color codes are rounded to near gray colormap values of actual gray colormap. Thus
the actual table will be
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Matrix Elemen
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Proposed Gray Code
0.000

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Elements Proposed Gray Code Actual Gray Code
0 0.000 0.000
1 0.125 0.143
2 0.250 0.286
3 0.375 0.429
4 0.500 0.571
5 0.625 0.714
6 0.750 0.857
7 0.875 1.000
8 1.000 1.000
The matrix nodes are as
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
These matrix arrangement creates grid blocks/cells as shown below:
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
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(1,0.143)
(3,0.429)
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(5,0.714)
(5,0.714)
(7,1.000)
(7,1.000)

Now, for each cell, its corner values are used for calculation of average gray scale for
that cell. So, the first cell has gray value as
g =
0.000 + 0.286 + 0.143 + 0.429
4
= 0.2145
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
0.215
The shading of this cell be like
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
0.215
Now, we can calculate average gray scales/levels for other cells and their background
can be filled by appropriate gray colors as shown in the following figure.
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(0,0.000)
0,0.000) (2,0.286)
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(4,0.571)
(4,0.571) (6,0.857)

40 Blocks Pallets
cols
rows
(0,0.000)
(1,0.143)
(2,0.286)
(2,0.286)
(3,0.429)
(4,0.571)
(4,0.571)
(5,0.714)
(6,0.857)
(6,0.857)
(7,1.000)
(8,1.000)
0.215 0.500 0.785
0.357 0.642 0.892
1.2.8 Single Display Scope
Single display scope displays its input with respect to simulation time. User can change
the refresh time, maximum and minimum value of axes. It has one control port and one
input port.
Figure 1.45: Single Display Scope (CSCOPE)
This scope can be customized from the setting dialogue which can be opened by double
clicking one it. The default input size of this scope is 8, i.e. data vector size shall be
less than or equal to ‘8’. The color is a vector of integers. The ith
element is the color
number or marker type used to draw the evolution of the ith
input port signal. Colors
are defined by positive integers i.e. color index relative to the current colormap and
markers are defined by negative integers. The marker type are identified by an integer
in range of 0 to -14 which stands respectively for: dot, plus, cross, star, filled diamond,
diamond, triangle up, triangle down, diamond plus, circle, asterisk, square, triangle right,
triangle left and pentagram. Note that, this scope automatically detects the number of
data groups coming inside and plots different/multiple plots in same graphics window.
In the following figure, a sine wave is plotted at single scope window.
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Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
−2
−1
0
1
2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
For grouping of multiple data, Multiplexure is used. In the following figure, two sine
wave data is multiplexed before passing it to input port of single scope viewer. Here both
data are plotted in same graph window as shown in the output.
Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
GenSin f
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3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

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−2
−1
0
1
2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
y
t
1.2.9 Multiple Display Scope
Multiple display scope displays its different input values simultaneously with respect to
simulation time . User can change the refresh time, number of input port its size and
type, maximum and minimum value of axes for each input ports and buffer size etc. The
size of input port of the multiple display scope should be equal to the size of data received
from the output port of other block. It accepts continuous data or row matrix or column
matrix or vector data types. For continuous data type, input port size is 1, and for row
or column matrix or vector data, the input port size is size of row or column matrix or
vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of m × n type can not be
directly fed to this display scope. It has one control port and user defined multiple input
port. This scope draws subplots in different subgraphics windows for each input port
data.
Figure 1.46: Multiple Display Scope (CMSCOPE)
For the input ports of this block, user must be familiar with size of the ports and type
of the ports. For example, in the field ‘input port sizes’ in setting dialogue, if data is
placed as ‘1 1’ then it represents to two input ports as ‘1’ is written two times separated
with space. Similarly, ‘1 1 1’ represents to three input ports. ‘1 2 1’ is also represents
to three input ports but these ports are of different type. ‘1’ represents that a port
can receives or transmits only one column vector (1 × 1 vector), which is also known as
continuous scalar data. While ‘2’ represents that a port can receives or transmits only
two column vector (1 × 2 vector). It is also known as row matrix data. Similarly ‘7’
represents a vector having seven columns (1 × 7 vector) and so on. Remember that a
Scope needs the drawing color equal to the sum of size of all ports. If there are two ports
of size 3 and 7 respectively, then there is required to define 3+7 = 10 colours in ‘Drawing
colors or marks’ field. There are also required to set the separate values of Ymin, Ymax
and refresh rate for each input port.
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vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of
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vector. The size of input port is set accordingly. Matrix data of m
m × n
n

Clock c
CScope
GenSin f
GenSin f
−2
−1
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−2
−1
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
1.2.10 XY Single Display Scope
This block visualize the two inputs signals by drawing the second input as a function of
the first input at any instant of time. When a point is drawn on screen it stays until the
simulation is finished. It has two input ports and one control ports. One of the two input
ports is for variable and second is for function of variable.
y = f(x)
Figure 1.47: XY Single Display Scope (CSCOPXY)
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Clock c
CSCOPXY
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
A moving dot with trailing curve is used to show the animated path. It is animated
like the figure given below:
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.2.11 XY 3D Single Display Scope
This block visualize the two inputs signals by drawing the second input as a function of
the first input at any instant of time. When a point is drawn on screen it stays until
the simulation is finished. It has two input ports and one control ports. Two of the
three input ports are for variables and third is for function of variables. The mathematics
behind the visualization is
f(z) = f(x, y)
Figure 1.48: XY 3D Single Display Scope (CSCOPXY3D)
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3 4 5 6 7

Clock c
CSCOPXY3D
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
x
y
z
1.2.12 Terminating Blocks
A terminating block ends the simulation when simulation time is encounter to the time
specified in terminating blocks. There are three types of terminating blocks. First is ‘End
Block’: it ends the simulation after the time specified in the end block. It has no ports.
END
Figure 1.49: End Block (ENDBLK)
Second type of terminating block is ending counter. It received current time from
control port and matches with defined final time in itself. If both are equal, it instructs
final simulation time otherwise passes current time from command port. This block has
one control port and one command port.
END
Figure 1.50: End Block (END c)
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46 Blocks Pallets
Third is halt block.
HALT
Figure 1.51: Halt Block (HALT f)
Some times, there is situation when one or more ports are need to keep open but
simulation can not be processed if one or more ports are hanging. So to keep these ports
close we use trash block. It just make port close and all the data received at this port is
considered as junk. This block works as terminating blocks and do nothing.
Trash
Figure 1.52: Trash Function block (TRASH f)
1.2.13 Writing to Audio File
This block writes the sound data in *.au file format. It has one control port and one
input port. Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but
user can change the name and path of the writing file. Before using this block, user must
have writing permissions.
Write to audio
Figure 1.53: Write AU to devaudio (WRITEAU f)
1.2.14 Writing to ‘C’ Binary File
This block writes the data in binary ‘C’ file. It has one control port and one input port.
Generally file is saved in the same directory where *.xcos file is saved but user can change
the name and path of the writing file. Before using this block, user must have writing
permissions.
Write to C
Figure 1.54: Write To Binary ‘C’ (WRITEC f)
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.2.13 Writing to Audio File
.2.13 Writing to Audio File
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1. Input Size : It is size of input column vector. A scalar that determines the how
many columns of data values are used to form a record. This description must
be read with the data output format description. Suppose, we have define integer
datatype data format and input size is 2 then total 8 bytes shall be used to write a
record of data in binary form. The data received at input port of WRITEC f block
must be of same size as defined in the Input Size option.
2. Output File Name : It is a file name or path file name where data would be written.
Its value is string of characters.
3. Output Format : A character string defining the data format to use. Strings “l”,
“i”, “s”, “ul”, “ui”, “us”, “d”, “f”, “c”, “uc” are used respectively to write int32,
int16, int8, uint32, uint16, uint8, double, float, char or unsigned char data type.
4. Buffer Size : It is similar to the number of bytes read by fread function of C language.
5. Swap Mode : If swap mode=1 then file is supposed to be coded in “little endian
IEEE format” and data are swapped if necessary to match the IEEE format of the
processor. If Swap mode=0 then automatic bytes swap is disabled.
Clock c
Write to C
GenSin f
The above block diagram is indicative purpose about the use of WRITEC f. The data
written by this block is in format as shown below:
rec[4]
20 4
byte[1] byte[2]
rec[5]
40 12
byte[1] byte[2]
rec[6]
60 20
byte[1] byte[2]
rec[7]
80 28
byte[1] byte[2]
wr
In this figure, we have explained that the character type data with size two is saved in
binary format. First byte is for one of the two data elements of a record and second byte
is for other of the two data elements of a record. The number of bytes required depends
on the type of data and size of data. A character data type requires one byte memory
space and if record size is two then two bytes are required to save a record. If data type
is integer type and data size is two, then memory arrangement shall be like
rec[4]
0 0 20 4
byte[1] byte[2] byte[3] byte[4]
rec[5]
0 0 40 12
rec[6]
0 0 60 20
wr
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48 Blocks Pallets
Note that, index origin has been implemented in different programming languages
differently. The equivalent decimal number in each memory byte represents the binary
value saved in that memory cell.
1.3 Mathematical Blocks
In this section, those blocks are discussed which are used in mathematical operations.
1.3.1 Max Min
Max min block compares the two input values and returns the minimum or maximum
value as the conditions are defined. This block can be used in vector mode only i.e. input
should be supplied only vector values. If zero crossing is set true then negative value
would also be returned.
MAX
Figure 1.55: Max-Min block (MAXMIN)
This block acts as Min block if min/max input option is set to 1 and acts as Max
block if min/max input option is set to 2. It may be set for one input or two inputs. A
schematic diagram is shown for working of Max/Min block.
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
TIME f
COS
COSBLK f
MAX
In this block two inputs, one sine value and other cosine value are entered into the
max/min block. The block is set to max state, i.e. the maximum value of the two inputs
will be found at its output port. Therefore, the final plot shall be plot of the maximum
value between sine and cosine values. The time clock starts from 0 to continue. The
number of input ports in max/min block is set to two and zero crossing is allowed. The
output of this schematic diagram will be as shown below:
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1.3. MATHEMATICAL BLOCKS 49
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
When the max/min block is set to minimum state, the output of updated configured
schematic block diagram will be as shown below:
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
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When the max/min block is set to minimum state, the output of updated
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50 Blocks Pallets
1.3.2 Max Only Block
Max block returns the maximum value of all supplied values. Max block can be used in
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. The max
block is
MAX
Figure 1.56: Max block (MAX f)
If
A =

is input to this block then it gives 12 as its output. The value 12 is maximum among all
elements of the given matrix.
1.3.3 Min Only Block
Min block returns the minimum value of all supplied values. Min block can be used in
matrix mode of input data. It has only one input port and one output port. Min block is
MIN
Figure 1.57: Min block (MIN f)
If
A =

is input to this block then it gives 1 as its output. The value 1 is minimum among all
elements of the given matrix.
1.3.4 Square Root Block
A function f(x) =
√
x is called square root function of x. The type of roots can be set
by user. It has only one input port and one output port.
SQRT
Figure 1.58: Square root block (SQRT)
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If square root block is set to real only (data type = 1) then it gives output when input
is only positive value as
√
−n is an imaginary value. There is NULL result if input is a
negative number. It can also be set to complex mode by changing its data type to 2 in
setting dialogue.
1.3.5 Absolute Value
Absolute value is mod value of a real number. If given number is positive or negative its
absolute value is always positive in nature. The absolute block returns only positive form
of a positive or negative real number. The absolute block is
ABS
Figure 1.59: Absolute value block (ABS VALUE)
Mathematically
f(x) =

−a when a 0
a when a ≥ 0
A schematic diagram is shown for working of absolute block.
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
COS
COSBLK f
ABS
The output of this schematic diagram will be as shown below:
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−1
−0.5
0
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1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
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1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
1.3.6 Sum Function
It provides the sum of three input values algebraically without changing the nature of
input values. This block accepts input values as they are supplied. It has three input
ports and one output port.
M
Figure 1.60: Sum function block (SUM f)
If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are three inputs for the function, then it gives result
y = f(x) + g(x) + h(x)
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
TIME f
COS
COSBLK f
M
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0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
1.3.7 Big Sum
It provides the sum of two or more real input values algebraically either by accepting
them as they are or by changing their nature. User can change the number of input. It
has unlimited input ports and one output port. Number of input ports depends on the
input port matrix. Each element in port matrix represents one input port. The numerical
value of each element is the gain of input values. Gain of input port ranges from 0 to
∞. For example [0; 1; −2] represents to the three input ports and first port has zero gain,
second port has +1 gain and third port has −2 gain1
.
X
Figure 1.61: Big sum block (BIGSOM f)
The additive or subtractive nature of input port can be assigned by using plus or minus
sign in port matrix. If both signs are assigned to the input ports then their additive or
subtractive nature of input ports are shown by plus or minus sign.
1
Gain is defined as the ratio of final value to the initial value
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+
-
X
Figure 1.62: Big sum block (BIGSOM f)
If α, β and γ are three gains of the three inputs of the big sum and their input values
are i, j and k respectively, then the result output of this function shall be algebraic sum
of the product input port gain and their corresponding inputs.
y = αi + βj + γj
This is obsolete block.
1.3.8 Summation Block
It provides the sum of two or more input vector values algebraically. User can change the
number of input ports. It unlimited input ports and one output port. Input ports can
be assigned only either +1 or −1 values i.e. [1; −1; 1; 1; 1] etc. The gain of input values
is only 1 in factor.
+
-
X
Figure 1.63: Summation block (SUMMATION)
The principal difference between big sum block and summation block is that summa-
tion block can add two or more real or imaginary or complex or int32 values. It also give
warning or do nothing or shows saturated values when data overflows.
1.3.9 Sine Function
Sine block returns the sine value of given angle (in radian). The maximum and minimum
value of sine function lies between ±1. The initial value of sine function is 0 when θ = 0
radian. The sine block is
SIN
Figure 1.64: Sine block (SINBLK f)
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Clock c
CSCOPXY
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.3.10 Cosine Function
Cosine block returns the cosine value of given angle (in radian). The maximum and
minimum value of cosine function lies between ±1. The initial value of cosine function is
+1 when θ = 0 radian. The function plot of cosine leads to the plot of sine function by
π/2 radian. The cosine block is looked like
COS
Figure 1.65: Cosine block (COSBLK f)
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0 1 2
1.3.10 Cosine Function
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56 Blocks Pallets
Clock c
CSCOPXY
TIME f
COS
COSBLK f
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.3.11 Tangent Function
Tangent block returns the tangent value of given angle (in radian). Tangent value in-
creases from zero to infinity when angle value increases from zero to π/2. At pi/2 tangent
value is ∞. The initial value of tangent function is 0 when θ = 0 radian. The absolute
block is
TAN
Figure 1.66: Tangent block (TANBLK f)
1.3.12 Trigonometric Function
Trigonometric function block provides user defined trigonometric function to be operated
on the supplied angle value (in radian). The auxiliary trigonometric functions those can
be used in this block are any of the sin, cos, tan, arcsin, arccos, arctan, sinh, cosh, tanh
and inverse hyperbolic sin, cos, tan. Only function name is supplied without argument
variable. The trigonometric function block is
0 1 2
1.3.11 Tangent Function
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3 4 5 6 7

Trig Functions
Figure 1.67: Trigonometric Function block (TrigFun)
1.3.13 Product Function
It provides the product of two input values altering input values. This block accepts input
values as they are supplied. It has two input ports and one output port.
O
Figure 1.68: Product function block (PROD f)
If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are three inputs for the function, then result of product block
is
y = f(x) × g(x) × h(x)
Clock c
CScope
TIME f
SIN
SINBLK f
TIME f
COS
COSBLK f
O
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) × g(
(x
x) × h(x)

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−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1.0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
1.3.14 Product Block
It provides the product or division of two or more real input values. Each port can be
assigned only +1 or −1 value. +1 indicates that the corresponding input port performs
multiplication and −1 performs division in order of
y =
Q
i
Q
j
Here i represents to all the number inputs at product input ports. While j represents to
all the number inputs at division input ports. Port data [1; 1; −1] represents to the three
input ports and first port is multiplicative port, second port is also a multiplicative port
and third port is divisive port.
Y
Figure 1.69: Product block (PRODUCT)
1.3.15 Power Block
A function f = ua
is called power of u to a times. u is the supplied value and a is fixed
power that can be set accordingly. The value of a may be positive or negative. It has
only one input port and one output port. Note that, there shall be error if there is zero
crossing for negative power or output is an imaginary number. The reason is than
√
−2
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t provides the product or division of two or more real input values. Each port can be
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gives imaginary output and 0−n
gives undetermined value (1/0), i.e. division by zero or
infinite value.
u a Result
1 0.5 1.00
3 0.5 1.73
5 0.5 2.23
4 0.5 2.00
-2 0.5 Imaginary
-3 -1.5 Imaginary
0 -1.5 Div by 0
-4 -2.0 0.0625
-6 -2.0 0.028
6 -2.0 0.028
Power block symbol is given below:
ua
Figure 1.70: Power block (POWBLK f)
Minimum block arrangement for power block is given below:
Clock c
CScope
ua
TK Scale
Figure 1.71: Minimum Block Arrangement.
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1.3.16 Exponential
A function f = be
is called exponent function where b is base and e is exponent. e is the
supplied value and b is fix base greater than zero and it can be set accordingly. It has
only one input port and one output port.
be
Figure 1.73: Exponential block (EXPBLK f)
The main difference between power block and exponential block is that, in power block,
power is fixed and based is supplied from other variable source while in exponential block
base is fixed and power is supplied from other variable source. See the block arrangement
as given below:
Clock c
CScope
be
TK Scale
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1.3.17 Gain of Function
It changes the supplied value by a gain factor k. Suppose, x is supplied value to the gain
block and k is gain factor (−∞ k ∞) then output of the gain block is kx. It has one
input port and one output port only. The output is always greater than input, if k −1
or k 1. Output shall be equal to or less than input, if −1 ≤ k ≤ 1. Input may be any
real number.
1
Figure 1.76: Gain block (GAINBL f)
See the block arrangement as given below:
Clock c
CScope
k
TK Scale
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1. Output shall be equal to or less than input, if
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1. Output shall be equal to or less than input, if ≤ ≤ 1. Input may be any
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1.3.18 Inverse Value
It inverse the supplied value x when it is passed as input value to the block.
y = x−1
The output of this block tends to infinite value as x approaches to zero and tends to zero
as value of x in much large. When x is exactly zero, the simulation is halted due to error
of division by zero (zero crossing). This is why, this block should be used cautiously with
zero crossing. It has only one input port and one output port.
1
x
Figure 1.79: Inverse block (INVBLK)
See the block arrangement as given below:
Clock c
CScope
1
x
TK Scale
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The output of this block tends to infinite value as
in much large. When
in much large. When x
x is exactly zero, the simulation is halted due to error
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The output of this block tends to infinite value as x approaches to zero and tends to zero
is exactly zero, the simulation is halted due to error
is exactly zero, the simulation is halted due to error

1.4. MATRIX BLOCKS 63
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1.3.19 Logarithm Value
A function f(x) = logb(x) is called logarithm function of x with base b. The base value b
should be always greater than 1. The base value can be set accordingly. It has only one
input port and one output port.
LOG
Figure 1.82: Logarithm block (LOGBL f)
1.4 Matrix Blocks
1.4.1 Cumulative Summation
This block adds the matrix data either along the rows or along the columns. Input data
is either real numbers or complex numbers defined by input data type from its setting.
Data type 1 indicates to real doubles and 2 indicates to complex. We can also sets the
summation orientation either along the rows or along the columns. It has one input port
and one output port.
CUMSUM
Figure 1.83: Cumulative Summation (CUMSUM)
In cumulative sum, the result at the position (i, j) shall be equal to the sum of all
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64 Blocks Pallets
elements taken along the orientation upto the position of (i, j). It is given by
Sij =
j
X
y=1
i
X
x=1
axy
#
Take a matrix
A =

The cumulative sum along the column is given as
B =

1. 15. 27.
5. 16. 32.
13. 24. 41.

1.4.2 Extraction of Line Column
This block extracts the elements from a square matrix and constructs a new matrix.
Input data is either real numbers or complex numbers defined by input data type from
its setting. Data type 1 indicates to real doubles and 2 indicates to complex. We can also
sets the indices of lines and columns to be extracted from the input matrix. It has one
EXTRACT
Figure 1.84: Extraction Block (EXTRACT)
Take a matrix
A =

The extraction of the line indices [1 2] and column indices [1 2], the extracted matrix
shall be
B =

1.4.3 Triangular Or Triangular Extraction
This block extracts the elements from a square matrix and constructs a new matrix. The
extraction type are
Upper triangle When the extraction type is set to 1, the block copies the elements on
and above the main diagonal to an output matrix. The elements below the main diagonal
are set to zero.
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1.4. MATRIX BLOCKS 65
Lower triangle When the extraction type is set to 2, the block copies the elements on
and below the main diagonal to an output matrix. The elements above the main diagonal
are set to zero.
Diagonal When the extraction type is set to 3, the block copies the elements on the
main diagonal to an output matrix. The elements above and below the main diagonal
are set to zero.
Input data is either real numbers or complex numbers defined by input data type from
its setting. Data type 1 indicates to real doubles and 2 indicates to complex.
Trig/Diag
Extraction
Figure 1.85: Triangular Extraction (EXTTRI)
Take a matrix
A =

The upper triangular matrix of matrix ‘A’ is
U =

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