International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hardware Architecture of Complex K-best MIMO DecoderCSCJournals
This paper presents a hardware architecture of complex K-best Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) decoder reducing the complexity of Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector. We develop a novel low-power VLSI design of complex K-best decoder for MIMO and 64 QAM modulation scheme. Use of Schnorr-Euchner (SE) enumeration and a new parameter, Rlimit in the design reduce the complexity of calculating K-best nodes to a certain level with increased performance. The total word length of only 16 bits has been adopted for the hardware design limiting the bit error rate (BER) degradation to 0.3 dB with list size, K and Rlimit equal to 4. The proposed VLSI architecture is modeled in Verilog HDL using Xilinx and synthesized using Synopsys Design Vision in 45 nm CMOS technology. According to the synthesize result, it achieves 1090.8 Mbps throughput with power consumption of 782 mW and latency of 0.33 us. The maximum frequency the design proposed is 181.8 MHz.
IRJET- High Speed Multi-Rate Approach based Adaptive Filter using Multiplier-...IRJET Journal
This document presents a high-speed multi-rate approach for an adaptive filter using a multiplier-less technique. The proposed approach uses decimator and interpolator structures in VHDL to design a narrow band filter. Each structure is simulated using an FPGA and compared to existing structures. The resulting structure is more hardware efficient and uses fewer logic slices than existing structures. Key aspects of multi-rate signal processing and the proposed narrow band filter design using decimation and interpolation are discussed. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces hardware complexity and resource usage compared to direct-form implementation of the filter.
Phase noise (PN) impact in communication systems
is considered as great, especially in wireless communication
systems using higher m-QAM modulation schemes. The objective
of this evaluation study is to investigate the exact impact of Phase
noise in relation to AWGN, within a wide range of QAM
schemes, since an implementation, of higher QAM usage, is
anticipated to be widely used in modern wireless communication industry.
Multigigabit modeling of hi safe+ flying probe fp011Piero Belforte
This document describes the modeling methodology used to assess the performance of these probes in terms of allowed digital bandwidth of signals chosen for temporary fault insertion trials. This methodology is based on time-domain characterization of Scattering parameters (TDR/TDT) and subsequent extraction of a Behavioral Time-domain Model (BTM) [13] of the probe itself. This technique called PWLFIT (Piece-Wise Linear FITting) [14] [15]is supported by the Digital Wave Simulator DWS [16] [17] and its companion tool DWV [18] developed starting in the early '90s for very fast modeling and simulation of high-speed circuits and systems.
Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Optimum biasing of LaserCSCJournals
Abstract----A novel high spectral efficiency all-optical sampling orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing scheme is proposed using space frequency Block coding (SFBC) techniques and nonlinear behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes is exploited by relative intensity to noise (RIN).We show that in long-haul fiber optics communications, SFBC-coded OFDM increases spectral efficiency and reduces the influence of chromatic dispersion in optical-OFDM system if RIN is adjusted to -155 dB/Hz
Grant free IoT, Ericsson Research Presentationamin azari
The document outlines Amin Azari's research on grant-free radio access for IoT communications. It discusses several parts: (1) introduction and motivation, (2) coexistence analysis including interference and coverage modeling, (3) deployment and operation strategies with analytical modeling of reliability and cost, and (4) proposed protocol design and performance evaluation. The research aims to analyze the benefits of grant-free access for IoT, optimize network parameters, and design an effective protocol for asynchronous transmissions with random frequency offsets.
FPGA-based implementation of speech recognition for robocar control using MFCCTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research proposes a simulation of the logic series of speech recognition on the MFCC (Mel Frequency Spread Spectrum) based FPGA and Euclidean Distance to control the robotic car motion. The speech known would be used as a command to operate the robotic car. MFCC in this study was used in the feature extraction process, while Euclidean distance was applied in the feature classification process of each speech that later would be forwarded to the part of decision to give the control logic in robotic motor. The test that has been conducted showed that the logic series designed was precise here by measuring the Mel Frequency Warping and Power Cepstrum. With the achievement of logic design in this research proven with a comparison between the Matlab computation and Xilinx simulation, it enables to facilitate the researchers to continue its implementation to FPGA hardware.
Hardware Architecture of Complex K-best MIMO DecoderCSCJournals
This paper presents a hardware architecture of complex K-best Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) decoder reducing the complexity of Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector. We develop a novel low-power VLSI design of complex K-best decoder for MIMO and 64 QAM modulation scheme. Use of Schnorr-Euchner (SE) enumeration and a new parameter, Rlimit in the design reduce the complexity of calculating K-best nodes to a certain level with increased performance. The total word length of only 16 bits has been adopted for the hardware design limiting the bit error rate (BER) degradation to 0.3 dB with list size, K and Rlimit equal to 4. The proposed VLSI architecture is modeled in Verilog HDL using Xilinx and synthesized using Synopsys Design Vision in 45 nm CMOS technology. According to the synthesize result, it achieves 1090.8 Mbps throughput with power consumption of 782 mW and latency of 0.33 us. The maximum frequency the design proposed is 181.8 MHz.
IRJET- High Speed Multi-Rate Approach based Adaptive Filter using Multiplier-...IRJET Journal
This document presents a high-speed multi-rate approach for an adaptive filter using a multiplier-less technique. The proposed approach uses decimator and interpolator structures in VHDL to design a narrow band filter. Each structure is simulated using an FPGA and compared to existing structures. The resulting structure is more hardware efficient and uses fewer logic slices than existing structures. Key aspects of multi-rate signal processing and the proposed narrow band filter design using decimation and interpolation are discussed. Simulation results show the proposed approach reduces hardware complexity and resource usage compared to direct-form implementation of the filter.
Phase noise (PN) impact in communication systems
is considered as great, especially in wireless communication
systems using higher m-QAM modulation schemes. The objective
of this evaluation study is to investigate the exact impact of Phase
noise in relation to AWGN, within a wide range of QAM
schemes, since an implementation, of higher QAM usage, is
anticipated to be widely used in modern wireless communication industry.
Multigigabit modeling of hi safe+ flying probe fp011Piero Belforte
This document describes the modeling methodology used to assess the performance of these probes in terms of allowed digital bandwidth of signals chosen for temporary fault insertion trials. This methodology is based on time-domain characterization of Scattering parameters (TDR/TDT) and subsequent extraction of a Behavioral Time-domain Model (BTM) [13] of the probe itself. This technique called PWLFIT (Piece-Wise Linear FITting) [14] [15]is supported by the Digital Wave Simulator DWS [16] [17] and its companion tool DWV [18] developed starting in the early '90s for very fast modeling and simulation of high-speed circuits and systems.
Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Optimum biasing of LaserCSCJournals
Abstract----A novel high spectral efficiency all-optical sampling orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing scheme is proposed using space frequency Block coding (SFBC) techniques and nonlinear behavior of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes is exploited by relative intensity to noise (RIN).We show that in long-haul fiber optics communications, SFBC-coded OFDM increases spectral efficiency and reduces the influence of chromatic dispersion in optical-OFDM system if RIN is adjusted to -155 dB/Hz
Grant free IoT, Ericsson Research Presentationamin azari
The document outlines Amin Azari's research on grant-free radio access for IoT communications. It discusses several parts: (1) introduction and motivation, (2) coexistence analysis including interference and coverage modeling, (3) deployment and operation strategies with analytical modeling of reliability and cost, and (4) proposed protocol design and performance evaluation. The research aims to analyze the benefits of grant-free access for IoT, optimize network parameters, and design an effective protocol for asynchronous transmissions with random frequency offsets.
FPGA-based implementation of speech recognition for robocar control using MFCCTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research proposes a simulation of the logic series of speech recognition on the MFCC (Mel Frequency Spread Spectrum) based FPGA and Euclidean Distance to control the robotic car motion. The speech known would be used as a command to operate the robotic car. MFCC in this study was used in the feature extraction process, while Euclidean distance was applied in the feature classification process of each speech that later would be forwarded to the part of decision to give the control logic in robotic motor. The test that has been conducted showed that the logic series designed was precise here by measuring the Mel Frequency Warping and Power Cepstrum. With the achievement of logic design in this research proven with a comparison between the Matlab computation and Xilinx simulation, it enables to facilitate the researchers to continue its implementation to FPGA hardware.
Paper presented @Tyrrhenian Workshop on the Internet of Things 2009
ZigBee is probably the most popular IEEE 802.15.4 implementation used for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The radio communication can also be used for localization purposes using fixed network devices as reference points. In this paper, the authors describe a procedure for automatically configuring a ZigBee-based localization appli-cation with environment-optimized parameters.
Performance Model of Key Points At the IPTV NetworksCSCJournals
In this paper we propose a new analytical model for modeling of the key points at the IPTV networks. This model uses Gamma distribution with Intergroup Characteristics for modeling self similar nature of processes in key points of IPTV network. Enclosed Gamma Distribution results are compared with results from real measurements. Calculated discrepancies confirm that enclosed analytical model is optimal estimation model for process modeling of the key points at the IPTV network. The used methodology for real-time analyses of the key points at the IPTV Network is very important for achieving IPTV service best performance.
Comparative study of_digital_modulation (1)Bindia Kumari
This document compares different digital modulation techniques that can be used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and WiMAX networks. It simulates BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation in MATLAB and measures their performance in terms of bit error rate and throughput. The results show that higher order modulations like 64-QAM provide much higher throughput but also higher bit error rates compared to lower order modulations at a given signal-to-noise ratio. The best configuration balances low bit error rates and high throughput.
This document summarizes the results of a measurement campaign to characterize outdoor path loss models for IEEE 802.16 wireless networks in suburban and campus environments. Measurements were conducted at 3.5 GHz in two test areas near Rome, Italy - a suburban area around a BT Italy building and an Ericsson campus area. Path loss models including one-slope and free space were fitted to the measurement data from each area. The one-slope model provided better fits with R-squares of 0.37 and 0.71 for the suburban and campus areas, respectively. Link budget analysis using the one-slope models showed maximum coverage ranges of around 1 km for the suburban area and 1.5 km for the campus area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Peak detection using wavelet transformIJCNCJournal
A new work based-wavelet transform is designed to overcome one of the main drawbacks that found in the
present new technologies. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)is proposed in the
literature to enhance the multimedia resolution. However, the high peak power (PAPR) values will obstruct
such achievements. Therefore, a new proposition is found in this work, making use of the wavelet
transforms methods, and it is divided into three main stages; de-noising stage, thresholding stage and then
the replacement stage.
In order to check the system stages validity; a mathematical model has been built and its checked after
using a MATLAB simulation. A simulated bit error rate (BER) achievement will be compared with our
previously published work, where an enhancement from 8×10-1 to be 5×10-1 is achieved. Moreover, these
results will be compared to the work found in the literature, where we have accomplished around 27%
PAPR extra reduction.
As a result, the BER performance has been improved for the same bandwidth occupancy. Moreover and
due to the de-noise stage, the verification rate has been improved to reach 81%. This is in addition to the
noise immunity enhancement.
Performance evaluation on the basis of bit error rate for different order of ...ijmnct
This document summarizes research evaluating the bit error rate (BER) for different modulation orders and subchannel lengths in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The research considers QPSK, 8-QAM, and 16-QAM modulation with 256, 512, and 4096 subchannels. Simulation results in MATLAB show that:
1) For 256 subchannels, QPSK modulation has the lowest BER across signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values from 0-27dB.
2) BER increases with higher modulation orders (from QPSK to 16-QAM) for a given subchannel length.
3) The research provides a comparative analysis of BER performance in an OFDM system
The application wavelet transform algorithm in testing adc effective number o...ijcsit
In evaluating Analog to Digital Convertors, many parameters are checked for performance and error rate.
One of these parameters is the device Effective Number of Bits. In classical testing of Effective Number of
Bits, testing is based on signal to noise components ratio (SNR), whose coefficients are driven via
frequency domain (Fourier Transform) of ADC’s output signal. Such a technique is extremely sensitive to
noise and require large number of data samples. That is, longer and more complex testing process as the
device under test increases in resolutions. Meanwhile, a new time – frequency domain approach (known as
Wavelet transform) is proposed to measure and analyze Analog-to-Digital Converters parameter of
Effective Number of Bits with less complexity and fewer data samples.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on hardware efficient reconfigurable FIR filters. It discusses two new architectures proposed: the constant shifts method (CSM) and programmable shifts method (PSM). CSM partitions coefficients into fixed groups and stores them directly in a lookup table. PSM eliminates redundancy in coefficients using a binary common subexpression algorithm before storing in a coded format. Both methods use a shift-and-add unit and multiplexers to efficiently implement coefficient multiplication and allow reconfiguration for different standards. The architectures aim to integrate reconfigurability with low complexity for FIR filters used in wireless communications.
Presentation slides discussing the theory and empirical results of a text-independent speaker verification system I developed based upon classification of MFCCs. Both mininimum-distance classification and least-likelihood ratio classification using Gaussian Mixture Models were discussed.
Introduction
PMU requirements
Synchrophasor Estimation Algorithms
Example of DFT‐based synchrophasor estimation
Implementation
Experimental validation
Conclusions
Introduction
Drivers
Evolution of the whole power systems infrastructure
major changes in their operational procedures;
need of advanced and smarter tools to manage the increasing complexity of the grid;
main involved aspect is the network monitoring by means of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs);
This document outlines a proposed study on developing a voice password-based speaker verification system. It will explore methods for modeling speakers with limited data, such as artificially generating multiple utterances from short speech segments. The study aims to reduce phonetic variability between training and test data. It will also examine score normalization techniques, comparing cohort-centric normalization typically used to a proposed speaker-centric approach. The goal is to build a text-independent voice password system that can reliably verify identities from short speech samples, improving security and enabling remote access applications.
Spectral Analysis of Sample Rate ConverterCSCJournals
The aim of digital sample rate conversion is to bring a digital audio signal from one sample frequency to another. The distortion of the audio signal introduced by the sample rate converter should be as low as possible. The generation of the output samples from the input samples may be performed by the application of various methods. In this paper, a new technique of digital sample-rate converter is proposed. We perform the spectral analysis of proposed digital sample rate converter.
IRJET- Survey Paper on Paper Reduction for MIMO-OFDM Systems using PTS SchemeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in MIMO-OFDM systems. It discusses how PAPR significantly affects OFDM and can cause nonlinearity in high power amplifiers. The paper focuses on using partial transmit sequence techniques to reduce PAPR. It reviews related work applying techniques like iterative clipping and filtering, partial transmit sequences, and adaptive selected mapping to reduce PAPR. The document also discusses system models for MIMO-OFDM and analyzing PAPR reduction performance.
Computer-Based Analysis of The Performance of Different Modulation Techniques...theijes
This document analyzes the performance of different modulation techniques in WCDMA systems with different channels. It compares M-PSK and M-Ary PAM modulation in Rayleigh fading and AWGN channels using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that M-PAM in AWGN channels has lower bit error rates compared to M-PSK, while M-PSK in Rayleigh fading performs better than M-PAM. As modulation levels and simulation time increase, bit error rates also increase, though irregularly in Rayleigh fading channels. Overall, the best technique depends on the channel conditions and system requirements.
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document summarizes an emerging VP8 video codec that is designed for mobile devices. It aims to significantly reduce computational complexity through several techniques while maintaining good video quality. The key techniques include a predictive algorithm for motion estimation that reduces computation by 18.5-20x compared to full search, using integer discrete cosine transform instead of floating point to achieve 2.6-3.5x speed improvement, and skipping DCT and quantization for some macroblocks to reduce computations. Experimental results on test sequences show negligible quality degradation of 0.2-0.5dB for integer DCT and 0.5dB on average for the full codec, while achieving real-time encoding rates on mobile devices. The proposed low-complexity
Capsulization of Existing Space Time TechniquesIJEEE
1) The document discusses space-time coding techniques used in wireless communication systems to improve reliability of data transmission using multiple transmit antennas.
2) It describes space-time block codes (STBC) such as Alamouti codes and orthogonal designs which transmit redundant copies of data across antennas without loss of data rate.
3) It also discusses space-time trellis codes (STTC) which provide coding gain but have higher complexity than STBCs.
Speaker Recognition System using MFCC and Vector Quantization Approachijsrd.com
This paper presents an approach to speaker recognition using frequency spectral information with Mel frequency for the improvement of speech feature representation in a Vector Quantization codebook based recognition approach. The Mel frequency approach extracts the features of the speech signal to get the training and testing vectors. The VQ Codebook approach uses training vectors to form clusters and recognize accurately with the help of LBG algorithm.
Comparative evaluation of bit error rate for different ofdm subcarriers in ra...ijmnct
In the present situation, the expectation about the quality of signals in wireless communication is as high as possible. This quality issue is dependent upon the different communication parameters. One of the most important issues is to reduce the bit error rate (BER) to enhance the performance of the system. This paper provides a comparative analysis on the basis of this bit error rate. I have compared the BER for different number of subcarriers in OFDM system for BPSK modulation scheme. I have taken 6 varieties of data subcarriers to analyze this comparison. Here my target is to reach at the lowest level of BER for BPSK modulation. That is achieved at 2048 number of subcarriers.
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Paper presented @Tyrrhenian Workshop on the Internet of Things 2009
ZigBee is probably the most popular IEEE 802.15.4 implementation used for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The radio communication can also be used for localization purposes using fixed network devices as reference points. In this paper, the authors describe a procedure for automatically configuring a ZigBee-based localization appli-cation with environment-optimized parameters.
Performance Model of Key Points At the IPTV NetworksCSCJournals
In this paper we propose a new analytical model for modeling of the key points at the IPTV networks. This model uses Gamma distribution with Intergroup Characteristics for modeling self similar nature of processes in key points of IPTV network. Enclosed Gamma Distribution results are compared with results from real measurements. Calculated discrepancies confirm that enclosed analytical model is optimal estimation model for process modeling of the key points at the IPTV network. The used methodology for real-time analyses of the key points at the IPTV Network is very important for achieving IPTV service best performance.
Comparative study of_digital_modulation (1)Bindia Kumari
This document compares different digital modulation techniques that can be used in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and WiMAX networks. It simulates BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation in MATLAB and measures their performance in terms of bit error rate and throughput. The results show that higher order modulations like 64-QAM provide much higher throughput but also higher bit error rates compared to lower order modulations at a given signal-to-noise ratio. The best configuration balances low bit error rates and high throughput.
This document summarizes the results of a measurement campaign to characterize outdoor path loss models for IEEE 802.16 wireless networks in suburban and campus environments. Measurements were conducted at 3.5 GHz in two test areas near Rome, Italy - a suburban area around a BT Italy building and an Ericsson campus area. Path loss models including one-slope and free space were fitted to the measurement data from each area. The one-slope model provided better fits with R-squares of 0.37 and 0.71 for the suburban and campus areas, respectively. Link budget analysis using the one-slope models showed maximum coverage ranges of around 1 km for the suburban area and 1.5 km for the campus area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Peak detection using wavelet transformIJCNCJournal
A new work based-wavelet transform is designed to overcome one of the main drawbacks that found in the
present new technologies. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)is proposed in the
literature to enhance the multimedia resolution. However, the high peak power (PAPR) values will obstruct
such achievements. Therefore, a new proposition is found in this work, making use of the wavelet
transforms methods, and it is divided into three main stages; de-noising stage, thresholding stage and then
the replacement stage.
In order to check the system stages validity; a mathematical model has been built and its checked after
using a MATLAB simulation. A simulated bit error rate (BER) achievement will be compared with our
previously published work, where an enhancement from 8×10-1 to be 5×10-1 is achieved. Moreover, these
results will be compared to the work found in the literature, where we have accomplished around 27%
PAPR extra reduction.
As a result, the BER performance has been improved for the same bandwidth occupancy. Moreover and
due to the de-noise stage, the verification rate has been improved to reach 81%. This is in addition to the
noise immunity enhancement.
Performance evaluation on the basis of bit error rate for different order of ...ijmnct
This document summarizes research evaluating the bit error rate (BER) for different modulation orders and subchannel lengths in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The research considers QPSK, 8-QAM, and 16-QAM modulation with 256, 512, and 4096 subchannels. Simulation results in MATLAB show that:
1) For 256 subchannels, QPSK modulation has the lowest BER across signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values from 0-27dB.
2) BER increases with higher modulation orders (from QPSK to 16-QAM) for a given subchannel length.
3) The research provides a comparative analysis of BER performance in an OFDM system
The application wavelet transform algorithm in testing adc effective number o...ijcsit
In evaluating Analog to Digital Convertors, many parameters are checked for performance and error rate.
One of these parameters is the device Effective Number of Bits. In classical testing of Effective Number of
Bits, testing is based on signal to noise components ratio (SNR), whose coefficients are driven via
frequency domain (Fourier Transform) of ADC’s output signal. Such a technique is extremely sensitive to
noise and require large number of data samples. That is, longer and more complex testing process as the
device under test increases in resolutions. Meanwhile, a new time – frequency domain approach (known as
Wavelet transform) is proposed to measure and analyze Analog-to-Digital Converters parameter of
Effective Number of Bits with less complexity and fewer data samples.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper on hardware efficient reconfigurable FIR filters. It discusses two new architectures proposed: the constant shifts method (CSM) and programmable shifts method (PSM). CSM partitions coefficients into fixed groups and stores them directly in a lookup table. PSM eliminates redundancy in coefficients using a binary common subexpression algorithm before storing in a coded format. Both methods use a shift-and-add unit and multiplexers to efficiently implement coefficient multiplication and allow reconfiguration for different standards. The architectures aim to integrate reconfigurability with low complexity for FIR filters used in wireless communications.
Presentation slides discussing the theory and empirical results of a text-independent speaker verification system I developed based upon classification of MFCCs. Both mininimum-distance classification and least-likelihood ratio classification using Gaussian Mixture Models were discussed.
Introduction
PMU requirements
Synchrophasor Estimation Algorithms
Example of DFT‐based synchrophasor estimation
Implementation
Experimental validation
Conclusions
Introduction
Drivers
Evolution of the whole power systems infrastructure
major changes in their operational procedures;
need of advanced and smarter tools to manage the increasing complexity of the grid;
main involved aspect is the network monitoring by means of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs);
This document outlines a proposed study on developing a voice password-based speaker verification system. It will explore methods for modeling speakers with limited data, such as artificially generating multiple utterances from short speech segments. The study aims to reduce phonetic variability between training and test data. It will also examine score normalization techniques, comparing cohort-centric normalization typically used to a proposed speaker-centric approach. The goal is to build a text-independent voice password system that can reliably verify identities from short speech samples, improving security and enabling remote access applications.
Spectral Analysis of Sample Rate ConverterCSCJournals
The aim of digital sample rate conversion is to bring a digital audio signal from one sample frequency to another. The distortion of the audio signal introduced by the sample rate converter should be as low as possible. The generation of the output samples from the input samples may be performed by the application of various methods. In this paper, a new technique of digital sample-rate converter is proposed. We perform the spectral analysis of proposed digital sample rate converter.
IRJET- Survey Paper on Paper Reduction for MIMO-OFDM Systems using PTS SchemeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in MIMO-OFDM systems. It discusses how PAPR significantly affects OFDM and can cause nonlinearity in high power amplifiers. The paper focuses on using partial transmit sequence techniques to reduce PAPR. It reviews related work applying techniques like iterative clipping and filtering, partial transmit sequences, and adaptive selected mapping to reduce PAPR. The document also discusses system models for MIMO-OFDM and analyzing PAPR reduction performance.
Computer-Based Analysis of The Performance of Different Modulation Techniques...theijes
This document analyzes the performance of different modulation techniques in WCDMA systems with different channels. It compares M-PSK and M-Ary PAM modulation in Rayleigh fading and AWGN channels using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that M-PAM in AWGN channels has lower bit error rates compared to M-PSK, while M-PSK in Rayleigh fading performs better than M-PAM. As modulation levels and simulation time increase, bit error rates also increase, though irregularly in Rayleigh fading channels. Overall, the best technique depends on the channel conditions and system requirements.
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
The document summarizes an emerging VP8 video codec that is designed for mobile devices. It aims to significantly reduce computational complexity through several techniques while maintaining good video quality. The key techniques include a predictive algorithm for motion estimation that reduces computation by 18.5-20x compared to full search, using integer discrete cosine transform instead of floating point to achieve 2.6-3.5x speed improvement, and skipping DCT and quantization for some macroblocks to reduce computations. Experimental results on test sequences show negligible quality degradation of 0.2-0.5dB for integer DCT and 0.5dB on average for the full codec, while achieving real-time encoding rates on mobile devices. The proposed low-complexity
Capsulization of Existing Space Time TechniquesIJEEE
1) The document discusses space-time coding techniques used in wireless communication systems to improve reliability of data transmission using multiple transmit antennas.
2) It describes space-time block codes (STBC) such as Alamouti codes and orthogonal designs which transmit redundant copies of data across antennas without loss of data rate.
3) It also discusses space-time trellis codes (STTC) which provide coding gain but have higher complexity than STBCs.
Speaker Recognition System using MFCC and Vector Quantization Approachijsrd.com
This paper presents an approach to speaker recognition using frequency spectral information with Mel frequency for the improvement of speech feature representation in a Vector Quantization codebook based recognition approach. The Mel frequency approach extracts the features of the speech signal to get the training and testing vectors. The VQ Codebook approach uses training vectors to form clusters and recognize accurately with the help of LBG algorithm.
Comparative evaluation of bit error rate for different ofdm subcarriers in ra...ijmnct
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
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Hybrid Adaptive Channel Estimation Technique in Time and Frequency Domain for...Tamilarasan N
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hybrid adaptive channel estimation technique for MIMO-OFDM wireless communication systems. The technique integrates channel estimation in the time domain and frequency domain. It uses column-based time domain estimation initially and switches to row-based frequency domain estimation when channel quality is good and bit error rate is low. It switches back to time domain estimation when channel quality worsens. The goal is to adaptively estimate the channel under different conditions. Experimental results showed the proposed hybrid technique outperformed other methods.
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A Novel Alamouti STBC Technique for MIMO System Using 16- QAM Modulation and ...IJERA Editor
The wireless communication is the emerging field of research among communication researchers and they are
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16-QAM which is giving better results than other counterparts and to enhance the performance of the system i.e.
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transmitter and receiver is a key technology to enable high data transmission without
additional bandwidth or transmit power. MIMO schemes are widely used in many
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Bit split mapping based on JDD is designed. Here ETI coding is used for encoding and
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Overview
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1. Lakshmy Sukumaran et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 8), April 2014, pp.122-125
www.ijera.com 122 | P a g e
Bit Error Rate Testers-A Study
Lakshmy Sukumaran, Dharani. K.G
Student, MVJ College of Engineering Bangalore
Assistant Professor, MVJ College of Engineering Bangalore
Abstract
This paper is a comparative study of the various BERT (bit error rate testers), which are used widely for
measuring the performance of any digital communication systems.
Keywords—BERT; Monte Carlo (MC); IS (importance sampling); software based BERT; hardware based
BERT; FPGA based BERT;
I. INTRODUCTION
Any digital transmission system which
transmits a series of bits over a communication
channel is likely to introduce some errors due to
various factors like noise, interference etc. We need
to ensure that these errors are reduced to a minimum
so as not to interfere with the working of the
communication system and maintain its data
integrity. To ensure such behaviour it is essential that
we carry out specific measurements of BER on the
test system. BER is a measure of how effective the
system is and indicates the number of bit error
introduced in the received message. BER Testers are
used to measure this value and this paper provides a
comparative study of the various types of BER
Testers available.
II. WHAT IS BER?
With the increasing demand for short design
cycles in the rapidly expanding field of wireless
digital communications, developing a reliable system
scalable to various emerging new standards and
technology is quite a challenge. One way to
accomplish this is to reduce the testing time and to
get the testing done at an earlier stage of design so as
to minimize the amount of reworks that would be
required later. So we go for testing at the earliest
possible stage, PHY layer or baseband layer. One
such widely used performance metric at the physical
layer which effectively identifies the reliability of a
wireless communication link (right from bits input to
the bits out through the entire antenna sub system,
signal path and channel) is Bit Error Rate. In simple
terms, it is defined as the number of bits in error to
the total number of transmitted bits, measured over
the fixed interval of time. A strong signal with an
undisturbed path will result in a very negligible value
of BER. Thus BER becomes significant when the
signal traverses through a rapidly changing disturbing
channel. The BER analysis is usually done
theoretically using the mathematical analysis.[1],[2].
Although the concept of determining the bit
error rate-sending a known sequence through the
channel and comparing the received signal against the
known sample to keep a count of the errors- is
simple, the execution suffers a setback. One method
is the pseudorandom method where we use the
pseudorandom data sequence for transmission. We
call this pseudo since it is not exactly possible to
model a random data transmission over a channel,
accurately and completely using the mathematical
models. Another one is the practical approach
wherein we need to install the complete
communication systems we intend to test, including
the antenna, entire radio, in the actual or laboratory
created environment. It is a highly impractical and
time consuming costly solution.[2]
There are mainly two methods employed to
measure the bit error rate. One is the software based
simulations like Monte Carlo simulations (MC) or
Importance sampling (IS).The other one is the
hardware based prototyping. [3]
III. SOFTWARE BASED
SIMULATIONS
Although in theory it is possible to obtain a
closed form expression for the bit error rate using the
various available mathematical analyses, it is
practically impossible. A more pragmatic approach
needs to be taken which can be applied even when the
analytical description of the system is unavailable.
A) Monte Carlo(MC)
One such practical approach is the software
based Monte Carlo simulations. Monte Carlo
simulations ,detecting an error is treated a success.
For a range of input sequences defined by probability
distribution functions, MC estimator has to estimate
the probability of error. [3]
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Lakshmy Sukumaran et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 8), April 2014, pp.122-125
www.ijera.com 123 | P a g e
B) The Importance Sampling (IS):
C) The IS approach is an improvement over the
MC process in such a way to alter the
properties of statistical processes involved in
the MC technique to the point of improving the
chances of success. It employs the variance
reduction technique by the use of a unbiased
estimator which modifies the original
distribution and hence reduce the variance of
the BER estimate calculated for a range of
inputs.[3]
The various problems encountered with the
software based simulations are given in the following
section.
If the noise introduced by the channel is
extremely less, the errors introduced are less and
hence it can be considered as a reliable
transmission. So a larger time must be required
for the simulations in order to receive a desired
level of BER set. That indicates the time for the
simulations depends on the set BER that we need
to verify implying that the time needed for the
BER estimate will be a function of BER itself.
For example, the MC simulation requires at least
100/Pe experiments (where Pe is the desired
BER) to yield an estimator with relative
precision of 10% This makes the MC simulation
method highly inappropriate for systems with
very low BER.[4]
The performance of a wireless system depends a
great deal on the characteristics of the radio
channel .In the laboratory test environment, these
channels are replicated using fading channel
simulators. The disadvantages of this equipment
is that it is very costly in terms of half a million
dollars or so.It cannot however be scaled up to
provide the requirements of emerging new
wireless systems.The commercially available
fading channel simulators along with some of
their chracteristics have been given in table1
below.[1],[5]
TABLE I. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
FADING CHANNEL SIMULATORS
For complex communication systems with
computationally intensive systems like the
MIMO, the software based MC simulations of
baseband layer is extremely time consuming and
costly. As an example, a wireless system should
perform over various radio channel characteristics
like AWGN, fading channel, indoor or outdoor
environments etc. Also all the available operating
modes should also be tested like the 300odd
modulation schemes and coding available in
802.11 standards etc. Thus a wide variety of
possible configurations need to be explored
before arriving at the optimum one, for systems
like MIMO. This makes the software simulations
a computationally daunting process, thus
providing a hindrance to timely design
verification.[1]
The BER measurement of wireless systems over
different channels differs. It is a relatively
simpler process to do MC based simulation for
BER analysis on a AWGN channel compared to
the fading channels, where the error performance
needs to be averaged not only over independent
instances of noise and data (like we do for a
AWGN channel )but over fading channel
samples as well, over a longer duration.[14]
The bit error rate of any reliable communication
link should be very low. For example in the
IEEE 802.3 10 GB/sec Ethernet , it should be of
Fading
channel
simulators
No of
chann
els
No of
paths
per
channe
l
Maxi
mum
Dopp
ler
(HZ)
Maxim
um
Delay
spread(
msec)
Baseb
and
bandw
idth
(Mhz)
ARC
Smartsim
[6]
64 36 2777 - 20
ACE 400
NB[7]
32 18 6 0.0012 20
PROP sim
C8[8]
16 48 2200
0
6.4 50
N5115A
[9]
2 48 2400 10 15
R&S
ABFS
[10]
2 12 1600 1.6 5
NJB-
1600B
[11]
2 12 800 0.2 10
SR_550
[12]
2 24 2000 2 13
Sofi05
[13]
2 24 4000 25 8
3. Lakshmy Sukumaran et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 8), April 2014, pp.122-125
www.ijera.com 124 | P a g e
the order of 10^(-12) for it to be termed as
reliable. This indicates that a very large number
of symbols need to be processed for software
based simulators, over different SNR ratios to
obtain a reliable performance measurement .Thus
the simulation time can get extended to months
.The time required to estimate the BER reliably
is directly proportional to the target minimum
number of error at each operating point and
inversely proportional to erfc (10 ^ (Eb /N0)).[15]
T= [2Ne]/[ Rb* erfc (10^ {Eb/20 *No}] …….(1)
Where
Ne is the target minimum number of error at an
operating point.
Rb-number of samples per second, i.e. the bit rate
erfc- complementary Gaussian error function integral
(Eb /N0)- signal to noise ratio in db.
No - The one sided spectral density.
Eb- Energy per received bit
From the above equation (1), it can be
inferred that the simulation time increases
exponentially with magnitude of the signal to noise
ratio.[15][16]
IV. HARDWARE BASED BERT
The accurate BER measurements can be
obtained by observing the performance in the test
field .This calls for a very extensive and expensive
test set up. Also carrying out the over the air
experiments with a large number of possible
configurations makes it a very difficult approach. So
we go for a more practical approach, hardware based
prototyping at the baseband.[1][16]
The hardware based simulators accelerate
the performance compared to software simulators.
But the available commercial test equipment has the
following drawbacks
They are not scalable to keep pace with the
emerging new standards and technology, as new
configurations may need to be tested.
The available BERT can be used only at a later
stage, typically at the RF stage after the
fabrication of the system.
New custom interfaces may have to be designed
to connect the device under test to the BERT,
which could add to the design burden.
The available BER testers in the market has
been compiled and presented in the below sections.
Tektronix offers a wide range of Bit Error Rate
Testers for bit error rate analysis of the device
under test thus reducing the product development
cycle.[17]
TABLE II. COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE BERT FROM
TEKTRONIX[17]
Another bit error rate tester from DCB (Data
Communication for Business Inc) is the 120V ac
powered BT-1 RS-232 Bit Error Rate Test Set
BERT. The BT-1 is an excellent bench test or
field testing tool. Applications involves in
locating problems in polling systems, multiplexer
systems, carrier communications, wireless
systems, and more.[18]
Picosecond Pulse Labs, which has been now
acquired by the Tektronix, has the new and
improved 32Gb/s PAM-4 BERT system.[19]
Absolute Analysis Investigator™ Bit Error Rate
Tester (BERT) supports multiple speeds from
1Gbps to 4Gbps, and generates test patterns
for fiber channel, Ethernet, FPDP, and many
other physical layers.It can detect Bit error rates
upto 10^(-12) and supports 32 ports for
testing.[20]
Another one is from LUCEO Technologies
providing the X-BERT and Parallel X and 14g
parallel BERT systems.[21]
Most of the published hardware based BERT
uses the FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and
tools like SIMULINK to integrate various FEC
(forward error correction) blocks onto FPGA. The
logic of FPGA is held either in look up tables,
registers, multiplexers, distributed or blocks memory.
In addition to these FPGA have dedicated circuitry
for speedy calculations, high speed input output
circuitry and embedded processors. The memory
bandwidth of n FPGA is also highly commendable.
These two features of FPGA-high speed parallel ALU
and memory bandwidth- enables FPGA as a potential
candidate for implementing the various data path
algorithms. The FPGA usage limited by the lack of
familiarity with the hardware designs, FPGA and
languages like Verilog, HDL.[17]
Even though using the system tools like
SIMULINK eliminates the need for having a good
knowledge of the hardware, it poses some
disadvantages [15]
The simulation library may have only limited
resources like various communication blocks. It
may not have blocks which could cater to new
emerging technology standards.
Product Series Maximum
bit
rate(Gb/sec)
Channels
BitAnalyser BA series 1.5-1.6 1
BERTscope BSA
series
8.5-28.6 1
Patternpro@PPGseries 12.5-40 1,2,4
Patternpro@PEDseries 32-40 1,2
4. Lakshmy Sukumaran et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 8), April 2014, pp.122-125
www.ijera.com 125 | P a g e
The available designs do not have the flexibility
in architecture for adding, removing a module.
The Gaussian noise can be generated using
analog components, which lacks accuracy and
could be used only for specific circumstances.
The other method is the generation of
psuedonoise using the digital components, which
is more flexible and widely used. Most of the
published BERT utilizes an inaccurate model for
GNG (Gaussian Noise Generator), reducing the
reliability of BER measurements
So we go for a more complete solution offered
by implementing all of the digital communication
processing modules like the encoder, modulator,
decoder, demodulator along with the fading channel
and the AWGN channel onto a single FPGA,
providing a repeatable test environment. It has been
observed that the FPGA based BERT increases cost
effectiveness by reducing the testing cost than the
one done using commercial test equipment and
channel simulators. Also such FPGA based BERT
increases productivity as time required for these,
when compared with software based simulations, is
very less. It also provides flexibility.[15]
V. CONCLUSION
A comparative study of the various BER
Testers was performed and it is deferred that FPGA
based BERT is a step ahead than its contemporaries,
in terms of speed and flexibility. Hardware-
accelerated validation is essential to speed up the
characterization of computationally intensive and
rapidly evolving modern wireless communication
systems.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Alimohammad, S. F. Fard, and B. F.
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DOI10.1109/TVLSI.2013.2276010
[15] A. Alimohammad, S. F. Fard, and B. F.
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[16] V. Singh, A. Root, E. Hemphill, N. Shirazi, and J.
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07, 2014, from tektronix inc:
http://in.tek.com/bit-error-rate-tester
[18] CB. (n.d.). Datasheet. Retrieved April 07, 2014,
from DCB:
http://www.dcbnet.com/datasheet/bt1.html?gclid
=CKKw-4jdxr0CFcwipQodgWIA_g
[19] Picosecond Pulse Labs, I. (2013, August).
PICOSECOND PULSE LABS ANNOUNCES
NEW 32GB/S PAM-4 BERT SYSTEM.
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Labs:
http://www.picosecond.com/about/content.asp?sp
id=133
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ttp://www.absoluteanalysis.com/solutions/by-
products/bit-error-rate-tester.html
[21] Inc, L. (n.d.). 14G single channel and parallel
testing for 16GFC, Infiniband FDR, QSFP, AOC,
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