Writing Assignment Answer Sheet
When answering these questions, please use your own words. Do not copy and paste and do not cite verbatim from the article.
Part 1: Article summary
· Make sure to answer only in the space provided. If you go beyond it only part of your text will be visible and this will be the only part we will grade. DO NOT change he font size to fit more into the allotted space. DO NOT change the size of the text box to increase the allotted space. EACH SUCH ATTEMPT WILL BE CONSIDERED A BREACH OF ETHICAL GUIDELINES AND WILL RESULT IN A GRADE OF 0 (ZERO) IN THE ASSIGNMENT and additional steps as I see fit.
· If the answer is similar across studies, just say so rather than elaborate (for example, X was measured like in Study 1; the source of data was the one in Study 1…)
1. (a) What are the major factual reasons and theoretical arguments for this research? (b) What gap in the literature/knowledge do these researchers attempt to fill? (c) What are the three overall research questions the researchers try to answer?
2. Define the two types of bias discussed and how can they contribute to health disparities?
3. What are the specific research questions the researchers examined in each study?
Study 2:
Study 1:
4. (a) What are the data sources in each study? (b) How many participants were included in the final analyses? (you do not need to discuss the various ways to calculate and weight the various types of data).
Study 1:
Study 2:
5. What were the major variables examined in each study? How were they measured? (you do not need to discuss the Correlates).
Study 1 (4 major variables):
Study 2 (4 major variables):
6. What were the major results in each study? (you do not need to discuss the analyses. Refer only to the major variables and research questions as indicated below).
Study 1:
a. Access to healthcare as related to race AND the different types of bias:
b. Circulatory disease diagnosis as related to race AND the different types of bias:
Study 2:
a. Death rate due to circulatory diseases as related to race AND the different types of bias:
7. What was the research design used in these studies (descriptive, correlational, or experimental?) explain your answer: (a) why do you think this is the particular design? (b) why didn’t you chose the other two designs? (c) can you make causal inferences based on these studies? Why? (make sure to refer to Chapter 2 when answering this question).
In the next page, you will answer Part 2: Critical evaluation and conclusions. Remember it should not be longer than a page. Use 12-point Times New Roman font and 1” margins on all sides. When answering these questions, use the materials you have learned in the course that might be relevant to this type of research topic. See more details about this answer in the separate instructions sheet.
Part 2 – A critical review of the paper
Psychological Science
2016, Vol. 27(10) .
Assignment 2 Defining the Problem and Research MethodsSecdesteinbrook
Assignment 2: Defining the Problem and Research Methods
Sections 1 and 2 of Major Assessment 7: Using an Epidemiological Approach to Critically Analyze a Population Health Problem
How do culture and environment influence health? What role does personality play in health outcomes? How do stressful life events influence disease? As a health care professional, you have most likely witnessed the influence of psychosocial factors on individual health. These factors also have a significant impact on population health. Chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and heart disease, as well as degenerative diseases, can be studied at the population level through the use of epidemiologic methods (Friis, 2014). The insights gained from this type of research can then positively impact health outcomes locally, nationally, and globally.
As you continue working on Assignment 2, which is due
by Thursday 04/05/2018 Day 5 of this week
, consider how psychosocial factors influence your population and population health issue.
To complete:
In 5–6 pages, APA format with a minimum of five (5) scholarly references (see list of required readings below), write the following sections of your paper:
Section 1: The Problem
1) Introduction (ending with a purpose statement: “the purpose of this paper is…)
2) A brief outline of the environment you selected (i.e., home, workplace, school)
3) A summary of your selected population health problem in terms of person, place, and time, and the magnitude of the problem based on data from appropriate data resources (Reference the data resources you used.)
4) Research question/hypothesis (same as the one in assignment 1. I’m including an attachment of assignment 1 you did for me).
Section 2: Research Methods
1) The epidemiologic study design you would use to assess and address your population health problem
2) Assessment strategies (i.e., if you were conducting a case-control study, how would you select your cases and controls? Regarding the methods and tools, you would use to make these selections, how is it convenient for you as the researcher or as the investigator to use this tool?)
3) Summary of the data collection activities (i.e., how you would collect data—online survey, paper/pen, mailing, etc.)
4) Conclusion of the whole paper.
Required Readings
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 10, “Data Interpretation Issues”
Chapter 15, “Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology”
Appendix A – Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article
In Chapter 10, the authors describe issues related to data interpretation and address the main types of research errors that need to be considered when conducting epidemiologic research, as well as when analyzing published results. It also presents techniques for reducing bias. Chapter 15 features psychosocial, behavioral, ...
Towards a Critical Health Equity Research Stance: Why Epistemology and Method...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Qualitative methods are not intrinsically progressive. Methods are simply tools to conduct research. Epistemology, the justification of knowledge, shapes methodology and methods, and thus is a vital starting point for a critical health equity research stance, regardless of whether the methods are qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. In line with this premise, I address four themes in this commentary. First, I criticize the ubiquitous and uncritical use of the term health disparities in U.S. public health. Next, I advocate for the increased use of qualitative methodologies—namely, photovoice and critical ethnography— that, pursuant to critical approaches, prioritize dismantling social–structural inequities as a prerequisite to health equity. Thereafter, I discuss epistemological stance and its influence on all aspects of the research process. Finally, I highlight my critical discourse analysis HIV prevention research based on individual interviews and focus groups with Black men, as an example of a critical health equity research approach.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 2
Week #6 Assignment 1: The Details of Your EBP Project.
EBP Project Proposal Draft
Research topic
To assess the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking.
Research problem
Most studies have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. Stigmatization have resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Most studies have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth.
Research purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to assess in depth the role that mental-health stigma contribute in help seeking.
Research objectives
a) To review the background history of mental-health related stigma and mental problem or illness
b) To explore the impacts of stigma
c) To assess an association between the contributing factors of stigma to help seeking
d) To assess the extent in which these factors of stigma contribute to help seeking.
e) To assess the risk factors influencing help seeking with regard to stigma
Research questions
a) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking?
b) To what degree does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients?
c) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research Hypothesis
Ho: stigma towards mental health patients have a significant role in influencing help seeking
Ha: the extent to which stigma influences help seeking is not significant
Theoretical framework
Stigma has been described as a negative effect of a label and the product of disgrace that makes a person to be apart from others (Henderson et al., 2013). It is built upon distinct constructs prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes (Henderson et al., 2013). For example, believing that those people diagnosed with mental illness is stereotype. Also, agreeing with the fact that those with mental problem are indeed dangerous with a resultant fear or anger is prejudice while discrimination is the total avoidance to those with mental conditi.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 2
Week #6 Assignment 1: The Details of Your EBP Project.
EBP Project Proposal Draft
Research topic
To assess the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking.
Research problem
Most studies have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. Stigmatization have resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Most studies have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth.
Research purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to assess in depth the role that mental-health stigma contribute in help seeking.
Research objectives
a) To review the background history of mental-health related stigma and mental problem or illness
b) To explore the impacts of stigma
c) To assess an association between the contributing factors of stigma to help seeking
d) To assess the extent in which these factors of stigma contribute to help seeking.
e) To assess the risk factors influencing help seeking with regard to stigma
Research questions
a) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking?
b) To what degree does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients?
c) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research Hypothesis
Ho: stigma towards mental health patients have a significant role in influencing help seeking
Ha: the extent to which stigma influences help seeking is not significant
Theoretical framework
Stigma has been described as a negative effect of a label and the product of disgrace that makes a person to be apart from others (Henderson et al., 2013). It is built upon distinct constructs prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes (Henderson et al., 2013). For example, believing that those people diagnosed with mental illness is stereotype. Also, agreeing with the fact that those with mental problem are indeed dangerous with a resultant fear or anger is prejudice while discrimination is the total avoidance to those with mental conditi ...
Assignment 2 Defining the Problem and Research MethodsSecdesteinbrook
Assignment 2: Defining the Problem and Research Methods
Sections 1 and 2 of Major Assessment 7: Using an Epidemiological Approach to Critically Analyze a Population Health Problem
How do culture and environment influence health? What role does personality play in health outcomes? How do stressful life events influence disease? As a health care professional, you have most likely witnessed the influence of psychosocial factors on individual health. These factors also have a significant impact on population health. Chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and heart disease, as well as degenerative diseases, can be studied at the population level through the use of epidemiologic methods (Friis, 2014). The insights gained from this type of research can then positively impact health outcomes locally, nationally, and globally.
As you continue working on Assignment 2, which is due
by Thursday 04/05/2018 Day 5 of this week
, consider how psychosocial factors influence your population and population health issue.
To complete:
In 5–6 pages, APA format with a minimum of five (5) scholarly references (see list of required readings below), write the following sections of your paper:
Section 1: The Problem
1) Introduction (ending with a purpose statement: “the purpose of this paper is…)
2) A brief outline of the environment you selected (i.e., home, workplace, school)
3) A summary of your selected population health problem in terms of person, place, and time, and the magnitude of the problem based on data from appropriate data resources (Reference the data resources you used.)
4) Research question/hypothesis (same as the one in assignment 1. I’m including an attachment of assignment 1 you did for me).
Section 2: Research Methods
1) The epidemiologic study design you would use to assess and address your population health problem
2) Assessment strategies (i.e., if you were conducting a case-control study, how would you select your cases and controls? Regarding the methods and tools, you would use to make these selections, how is it convenient for you as the researcher or as the investigator to use this tool?)
3) Summary of the data collection activities (i.e., how you would collect data—online survey, paper/pen, mailing, etc.)
4) Conclusion of the whole paper.
Required Readings
Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2014). Epidemiology for public health practice (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Chapter 10, “Data Interpretation Issues”
Chapter 15, “Social, Behavioral, and Psychosocial Epidemiology”
Appendix A – Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article
In Chapter 10, the authors describe issues related to data interpretation and address the main types of research errors that need to be considered when conducting epidemiologic research, as well as when analyzing published results. It also presents techniques for reducing bias. Chapter 15 features psychosocial, behavioral, ...
Towards a Critical Health Equity Research Stance: Why Epistemology and Method...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Qualitative methods are not intrinsically progressive. Methods are simply tools to conduct research. Epistemology, the justification of knowledge, shapes methodology and methods, and thus is a vital starting point for a critical health equity research stance, regardless of whether the methods are qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. In line with this premise, I address four themes in this commentary. First, I criticize the ubiquitous and uncritical use of the term health disparities in U.S. public health. Next, I advocate for the increased use of qualitative methodologies—namely, photovoice and critical ethnography— that, pursuant to critical approaches, prioritize dismantling social–structural inequities as a prerequisite to health equity. Thereafter, I discuss epistemological stance and its influence on all aspects of the research process. Finally, I highlight my critical discourse analysis HIV prevention research based on individual interviews and focus groups with Black men, as an example of a critical health equity research approach.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 2
Week #6 Assignment 1: The Details of Your EBP Project.
EBP Project Proposal Draft
Research topic
To assess the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking.
Research problem
Most studies have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. Stigmatization have resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Most studies have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth.
Research purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to assess in depth the role that mental-health stigma contribute in help seeking.
Research objectives
a) To review the background history of mental-health related stigma and mental problem or illness
b) To explore the impacts of stigma
c) To assess an association between the contributing factors of stigma to help seeking
d) To assess the extent in which these factors of stigma contribute to help seeking.
e) To assess the risk factors influencing help seeking with regard to stigma
Research questions
a) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking?
b) To what degree does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients?
c) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research Hypothesis
Ho: stigma towards mental health patients have a significant role in influencing help seeking
Ha: the extent to which stigma influences help seeking is not significant
Theoretical framework
Stigma has been described as a negative effect of a label and the product of disgrace that makes a person to be apart from others (Henderson et al., 2013). It is built upon distinct constructs prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes (Henderson et al., 2013). For example, believing that those people diagnosed with mental illness is stereotype. Also, agreeing with the fact that those with mental problem are indeed dangerous with a resultant fear or anger is prejudice while discrimination is the total avoidance to those with mental conditi.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 2
Week #6 Assignment 1: The Details of Your EBP Project.
EBP Project Proposal Draft
Research topic
To assess the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking.
Research problem
Most studies have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. Stigmatization have resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Most studies have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth.
Research purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to assess in depth the role that mental-health stigma contribute in help seeking.
Research objectives
a) To review the background history of mental-health related stigma and mental problem or illness
b) To explore the impacts of stigma
c) To assess an association between the contributing factors of stigma to help seeking
d) To assess the extent in which these factors of stigma contribute to help seeking.
e) To assess the risk factors influencing help seeking with regard to stigma
Research questions
a) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking?
b) To what degree does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients?
c) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research Hypothesis
Ho: stigma towards mental health patients have a significant role in influencing help seeking
Ha: the extent to which stigma influences help seeking is not significant
Theoretical framework
Stigma has been described as a negative effect of a label and the product of disgrace that makes a person to be apart from others (Henderson et al., 2013). It is built upon distinct constructs prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes (Henderson et al., 2013). For example, believing that those people diagnosed with mental illness is stereotype. Also, agreeing with the fact that those with mental problem are indeed dangerous with a resultant fear or anger is prejudice while discrimination is the total avoidance to those with mental conditi ...
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Basma Adel
Graduate co-author: Jacqueline Rodriguez-Stanley
An individual’s perception of their discriminatory experiences has an important impact on their depressive symptoms. Some studies have shown that higher levels of perceived discrimination led to worse mental health conditions, including depressive symptoms and anxiety. Discrimination is the unfair treatment of an individual by others based on their gender, race, sexual orientation, age, and other factors. Our empirical study investigated the relationship between everyday discrimination, major lifetime discrimination, and depressive symptoms using data from 211 older African American adults in the Health among Older adults Living in Detroit (HOLD) study.
The double disadvantage hypothesis explains that individuals who are disadvantaged in one stratification are disadvantaged in other stratifications including race, gender, and other factors. We implemented this hypothesis in our investigation and found that men reported experiencing more major lifetime discriminatory experiences than women. Study results also revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between everyday discrimination and major discrimination experiences and depressive symptoms. However, gender did not moderate this relationship.
Our findings add to the existing literature by having investigated this relationship in older African American adults. Future studies should explore how various coping styles in men affect how they handle stressors, including discriminatory events. Studies should also investigate sex differences regarding how men and women process their thoughts and emotions through coping methods and seeking out social support.
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have dowiddowsonerica
Discussion: Gender Bias in Research
Historically, men have dominated scientific research in that the both the researchers and participants have largely been male. Accordingly, the way research has been designed, the way studies have been conducted, and the ways in which results have been interpreted have been at risk for gender bias. In other words, the preconceived ideas and beliefs or unfounded prejudice about the traits and characteristics of each gender potentially influence the outcomes of research studies. Even today, as women have entered into the academic and scientific world in significant numbers, research is subject to gender bias. The implications of gender bias can be far reaching. As the scientific community uses research study results for subsequent research and the media picks up the results to report findings to the public, gender bias can have a huge impact. Society may be making decisions that are based on incorrect, misleading, or biased data. As an example, a majority of early heart disease research was conducted primarily using male subjects leading to the assumption that heart disease was a man's disease and did not significantly impact women. The gender bias in heart disease research resulted in little attention being paid to women who had heart disease symptoms, as well as delays and limitations in the treatment for these symptoms for many years. In reality, it is now common knowledge that heart disease is the leading cause of death for women, as it is for men.
This Discussion asks you to think about how gender bias can impact scientific research and how the findings of biased research can impact individuals and society.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Preface, the assigned pages in Chapter 1, and pages 35–47 from Chapter 2 in the course text,
Gender: Psychological Perspectives
, focusing on why researchers study gender, why researchers include gender as a factor in psychological studies, and how researchers can be biased in their research with regard to gender.
Think about the following questions:
What impact does gender bias in research have on interpretation of the results of research studies?
How does gender bias in research potentially perpetuate the view of what men and women are and should be?
What impact could the biased research have on individuals of each gender and on society as a whole?
How does the media then use research findings to inform, persuade, sell, and so forth?
With these thoughts in mind:
By Day 3
Post
an analysis of the role of gender bias both in the study of psychology and in the reporting of results by others, including the implications. Provide at least two specific examples for each to illustrate your points.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
DISCUSSION 2
Along with the job order cost system another cost system is process costing. The key to any cost system is to be able to track cos ...
Racism as Experienced by Physicians
of Color in the Health Care Setting
Kelly Serafini, PhD; Caitlin Coyer, MS; Joedrecka Brown Speights, MD; Dennis Donovan, PhD;
Jessica Guh, MD; Judy Washington, MD; Carla Ainsworth, MD, MPH
Running Head ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH1ADVANCED NURSING RES.docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
4
Advanced Nursing Research (Research Study)
Student Name
Institution-Affiliated
Different Parts of a Research Study
Research topic
A systematic review of the association between stigma and or on help-seeking among mental health patients.
Research Problem
Stigma or the process of labelling, discrimination and prejudice towards individuals suffering from mental health problems is considered to have numerous adverse consequences compared to the health conditions themselves according to Thornicroft, Mehta, Clement, Evans-Lacko, Doherty, Rose & Henderson, (2016). In addition, research has found stigma to be responsible for the failure of numerous individuals suffering from mental health to seek help from both their close relatives or trusted individuals and from healthcare providers (Clement, Schauman, Graham, Maggioni, Evans-Lacko, Bezborodovs, Thornicroft, 2015).
Given an increase in mental health disorders and the challenges that such disorders pose to both individuals and society, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients. However, research has largely focused on the attitudes that constitute stigma towards mental health patients and little on the interventions required to reduce or eradicate stigma. Moreover, since the failure to reduce stigma prevents mental health patients from seeking help and hence worsening their conditions, there is need for further studies regarding the association between stigma and help-seeking and the need to reduce stigma making the study not only relevant but significant.
Research purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients and to identify proven strategies or actionable recommendation for reducing stigma.
Research objectives
The objective of the study will be to (1) Explore the extent to which stigma posses a barrier to help-seeking among mental health patients, (2) Identify whether stigma affects certain populations more than others and (3) propose strategies that can help reduce stigma.
Research question
The study will aim to answer the following questions (1) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking? (2) To what extent does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients and (3) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research hypothesis
Ho: Stigma towards mental health patients deters them from seeking help
Ha: There is no association between stigma and the search for help among mental health patients.
In addition, the study hypothesizes that a reduction in stigma would result in increased help-seeking among mental health patients.
References
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... & Thornicroft, G. (2.
Final PaperThis Final Paper involves the critical review and ana.docxssuser454af01
Final Paper
This Final Paper involves the critical review and analysis of a published epidemiological research study, using the epidemiological concepts covered in Modules 1–6. You do not choose your own study; your Instructor will provide the research study to review and analyze. The audience for this 5–8 page scholarly paper is other epidemiological researchers.
The Final Paper must include, but is not limited to, the following:
Part I. Study Summary (2–3 pages)
(Note: this summary must be in your own words)
· The study objective/research question
· Primary exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest
· Identification of study design
· Description of study population and the sampling/selection process
· Description of the statistical analysis used and the primary measures of association reported
· Identification of potential confounders (if any) and the technique used to minimize them or analyze their effects
· Identification of potential effect modifiers (if any) and the technique used to analyze their effects
· Summary of major study results
Part II. Critical Analysis (3–5 pages)
· Discussion of random error and how it might have affected the results
· Explanation of possible selection bias and how it might have affected the results, including a discussion of the size and direction of any possible bias
· Explanation of possible misclassification (information) bias and how it might have affected the results, including a discussion of the size and direction of any possible bias
· Evaluation of the other limitations of the study
· Critique of the discussion section of the paper and whether it adequately addresses the strengths and limitations of the study
· Description of the potential generalizability of the study results
· Critique of the authors’ conclusions and whether or not they are appropriate given the study findings
· Descriptions of future studies that would be appropriate given the study findings
Original Contribution
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cause-Specific Mortality in Black and
White Adults in the Southern Community Cohort Study
Charles E. Matthews*, Sarah S. Cohen, Jay H. Fowke, Xijing Han, Qian Xiao, Maciej S. Buchowski,
Margaret K. Hargreaves, Lisa B. Signorello, and William J. Blot
* Correspondence to Dr. Charles E. Matthews, Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer
Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E340, MSC 9704, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Initially submitted November 15, 2013; accepted for publication May 6, 2014.
There is limited evidence demonstrating the benefits of physical activity with regard to mortality risk or the harms
associated with sedentary behavior in black adults, so we examined the relationships between these health behav-
iors and cause-specific mortality in a prospective study that had a large proportion of black adults. Participants
(40–79 years of age) enrolled in the Southern Community ...
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxcroftsshanon
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi.
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxjeremylockett77
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi ...
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
2
Complete Assignment
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Professor’s Name
Course Name
Due Date
This research problem meets the litmus test because it is researchable and has not yet been studied comprehensively. It is an essential issue with potential implications for policy and justice. The research gap in this topic is that no existing research looks explicitly into the psychological effects of the death penalty in Texas. To better reveal this gap, further research can be conducted better to understand the psychological impacts of the death penalty. This research could include qualitative interviews with those affected by the death penalty in Texas, such as family members of those on death row, legal professionals, and mental health professionals (Paul & Criado, 2020).
In order to expertly respond to the qualitative checklist for Chapters 1 through 3, I will need to master a range of skills and subject matter areas. Most importantly, I will need to understand the research topic in depth, including the relevant literature, current debates, and potential implications. Additionally, I will need to become proficient in qualitative methods, such as conducting interviews, analyzing data, and writing results. Furthermore, I will need to thoroughly understand the research process, including creating a research question, developing a research design, and presenting the results (Paul & Criado, 2020).
To build upon the research conducted thus far, a research question I could develop throughout the rest of this course is: What are the psychological effects of the death penalty in Texas on those affected by it? This question could be explored through qualitative interviews with those affected by the death penalty in Texas. This could include the family members of those on death row, legal and mental health professionals. Through these interviews, I could gain insight into the psychological effects of the death penalty in Texas and how it has impacted those involved. This research could help inform better policies and practices related to the death penalty in Texas (Paul & Criado, 2020).
References
Paul, J., & Criado, A. R. (2020). The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do we need to know?.
International Business Review,
29(4), 101717.
PEER RESPONSES FOR Patient Outcomes and Sustainable Change
Assessment Description
Reflecting on the "IHI Module TA 102: Improving Health Equity," describe two causes of health disparities in the United States, or in your local community, that lead to health inequity. What ethical issues inhibit access and quality for care for these issues? Outline an initiative, integrating your faith and ethical principles surrounding practice, to reduce these health inequities and sustain the change within the health care system.
Veronica Montemayor
Orji & Yamashita (2021) noted that greater cancer-related mortality rates among racial or ethnic minority women .
Tangible Needs and External Stressors Faced by Chinese Ameri.docxperryk1
Tangible Needs and External Stressors
Faced by Chinese American Families with
a Member Having Schizophrenia
Winnie Kung
This article examines the tangible needs and external stressors experienced by Chinese
American families with a member living with schizophrenia, in the context of a six-month
pilot study of family psychoeducation. Therapists’ notes from 117 family and group sessions
were analyzed. The families expressed concerns regarding housing, finance, work, study, and
the shortage of bilingual psychosocial services. Interacting with government offices and
social services agencies caused anxiety and frustration, partly due to the high stakes involved
given their low socioeconomic status, and partly due to the bureaucracy. As immigrants,
study participants had needs for language translation, knowledge about resources, and advo-
cacy by case managers. This study also highlights the importance of interventions beyond
the micro individual level to the mezzo and macro levels, where changes in organizations
and policies are necessary.
KEY WORDS: caregivers; Chinese Americans; environmental stressors; ethnic sensitivity;
schizophrenia
This study aims to address the knowledge gap in understanding the challenges faced by Chinese American families with a member
living with schizophrenia in relation to their tangible
needs and external stressors from the environment. I
conducted this research in the context of an interven-
tion study of family psychoeducation that I previously
developed and pilot-tested as an ethnic-sensitive pro-
gram for Chinese Americans ( Kung, Tseng, Wang,
Hsu, & Chen, 2012). Family psychoeducation has
been proven effective in reducing caregiver stress and
the relapse rate of individuals with schizophrenia
( Jewell, Downing, & McFarlane, 2009; Lefley, 2010;
McFarlane, Dixon, Lukens, & Lucksted, 2003). The
intervention protocols focus on educating the fami-
lies about the nature of the illness, promoting better
communication, and helping family members re-
solve conflicts ( Anderson, Reiss, & Hogarty, 1986;
McFarlane, 2002) to reduce “expressed emotions”
such as criticism and overinvolvement, which highly
predict relapses ( Butzlaff & Hooley, 1998; Hooley,
2007; Leff & Vaughn, 1985; Marom, Munitz, Jones,
Weizman, & Hermesh, 2005). Few studies had been
conducted with Chinese American families, many of
whom face unique challenges due to their immigrant
status and cultural values ( Kung, 2003).
To more thoroughly understand the stresses ex-
perienced by these families so as to better meet their
needs and to refine the family psychoeducation pro-
tocol, a qualitative inquiry was conducted using the
clinicians’ session notes from the intervention study.
Whereas the family psychoeducation model in its
original design focused on resolving the psycho-
logical and relational issues within the families, this
investigation noted that these families’ struggles were
closel.
SOCW 04 week 7 discussion #3 professor questionUSW1_SOCW_6090_.docxwhitneyleman54422
SOCW 04 week 7 discussion #3 professor question
USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_Rosen.pdf
USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_vanderKolk.pdf
Learning Resources to be used as references to support your answer.
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1. Chapter 7, “Community and Health” (pp. 143–163)
Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
· Chapter 4, “Public Health and Social Work”
· Section: “History of Public Health and Social Work” (pp. 65–67)
· Section: “Common Values” (pp. 70–75)
Coren, E., Iredale, W., Rutter, D., & Bywaters, P. (2011). The contribution of social work and social interventions across the life course to the reduction of health inequalities: A new agenda for social work education? Social Work Education, 30(6), 594–609.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Errickson, S. P., Alvarez, M., Forquera, R., Whitehead, T. L., Fleg, A., … Schoenbach, V. J. (2011). What will health-care reform mean for minority health disparities? Public Health Reports, 126(2), 170–175. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056029/
Nguyen, D. D., Ho, K. H., & Williams, J. H. (2011). Social determinants and health service use among racial and ethnic minorities: Findings from a community sample. Social Work in Health Care, 50(5), 390–405.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Robinson, L. M., Dauenhauer, J., Bishop, K. M., & Baxter, J. (2012). Growing health disparities for persons who are aging with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The social work linchpin. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 55(2), 175–190.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Optional Resources
Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). HHS action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities. A nation free of disparities in health and health care. Retrieved from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/files/Plans/HHS/HHS_Plan_complete.pdf
Collapse
Top of Form
Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 350 word each answer if you can. Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style
Work #1 professor question
Total views: 2 (Your views: 1)
Hello, students, the following website has information about healthcare disparities that you may find interest.
Final Project Sampling 2FINAL PROJECT SAMPL.docxvoversbyobersby
Final Project Sampling 2
FINAL PROJECT SAMPLING
Student
UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 8, 2015
Assignment 2: Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling
Based on the feedback you received on your submission from last week, submit a revised draft of your paper with this additional information:
1. Five additional references that could be used for your research paper and include a 1-2 sentence description for each of the five additional references, explaining how they fit with the research topic and the research question proposed. Make sure that these references come from scholarly sources using Argosy's library resources.
2. A very detailed outline of what you would like to cover in the intro/lit review of your paper. Write it as an outline and think about what you want each paragraph or section to cover. Paste your references into each section where the information from that article applies to the topic. Below is an example of the outline although the references have not been pasted in yet:
a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors of Depression in Men)
i. Research question (E.g. What factors predict depression in men? For example, age, marital status, family history, stressors).
ii. Why is it important/implications (E.g. xx% of men are depressed; less likely to seek treatment; if we can identify who is at risk, may be able to direct them to treatment sooner)
iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor
b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for above topic):
i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite articles).
1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite articles).
2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles).
iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles).
1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles).
2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite articles).
3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use for your study, that provides the answer to the following questions:
a. What sampling technique would you use?
b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not.
c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any?
d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample?
4. Be sure to also submit all your ten references (the five from last week and the five new ones you added) in an APA-style reference page. Be sure to also include an APA-style title page with your submission. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages long. Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate eth ...
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.2.I.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.
2.Info on the investigation of the crime
3. Info on the crime scene
4. Evidence on the crime
5.Interviews of the Mendez brothers
Make sure to reference information
Also provide pictures
Not a essay not title page needed just the info, references and photos
.
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of th.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of the listed content areas, and draws on evidence from the given Web site.
2. Discusses specific changes that can be made in the workplace are discussed, while giving clear and relevant examples for why changes are necessary. Evaluates how personal skill set can be used to effect change in workplace.
3. Provides a thoughtful reflection on areas for growth. Pinpoints at least one specific goal for leadership growth, and outlines a well-organized and realistic implementation plan to meet the goal.
4. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
5. There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
6. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
7. All format elements are correct.
8. In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Writing Assignment Answer SheetWhen answering these questions,.docx
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Basma Adel
Graduate co-author: Jacqueline Rodriguez-Stanley
An individual’s perception of their discriminatory experiences has an important impact on their depressive symptoms. Some studies have shown that higher levels of perceived discrimination led to worse mental health conditions, including depressive symptoms and anxiety. Discrimination is the unfair treatment of an individual by others based on their gender, race, sexual orientation, age, and other factors. Our empirical study investigated the relationship between everyday discrimination, major lifetime discrimination, and depressive symptoms using data from 211 older African American adults in the Health among Older adults Living in Detroit (HOLD) study.
The double disadvantage hypothesis explains that individuals who are disadvantaged in one stratification are disadvantaged in other stratifications including race, gender, and other factors. We implemented this hypothesis in our investigation and found that men reported experiencing more major lifetime discriminatory experiences than women. Study results also revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between everyday discrimination and major discrimination experiences and depressive symptoms. However, gender did not moderate this relationship.
Our findings add to the existing literature by having investigated this relationship in older African American adults. Future studies should explore how various coping styles in men affect how they handle stressors, including discriminatory events. Studies should also investigate sex differences regarding how men and women process their thoughts and emotions through coping methods and seeking out social support.
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have dowiddowsonerica
Discussion: Gender Bias in Research
Historically, men have dominated scientific research in that the both the researchers and participants have largely been male. Accordingly, the way research has been designed, the way studies have been conducted, and the ways in which results have been interpreted have been at risk for gender bias. In other words, the preconceived ideas and beliefs or unfounded prejudice about the traits and characteristics of each gender potentially influence the outcomes of research studies. Even today, as women have entered into the academic and scientific world in significant numbers, research is subject to gender bias. The implications of gender bias can be far reaching. As the scientific community uses research study results for subsequent research and the media picks up the results to report findings to the public, gender bias can have a huge impact. Society may be making decisions that are based on incorrect, misleading, or biased data. As an example, a majority of early heart disease research was conducted primarily using male subjects leading to the assumption that heart disease was a man's disease and did not significantly impact women. The gender bias in heart disease research resulted in little attention being paid to women who had heart disease symptoms, as well as delays and limitations in the treatment for these symptoms for many years. In reality, it is now common knowledge that heart disease is the leading cause of death for women, as it is for men.
This Discussion asks you to think about how gender bias can impact scientific research and how the findings of biased research can impact individuals and society.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Preface, the assigned pages in Chapter 1, and pages 35–47 from Chapter 2 in the course text,
Gender: Psychological Perspectives
, focusing on why researchers study gender, why researchers include gender as a factor in psychological studies, and how researchers can be biased in their research with regard to gender.
Think about the following questions:
What impact does gender bias in research have on interpretation of the results of research studies?
How does gender bias in research potentially perpetuate the view of what men and women are and should be?
What impact could the biased research have on individuals of each gender and on society as a whole?
How does the media then use research findings to inform, persuade, sell, and so forth?
With these thoughts in mind:
By Day 3
Post
an analysis of the role of gender bias both in the study of psychology and in the reporting of results by others, including the implications. Provide at least two specific examples for each to illustrate your points.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.
DISCUSSION 2
Along with the job order cost system another cost system is process costing. The key to any cost system is to be able to track cos ...
Racism as Experienced by Physicians
of Color in the Health Care Setting
Kelly Serafini, PhD; Caitlin Coyer, MS; Joedrecka Brown Speights, MD; Dennis Donovan, PhD;
Jessica Guh, MD; Judy Washington, MD; Carla Ainsworth, MD, MPH
Running Head ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH1ADVANCED NURSING RES.docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
4
Advanced Nursing Research (Research Study)
Student Name
Institution-Affiliated
Different Parts of a Research Study
Research topic
A systematic review of the association between stigma and or on help-seeking among mental health patients.
Research Problem
Stigma or the process of labelling, discrimination and prejudice towards individuals suffering from mental health problems is considered to have numerous adverse consequences compared to the health conditions themselves according to Thornicroft, Mehta, Clement, Evans-Lacko, Doherty, Rose & Henderson, (2016). In addition, research has found stigma to be responsible for the failure of numerous individuals suffering from mental health to seek help from both their close relatives or trusted individuals and from healthcare providers (Clement, Schauman, Graham, Maggioni, Evans-Lacko, Bezborodovs, Thornicroft, 2015).
Given an increase in mental health disorders and the challenges that such disorders pose to both individuals and society, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients. However, research has largely focused on the attitudes that constitute stigma towards mental health patients and little on the interventions required to reduce or eradicate stigma. Moreover, since the failure to reduce stigma prevents mental health patients from seeking help and hence worsening their conditions, there is need for further studies regarding the association between stigma and help-seeking and the need to reduce stigma making the study not only relevant but significant.
Research purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients and to identify proven strategies or actionable recommendation for reducing stigma.
Research objectives
The objective of the study will be to (1) Explore the extent to which stigma posses a barrier to help-seeking among mental health patients, (2) Identify whether stigma affects certain populations more than others and (3) propose strategies that can help reduce stigma.
Research question
The study will aim to answer the following questions (1) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking? (2) To what extent does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients and (3) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research hypothesis
Ho: Stigma towards mental health patients deters them from seeking help
Ha: There is no association between stigma and the search for help among mental health patients.
In addition, the study hypothesizes that a reduction in stigma would result in increased help-seeking among mental health patients.
References
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... & Thornicroft, G. (2.
Final PaperThis Final Paper involves the critical review and ana.docxssuser454af01
Final Paper
This Final Paper involves the critical review and analysis of a published epidemiological research study, using the epidemiological concepts covered in Modules 1–6. You do not choose your own study; your Instructor will provide the research study to review and analyze. The audience for this 5–8 page scholarly paper is other epidemiological researchers.
The Final Paper must include, but is not limited to, the following:
Part I. Study Summary (2–3 pages)
(Note: this summary must be in your own words)
· The study objective/research question
· Primary exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest
· Identification of study design
· Description of study population and the sampling/selection process
· Description of the statistical analysis used and the primary measures of association reported
· Identification of potential confounders (if any) and the technique used to minimize them or analyze their effects
· Identification of potential effect modifiers (if any) and the technique used to analyze their effects
· Summary of major study results
Part II. Critical Analysis (3–5 pages)
· Discussion of random error and how it might have affected the results
· Explanation of possible selection bias and how it might have affected the results, including a discussion of the size and direction of any possible bias
· Explanation of possible misclassification (information) bias and how it might have affected the results, including a discussion of the size and direction of any possible bias
· Evaluation of the other limitations of the study
· Critique of the discussion section of the paper and whether it adequately addresses the strengths and limitations of the study
· Description of the potential generalizability of the study results
· Critique of the authors’ conclusions and whether or not they are appropriate given the study findings
· Descriptions of future studies that would be appropriate given the study findings
Original Contribution
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cause-Specific Mortality in Black and
White Adults in the Southern Community Cohort Study
Charles E. Matthews*, Sarah S. Cohen, Jay H. Fowke, Xijing Han, Qian Xiao, Maciej S. Buchowski,
Margaret K. Hargreaves, Lisa B. Signorello, and William J. Blot
* Correspondence to Dr. Charles E. Matthews, Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer
Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 6E340, MSC 9704, Bethesda, MD 20892-9704 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Initially submitted November 15, 2013; accepted for publication May 6, 2014.
There is limited evidence demonstrating the benefits of physical activity with regard to mortality risk or the harms
associated with sedentary behavior in black adults, so we examined the relationships between these health behav-
iors and cause-specific mortality in a prospective study that had a large proportion of black adults. Participants
(40–79 years of age) enrolled in the Southern Community ...
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxcroftsshanon
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi.
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxjeremylockett77
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi ...
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
2
Complete Assignment
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Professor’s Name
Course Name
Due Date
This research problem meets the litmus test because it is researchable and has not yet been studied comprehensively. It is an essential issue with potential implications for policy and justice. The research gap in this topic is that no existing research looks explicitly into the psychological effects of the death penalty in Texas. To better reveal this gap, further research can be conducted better to understand the psychological impacts of the death penalty. This research could include qualitative interviews with those affected by the death penalty in Texas, such as family members of those on death row, legal professionals, and mental health professionals (Paul & Criado, 2020).
In order to expertly respond to the qualitative checklist for Chapters 1 through 3, I will need to master a range of skills and subject matter areas. Most importantly, I will need to understand the research topic in depth, including the relevant literature, current debates, and potential implications. Additionally, I will need to become proficient in qualitative methods, such as conducting interviews, analyzing data, and writing results. Furthermore, I will need to thoroughly understand the research process, including creating a research question, developing a research design, and presenting the results (Paul & Criado, 2020).
To build upon the research conducted thus far, a research question I could develop throughout the rest of this course is: What are the psychological effects of the death penalty in Texas on those affected by it? This question could be explored through qualitative interviews with those affected by the death penalty in Texas. This could include the family members of those on death row, legal and mental health professionals. Through these interviews, I could gain insight into the psychological effects of the death penalty in Texas and how it has impacted those involved. This research could help inform better policies and practices related to the death penalty in Texas (Paul & Criado, 2020).
References
Paul, J., & Criado, A. R. (2020). The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do we need to know?.
International Business Review,
29(4), 101717.
PEER RESPONSES FOR Patient Outcomes and Sustainable Change
Assessment Description
Reflecting on the "IHI Module TA 102: Improving Health Equity," describe two causes of health disparities in the United States, or in your local community, that lead to health inequity. What ethical issues inhibit access and quality for care for these issues? Outline an initiative, integrating your faith and ethical principles surrounding practice, to reduce these health inequities and sustain the change within the health care system.
Veronica Montemayor
Orji & Yamashita (2021) noted that greater cancer-related mortality rates among racial or ethnic minority women .
Tangible Needs and External Stressors Faced by Chinese Ameri.docxperryk1
Tangible Needs and External Stressors
Faced by Chinese American Families with
a Member Having Schizophrenia
Winnie Kung
This article examines the tangible needs and external stressors experienced by Chinese
American families with a member living with schizophrenia, in the context of a six-month
pilot study of family psychoeducation. Therapists’ notes from 117 family and group sessions
were analyzed. The families expressed concerns regarding housing, finance, work, study, and
the shortage of bilingual psychosocial services. Interacting with government offices and
social services agencies caused anxiety and frustration, partly due to the high stakes involved
given their low socioeconomic status, and partly due to the bureaucracy. As immigrants,
study participants had needs for language translation, knowledge about resources, and advo-
cacy by case managers. This study also highlights the importance of interventions beyond
the micro individual level to the mezzo and macro levels, where changes in organizations
and policies are necessary.
KEY WORDS: caregivers; Chinese Americans; environmental stressors; ethnic sensitivity;
schizophrenia
This study aims to address the knowledge gap in understanding the challenges faced by Chinese American families with a member
living with schizophrenia in relation to their tangible
needs and external stressors from the environment. I
conducted this research in the context of an interven-
tion study of family psychoeducation that I previously
developed and pilot-tested as an ethnic-sensitive pro-
gram for Chinese Americans ( Kung, Tseng, Wang,
Hsu, & Chen, 2012). Family psychoeducation has
been proven effective in reducing caregiver stress and
the relapse rate of individuals with schizophrenia
( Jewell, Downing, & McFarlane, 2009; Lefley, 2010;
McFarlane, Dixon, Lukens, & Lucksted, 2003). The
intervention protocols focus on educating the fami-
lies about the nature of the illness, promoting better
communication, and helping family members re-
solve conflicts ( Anderson, Reiss, & Hogarty, 1986;
McFarlane, 2002) to reduce “expressed emotions”
such as criticism and overinvolvement, which highly
predict relapses ( Butzlaff & Hooley, 1998; Hooley,
2007; Leff & Vaughn, 1985; Marom, Munitz, Jones,
Weizman, & Hermesh, 2005). Few studies had been
conducted with Chinese American families, many of
whom face unique challenges due to their immigrant
status and cultural values ( Kung, 2003).
To more thoroughly understand the stresses ex-
perienced by these families so as to better meet their
needs and to refine the family psychoeducation pro-
tocol, a qualitative inquiry was conducted using the
clinicians’ session notes from the intervention study.
Whereas the family psychoeducation model in its
original design focused on resolving the psycho-
logical and relational issues within the families, this
investigation noted that these families’ struggles were
closel.
SOCW 04 week 7 discussion #3 professor questionUSW1_SOCW_6090_.docxwhitneyleman54422
SOCW 04 week 7 discussion #3 professor question
USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_Rosen.pdf
USW1_SOCW_6090_WK07_vanderKolk.pdf
Learning Resources to be used as references to support your answer.
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1. Chapter 7, “Community and Health” (pp. 143–163)
Gehlert, S., & Browne, T. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of health social work (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
· Chapter 4, “Public Health and Social Work”
· Section: “History of Public Health and Social Work” (pp. 65–67)
· Section: “Common Values” (pp. 70–75)
Coren, E., Iredale, W., Rutter, D., & Bywaters, P. (2011). The contribution of social work and social interventions across the life course to the reduction of health inequalities: A new agenda for social work education? Social Work Education, 30(6), 594–609.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Errickson, S. P., Alvarez, M., Forquera, R., Whitehead, T. L., Fleg, A., … Schoenbach, V. J. (2011). What will health-care reform mean for minority health disparities? Public Health Reports, 126(2), 170–175. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056029/
Nguyen, D. D., Ho, K. H., & Williams, J. H. (2011). Social determinants and health service use among racial and ethnic minorities: Findings from a community sample. Social Work in Health Care, 50(5), 390–405.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Robinson, L. M., Dauenhauer, J., Bishop, K. M., & Baxter, J. (2012). Growing health disparities for persons who are aging with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The social work linchpin. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 55(2), 175–190.
Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases.
Optional Resources
Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). HHS action plan to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities. A nation free of disparities in health and health care. Retrieved from http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/files/Plans/HHS/HHS_Plan_complete.pdf
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Top of Form
Answer in APA format with 1 citations per paragraph treat each answer as a separate work or file and each work or file need separate references. At least 350 word each answer if you can. Support your posts with specific references to the Learning Resources given in this work. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references. Treat each work, file or answer as a separate work and each work or answer needs separate references.Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources and the current literature given in the work using appropriate APA format and style
Work #1 professor question
Total views: 2 (Your views: 1)
Hello, students, the following website has information about healthcare disparities that you may find interest.
Final Project Sampling 2FINAL PROJECT SAMPL.docxvoversbyobersby
Final Project Sampling 2
FINAL PROJECT SAMPLING
Student
UNIVERSITY
PSY302-A01 Research Methods
Professor
April 8, 2015
Assignment 2: Assignment 2: Final Project: Sampling
Based on the feedback you received on your submission from last week, submit a revised draft of your paper with this additional information:
1. Five additional references that could be used for your research paper and include a 1-2 sentence description for each of the five additional references, explaining how they fit with the research topic and the research question proposed. Make sure that these references come from scholarly sources using Argosy's library resources.
2. A very detailed outline of what you would like to cover in the intro/lit review of your paper. Write it as an outline and think about what you want each paragraph or section to cover. Paste your references into each section where the information from that article applies to the topic. Below is an example of the outline although the references have not been pasted in yet:
a. Introduction or Statement of the Problem (e.g. Predictors of Depression in Men)
i. Research question (E.g. What factors predict depression in men? For example, age, marital status, family history, stressors).
ii. Why is it important/implications (E.g. xx% of men are depressed; less likely to seek treatment; if we can identify who is at risk, may be able to direct them to treatment sooner)
iii. Revised hypothesis based on feedback from the instructor
b. Review of the Literature (the following is an example for above topic):
i. Brief description of depression, symptoms, and any unique symptoms for men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
ii. How widespread is it? Stats on depression in general but also stats on depression in men (Cite articles from which you will obtain this information).
iii. List factors that put men at risk for depression (Cite articles).
1. Difficulty communicating distress or sadness (Cite articles).
2. Job/work pressures (Cite articles).
iv. Demographic characteristics (Cite articles).
1. Relationship between age and depression (Cite articles).
2. Relationship between marital status and depression (Cite articles).
3. A 1-2 page description of the sample you would like to use for your study, that provides the answer to the following questions:
a. What sampling technique would you use?
b. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not.
c. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any?
d. What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample?
4. Be sure to also submit all your ten references (the five from last week and the five new ones you added) in an APA-style reference page. Be sure to also include an APA-style title page with your submission. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages long. Make sure you write in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrate eth ...
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.2.I.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.
2.Info on the investigation of the crime
3. Info on the crime scene
4. Evidence on the crime
5.Interviews of the Mendez brothers
Make sure to reference information
Also provide pictures
Not a essay not title page needed just the info, references and photos
.
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of th.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of the listed content areas, and draws on evidence from the given Web site.
2. Discusses specific changes that can be made in the workplace are discussed, while giving clear and relevant examples for why changes are necessary. Evaluates how personal skill set can be used to effect change in workplace.
3. Provides a thoughtful reflection on areas for growth. Pinpoints at least one specific goal for leadership growth, and outlines a well-organized and realistic implementation plan to meet the goal.
4. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
5. There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
6. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
7. All format elements are correct.
8. In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
.
1. List eight basic initiatives that companies can use to gain c.docxambersalomon88660
1. List eight basic initiatives that companies can use to gain competitive advantage.
2. What factors make one computer more powerful than another?
3. What are the advantages of open source software over proprietary software?
4. _______ means data about data.
.
1. Koffman Corporation is trying to raise capital. What method wou.docxambersalomon88660
1. Koffman Corporation is trying to raise capital. What method would be the least risky to raise capital if it has a less-than-favorable credit rating?
· Bond issuance, since additional debt can provide the company with more leverage.
· Bond issuance, since nobody wants to buy shares of a company with a less-than-perfect credit rating.
· Stock issuance, since stocks are more valuable as finance instruments.
· Stock issuance, since a credit rating won’t negatively affect Koffman’s ability to sell stock.
2. Bookmark question for later
Hal and Miranda have a general partnership business for landscaping projects. Hal makes a contract with a customer for a project one day while Miranda is absent and leaves on vacation the next day. Miranda does not feel she has the time to perform the contract for the customer. Which of the following is true?
· Indeterminable without more information.
· Miranda is obligated to perform the contract.
· Miranda may relinquish her obligation to perform the contract since Hal signed it without her knowledge.
· Only Hal is obligated to perform the contract.
3. Bookmark question for later
Kara wants to build a business. She has plenty of capital and potential investors and partners. She wants to avoid the burden of sole liability for her business and wants to be able to close the business when she is no longer interested in it. Which of the following would lead Kara to choose a sole proprietorship organization for her business?
· Avoidance of sole liability
· Ability to close the business easily
· Plenty of capital
· Many potential investors/partners
4. Bookmark question for later
Lily wants to build a business. She has very little capital. She does, however, have a partner with which she could run a business. Lily wants to be able to avoid being held personally liable for any problems the business has. Which of the following would lead Lily to choose a sole proprietorship organization for her business?
· None of the above
· Avoidance of personal liability
· Little capital
· Possession of a partner
5. Bookmark question for later
Abigail is a manager at her company. The company just launched an initiative to improve its corporate citizenship practices. Abilgail is responsible for all but which of the following areas?
· Vigilance of the board of directors
· Disclosure and transparency
· Integrity and ethical behavior
· Safeguarding shareholders' interests
6. Bookmark question for later
Match each event with the order in which it occurs in the formation of a corporation.
First
Fourth
Third
Second
Drag and drop the choices from below.
Incorporators select a name for the corporation
Novations are executed
Business selects a state of incorporation
Articles of incorporation are filed
Reset Answers
7. Bookmark question for later
Mario and Johnny want to start a business. They have very little capital. They are new partners and largely unfamiliar with each other’s management practices. They are happy, however, to .
1. List all the entities that interact with the TIMS system. Start b.docxambersalomon88660
1. List all the entities that interact with the TIMS system. Start by reviewing the data library,
previous e-mail messages, DFDs, and other documentation.
2. Draw an ERD that shows cardinality relationships among the entities. Send the diagram
to Jesse.
3. For each entity, Jesse wants to see table designs in 3NF. Use standard notation format to
show the primary key and the other fields in each table.
4. Jesse wants to use sample data to populate fields for at least three records in each table.
Better get started on this right away.
.
1. Know the terminology flash cards.2. Know the hist.docxambersalomon88660
1. Know the terminology flash cards.
2. Know the historical cryptographic systems.
3. Know the popular symmetric, asymmetric, and hashing algorithms.
4. What is the definition of Cryptography?
5. Who is known as the father of Western cryptography?
6. What makes up the CIA Triad?
7. How does the Caesar Cypher work?
8. What is the Scytale cipher?
9. What’s the difference between asymmetric and symmetric algorithms?
10. What was the application of cryptography created by the Egyptians?
11. What is the Vigenere Cypher?
12. What is DES (Data Encryption Standard)?
13. What is the Rijndael Algorithm?
14. What is the relationship between AES an DES in the US?
15. What are Symmetric algorithms are typically known for their ability to maintain?
16. How many and what type of keys involved with Symmetric Algorithms?
17. What’s the advantages of stream ciphers over block ciphers?
18. What ciphers typically use XOR operations?
19. What is an algorithm?
20. What is a certificate authority?
21. What is ciphertext?
22. What are collisions?
23. What is cryptanalysis?
24. What is meant by Decrypt?
25. What is a digital signature?
26. What is meant by Encrypt?
27. What is a Hash Function?
28. What is known as Key clustering?
29. What is a key space?
30. What is non-repudiation?
31. What is plaintext?
32. What is SSL/TLS?
33. What is the work factor?
34. What does the Kerckhoff Principle states?
35. Does it help to know the amount of data that you are encrypting ahead of time using block ciphers?
36. What are one-time pads?
37. What is digital watermarking?
38. What are transposition ciphers?
39. What are Vigenere Ciphers?
40. What is meant by codes?
41. What are polyalphabetic ciphers?
42. What is the process known as steganography?
43. What are running key ciphers?
44. Electronic Code Book works well with block cyphers.
45. Cipher Block Chaining is similar to Electronic Code Book but it uses an IV to add security.
46. Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher are symmetric algorithms.
47. Block ciphers are not more closely emulate one-time pads.
48. Asymmetric algorithms are sometimes used for digital signature applications.
49. What is Enigma encryption machine?
50. A strength of symmetric algorithms is that they have multiple modes.
51. A strength of asymmetric algorithms when compared to symmetric algorithms is key management. (sharing keys with others while maintaining secrecy)
52. What are the weaknesses of symmetric algorithms?
All the following statement about International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) are True, except:
· Question 2
0 out of 10 points
_______________ take whatever plaintext is put into them and break it into pieces calls block
· Question 3
0 out of 10 points
Triple DES (3DES) triple-encrypts each block with either two independent keys
· Question 4
0 out of 10 points
No matter where encryption is implemented, the process is
· Question 5
0 out of 10 points
PKI provides __________.
1. Journal Entry The attached (BUROS Center for Testing).docxambersalomon88660
1. Journal Entry:
The attached (BUROS Center for Testing) website link presents and explained the
seven assessment competencies needed by teachers in detail:
http://buros.org/standards-teacher-competence-educational-assessment-
students (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. .
Read the information provided on this site and in your Journal self-reflect on the
following question: What is my current level of understanding and skill in these
competencies? In your self-reflection be sure to address EACH of the seven
competencies.
NOTE: It is a self-reflection, so you can NOT use any sources other than the
attached website.
DUE: in 24 hours
How nondirective therapy directs: The power of empathy in the context
of unconditional positive regard
Marvin Frankela*, Howard Rachlinb and Marika Yip-Bannicqc
aSarah Lawrence College, New York, USA; bStony Brook University, New York, USA; cNew
York University, New York, USA
(Received 26 November 2011; final version received 16 May 2012)
This paper explains how acceptance and empathy are vehicles for psychothe-
rapeutic change by showing how these factors function in nondirective client-
centered therapy. The paper argues that because the nondirective client-centered
therapist’s unconditional positive regard may conflict with the client’s conditional
self-regard, the therapy cultivates a novel restructuring of the client’s narrative.
By revealing how positive therapeutic change can result from the interplay of
unconditional positive regard and empathy, the article explains the effectiveness
of classical client-centered therapy in particular and accounts at least in part for
the effectiveness of other therapies that stress the healing properties of the
psychotherapeutic relationship.
Keywords: empathy; unconditional positive regard; Gestalt figure/ground
relationships
Wie nicht-direktive Therapie dirigiert
Dieser Artikel erklärt, wie Akzeptanz und Empathie das Agens therapeutischer
Veränderung sind, indem er zeigt, wie diese Faktoren in der nicht-direktiven
klient-zentrierten Therapie funktionieren. Gerade weil das bedingungslose
positive Beachten des nicht-direktiven klientzentrierten Therapeuten im Konflikt
liegen kann mit der Sicht des Klienten auf sich selbst, die voller Bedingungen
steckt, gerade deshalb kultiviert die Therapie eine neuartige Restrukturierung des
Klienten-Narrativs. Positive therapeutische Veränderung resultiert aus dem
Zusammenspiel zwischen bedingungsloser positiver Beachtung und Empathie.
Die Effektivität der klassischen Klientzentrierten Therapie ist zumindest teilweise
die Ursache, wenn es um die Wirksamkeit anderer Therapien geht, die die
heilende Dimension der psychotherapeutischen Beziehung betonen.
Cómo dirige la terapia no directiva
Este escrito explica cómo la aceptación y la empatı́a son vehı́culos de cambio
psicoterapéutico, mostrando cómo funcionan estos factores en la terapia no
directiva centrada en el cliente. El.
1. Introduction and thesisThrough extensive research I hope to f.docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction and thesis
Through extensive research I hope to find the answer a specific question. How does culture affect the household? In this paper I will research various parenting styles, and how culture affects the parenting style and personalities. Through my research I am hoping to attain and comprehend how culture affects not only the household, but also how we view society.
2. Main Body
Various parenting Styles.
Parenting norms
Parenting Priorities
How does culture affect parenting?
Classifications of parenting styles
Cultural Influences on Parenting Styles
How does culture affect our personalities?
What makes us different
How we view certain topics
3. Closing
4. References
.
1. Is it important the hospital to have a licensure to ensure that.docxambersalomon88660
1. Is it important the hospital to have a licensure to ensure that the licensees the minimal degree of competency necessary to ensure that public health,. safety, and the welfare are protected. Typically, they are granted at the state level, if the individual works in multiple jurisdictions, then they must licensed in each jurisdiction. Which the government authorize for grants permission to an individual practitioner or health care organizations to operate or to engage in an occupation or profession. Lincensure regulations are generally established to ensure that an organization or individuals is usually granted after some form of examination or proof of education and may be renewed periodically through payment of a fee and or proof of continuing education or professional competence. Organizational licensure is granted following an on site inspection to determine if minimum health and safety standards have been met. Maintenance of licensure is an on going requirement for the health care organization to operate and care for patients. Requirements needed to deliver when comes to health care to maintaining the licensure. Maintain the quality as new technology, financial resources, improve quality such to reduce waiting time, and implementing process to reduce the rate post operative infections.Ensure public safety the hospital is responsible the patients will not be harmed, responsibility to comply with laws and regulations related to public safety, and reduce staff injury within the organizations. When a hospital don't have a licensure some of them when dont follow rules such malpractice insurers, when don't comply with Joint Commission could seem poor management.
2. The general public does not have adequate information to judge provider qualifications or competence; thus, professional licensure laws are enacted to assure the public that practitioners have met the qualifications and minimum competencies required for practice. Licensure by a governmental agency signifies that the individual has met the minimal degree of competency and proficiency needed to ensure the safety and well-being of the consumer, clients or population being served. Licensure is necessary when the regulated activities are complex and require specialized knowledge and skill and independent decision making. The licensure process determines if the applicant has the necessary skills to safely perform a specified scope of practice by predetermining the criteria needed and evaluating licensure applicants to determine if they meet the criteria. Typically, licensure requirements include some combination of education, training and examination to demonstrate competency. Licensure requirements also involve continuing education, training, and, for some, periodic re-examination. If a hospital did not have this licensure there would be chaos. Readmission rates would be high, there would be no set standards of practice, no protocols or rules to follow and there would be confusion wit.
1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, energy harvesting fro.docxambersalomon88660
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, energy harvesting from ambient vibration [I and human motion [2] has received both considerable industrial and academic interest due to advances in micro-electronic technology leading to an increased computation efficiency and reduced power consumption of wireless sensors and portable electronic devices. In addition to environmental benefits associated with limiting the disposal of traditional batteries, energy harvesting technologies [3] provide a great promising of autonomous and self-powered electronic devices for safety monitoring, structure-embedded diagnosis and medical implants. The narrowband issues of linear resonant piezoelectric energy harvesters have motivated several research groups to develop the nonlinear monostable [4], bistable [5] and tristable [6] approaches to enhance frequency bandwidth and output power. The theoretical analysis and experimental verification of those nonlinear energy harvesters have been extensively investigated under harmonic and stochastic excitations [7-9]. For the realistic excitation, Green [2] numerically analyzed the efficiency of nonlinear energy harvesting from human motion and Cao [10] applied the time-varying potential bistable energy harvester to human motion to demonstrate its better performance than the linear one. However, tristable energy harvesting performance has not yet been evaluated under realistic excitations induced by human motions. Therefore, the paper employs tristable magnetic coupled piezoelectric cantilever to harvest energy from human walking and running. Based on the characteristics of human motion, theoretical model of nonlinear tristable energy harvester with time-varying potential energy function is established. And experiment results show that the tristable energy harvester exhibits better performance than the linear one when applied to harvesting energy from human walking and running.
2. ELEC TROMECHANICAL MODEL
The magnetic coupled piezoelectric energy harvester with external magnets is illustrated in Fig.1 (a). The configuration consists of a stainless steel substrate, two symmetric PZT-51 piezoelectric layers at the root, tip magnet attachments and two external magnets.
Tristable energy harvester can be obtained by adjusting the parameters h, d and a.When harvester is applied to harvesting energy from human motion , the lower limb swing motion will drive the cantilever to swing a certain angle (shown in Fig.1 (b) which results in a time-varying potential energy function due of the beam. On these conditions, the electromechanical model of the nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvesters with time-varying potential energy function can be given by the following equation:
Where m is the equivalent mass and c is the equivalent damping. 0 is the equivalent electromechanical coupling coefficient, Cp is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoelectric materials, R is the load resistance, v(t) is the voltage across the electrical load, x.
1. INTRODUCTIONThe rapid of economic growth in China, is a fou.docxambersalomon88660
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid of economic growth in China, is a foundation of urban expansion, associated with the rise in migrants in urban areas. According to data from Statistics Bureau in China, the urban proportion of the total populations reached 45.7% in 2008 compared to 17.9% in 1978, and is expected to reach 50% by 2020. The presence of a large number of rural labor force in the city, tend to look for adequate and affordable housing, which generate a peculiar outcome in most Chinese cities, urban villages. Urban villages, or Chengzhongcun in Chinese, they mean that the villages in the middle of the city, interact as urban expansion surrounded them (Chung, 2009).
According to land management law in China, the ownership of urban land is state, and the ownership of rural land is collective-owned the village. Besides, land belonging to the rural collectives can only used to solely agricultural and not allowed to sell in the land market. The earliest urban village emerged in China is due to the 1978 Economic Reforms. In order to fulfill the investment and development, the government tends to expropriated farmland in rural villages for urban use because of the limit of capital and time-consuming. Therefore, the settlement villages are been survived while their surrounding environment dramatically development, graduate leading to the formation of urban villages (Hao, et al, 2011).
On the other hand, rural migrants have been flooding into cities because of the demand of cheap labour force in urban areas and the states started to relax restrictions on rural-urban migration after Reforms, which generate great pressure on demand of housing. Generally, China's rental market can be segmented into three kinds: government provided credit houses; commercial residential building in the three level market; and renting houses in “villages” (Hang and Iseman, 2009). However, the social housing for low-income households provided by government are excluded them because of the “Hukou” system, which is the household registration system to different urban and rural population. During the city transformation in China, the government ignored the two weakest groups: villagers who do not have lands and workers from village. It is undeniable that urban villages provide a positive environment for slowing down the unemployment problems of the villagers and the housing problems of the latter (Hao, 2012).
Meanwhile, due to the weak government jurisdiction in urban villages, landlords find out this is a new way to substantially maximize income by providing low-rent accommodation to rural migrants. In the process of farmland requisition, the state does not provide the landlords any employment opportunities after they losing their basis of livelihood, which causes them to have no competitive power in the labour market in the city. The huge profits from house renting business enable them to gain considerable revenue and make a new livelihood. In addiction, some of urban vi.
1. Introduction to the Topica. What is outsourcingi. Ty.docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction to the Topic
a. What is outsourcing?
i. Types of outsourcing.
ii. Will companies ever stop outsourcing?
b. Economic impacts of outsourcing.
i. Myths about outsourcing and job impact.
ii. What are the risks of outsourcing?
2. Background/Literature Review on Topic
a. Why do companies outsource
The economic argument for outsourcing
.
1. Introduction 1. Technology and communication 1. Technology .docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction
1. Technology and communication
1. Technology is changing everything that people used to do in the past
1. Communication can be done to people who are at far distance and technology has changed the lifestyle of the people (Drago, 2015).
1. People are rarely using face to face communication as most of them prefer using social networking sites.
1. Face to face communication enable one to express emotions either through facial expression or tone of the voice.
1. Thesis statement: To discuss reasons as to why face to face communication is better as compared to virtual communication.
1. Body section
1. Benefits of face to face communication
1. When people communicate face to face, it creates a motivation as there is exchange of the words as people are together.
1. It also enables one to see sense on what the other person is thinking about (Carlson, 2017).
1. Face to face communication is crucial in strengthening the bond whether for partnership, friendship and relationship in the workplace.
1. Face to face communication enable an individual to express emotions through either tone of the voice or using facial expression.
1. Disadvantages of virtual communication
1. Technical problems because virtual communication depends on the internet, software and machine and sometimes they have malfunction.
1. Some of the Apps which are used in virtual communication need skills for them to be operated.
1. Virtual communication cannot effectively solve problems which can be addressed by face to face communication (Marlow, Lacerenza & Salas, 2017).
1. Conclusion
1. Face to face communication enables people to express their emotions and motivates people.
1. It also strengthens bond between relationship and partnership.
1. Virtual communication depend on the use of garget and sometimes they fail.
.
1. In your definition of a well-run company, how important a.docxambersalomon88660
1. In your definition of a "well-run" company, how important are the following?
a.) Provides excellent customer service
Very important
b.) Has efficient and flexible operations
Very important
c.) Offers high financial return to shareholders
Somewhat important
d.) Attracts and retains exceptional people
Very important
e.) Creates products or services that benefit society
Very important
f.) Adheres to a strong mission
Very important
g.) Invests in employee training and professional development
Very important
h.) Operates according to its values and a strong code of ethics
Very important
i.) Is a stable employer
Very important
j.) Provides competitive compensation
Very important
k.) Adheres to progressive environmental policies
Very important
l.) Produces high-quality products and services
Very important
2. Would you add something to the above list that you think is “very important”? If so, what?
cares about the relationship between employees and management
3. Which of the following issues pose the greatest challenges for today’s CEOs and senior executives?
Breakdown in trust between employees and management, Economic downturn, Lack of public trust in business
4. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
a.) Business people are more likely to care about the social responsibilities of companies when the economy is strong.
Strongly agree
b.) When a multi-national company is entering a new market in a less-developed country, it? has a responsibility to go above and
beyond business success and contribute to the development of the local community.
Somewhat agree
c.) When it comes to the environment, all a company has to do is to comply with the law.
Strongly agree
d.) Companies should maintain their employees’ job security even if they incur a short-term drop in profit as a result.
Strongly agree
e.) Most companies accurately report their earnings and profits.
Somewhat agree
f.) Corporate reputation is important to me in making my decision about the organization where I want to work.
Strongly agree
g.) Managers place too much emphasis on short-term performance measures when making business decisions.
Strongly agree
h.) I anticipate that my own values will sometimes conflict with what I am asked to do in business.
Somewhat disagree
5. If you answered the prior statement “4h” with “somewhat agree” or “strongly agree,” please specify which kinds of values
conflicts you expect to face:
Some possible issues to consider:
n/a
6. Assume you are engaged in each of the following business activities/practices. How likely do you think it is that values conflicts
would arise?
a.) Managing personnel in manufacturing facilities/ plants
Very likely
b.) Outsourcing production operations
Somewhat likely
c.) Investing in less-developed countries
Very likely
d.) Downsizing
Very likely
e.) Financial reporting
Somewhat likely
f.) Natural resource exploration
Somewhat likely
g..
1. In Chapter four titled Academy Training you learned about academi.docxambersalomon88660
1. In Chapter four titled Academy Training you learned about academies and the different approaches they take in training police recruits. In Washington D.C., the Metropolitan Police Department teaches its recruits about Behavioral Science. Question: How important is this lesson, especially in todays environment which pits community versus the police? Be specific when answering the question and give examples. at least be 8 sentences.
2. based on the reading authored by critical race scholar Alana Lentin, please explain the problem with replacing race with multiculturalism in debates on human differences/minority groups. And how, do you think, does multiculturalism tie in with racism in the United States?For those of you who want to further improve their understanding of the term multiculturalism beyond this week’s assigned reading, I suggest you skim through the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on multiculturalism. must be at least 8 sentences. ( articles will be provided)
3. Frank Serpico was a plain clothes NYPD officer who decided not to take part in the embedded corruption that was embedded in the NYPD.When bosses wouldn't listen, he and another cop, Sgt. David Durk, found their way to the New York Times.For Friday write 400 words on who Serpico is/was, mention the history of corruption and the impact. What is the current impact (if any).And, as this a class on the Media and Police, make reference to the significance the NY Times played (as well as the impact of the best selling book and blockbuster film). Police bosses know about such corruption for years (as did elected officials). How did the media - in this case the NY Times force a change in decades long practices?Cite information. Not your own opinion.
.
1. In 200 words, describe how Hamlet promotes andor subverts th.docxambersalomon88660
1. In 200 words, describe how Hamlet promotes and/or subverts the power of satirical imitation to reflect and/or reform authority.
2. In 300 words, compare and contrast how three albums that we have discussed in class promote and/or subvert the power of recording artists to satirically reform both the music industry and popular culture. (The Who Sell Out by The Who, Milo Goes To College by the Descendants, The Beatles(“White Album”) by the Beatles, Little Dark Age by MGMT)
Part I: Health Care Finance
Overview
CHAPTER 2: FOUR THINGS THE HEALTH
CARE MANAGER NEEDS TO KNOW
ABOUT FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Four Segments that Make a Financial
Management System Work
• Original Records — Provide evidence that
some event has occurred.
• The Information System — Gathers this
evidence.
• The Accounting System — Records the
evidence.
• The Reporting System — Produces reports of
the effects.
Four Segments That Make a Financial
System Work
• The healthcare manager needs to know that
these separate elements exist and that they
work together for an end result.
Structure of the Information System
• Identify the inputs
• Identify the outputs
• Examine the Figure 2-1 diagram in the chapter
Function of Flow Sheets
• Flow sheets illustrate the flow of activities that
capture information.
Flow Sheets are Useful Because
• They picture who is responsible for what piece
of information as it enters the system
• Examine the two examples of patient
information flows in the chapter
Figure 2-2: Flowsheets
Figure 2-3: Flowsheets
The Chart of Accounts
• Outlines the elements of your company in an
organized manner.
• Maps out account titles with a method of
numeric coding.
• Is designed to compile financial data in an
uniform manner that can be decoded by the
user.
The Chart of Accounts
• Every organization has differences in its Chart
of Accounts that expresses the unique
differences in its own organizational structure.
• Examine the three examples of different Chart
of Accounts formats in Exhibits 2-1, 2-2 and 2-
3.
Exhibit 2–1 Chart of Accounts, Format I
Exhibit 2–2 Chart of Accounts, Format II
Exhibit 2–3 Chart of Accounts, Format III
Basic System Elements: Books and
Records
• Capture transactions
• Figures 2-4 and 2-5 illustrate this concept.
Books and Records: The Sequence Is…
• Initial transaction to subsidiary journal to
general ledger;
• Review, adjust, balance through the trial
balance;
• Create reports (financial statements)
The Annual Management Cycle
• Affects the type and status of information the
manager uses
The Annual Management Cycle
• The type and status of information used by the
manager includes:
• Daily and Weekly Reports — Generally contain
raw data
• Quarterly Reports and Statistics — Generally
have been verified, adjusted and balanced. Called
“interim” reports; often used as milestones by
managers.
• Annual Year End Reports — Generally.
1. Image 1 courtesy of httpswww.virginiahospitalcenter.com.docxambersalomon88660
1.
Image 1 courtesy of: https://www.virginiahospitalcenter.com/
2.
Image 2 courtesy of: Police magazine October 2013 Issue
3.
Image 3 courtesy of: Forbes magazine April 9, 2012 Issue
4.
Image 4 courtesy of: National Geographic magazine June/July 2015 Issue
In a 2 page APA formatted paper with an additional reference page (template here), analyze the strategic use of sensory visuals:
1. Analyze the use of color; address how it attracts the eye of the targeted audience. How might the targeted audience interpret the color and emotionally respond?
2. Analyze the use of lines; address how it directs the eyes of the viewers. Which types of lines are used? How might the targeted audience interpret the line usage and emotionally respond?
3. Analyze the use of contrast and balance; address how it attracts the eye of the targeted audience. How might the targeted audience emotionally respond to the visual balance and contrast? What if the contrast and balance elements were not there or were different? How would that change the viewer response?
Support the items above by including relevant quotes and paraphrases from academic/scholarly sources.
Be sure to clearly address how these four visual sensory elements attract the eyes of a specific target audience more readily than other audiences. For a thorough analysis, always consider the effect on viewers if these four visuals were used differently or not used at all.
.
1. If I were to create an SEL program, I would focus on self-awar.docxambersalomon88660
1. If I were to create an SEL program, I would focus on: self-awareness, relationship skills and decision-making. I would focus on these skills and values because they are integral in developing emotional intelligence. Self-awareness could be instilled through different activities where a person takes different tests and conducts activities to learn more about their own emotions. By understanding and managing their emotions, they can be more aware to how they act. Additionally, relationship skills can be built through participating in different group activities in which they must work together to solve a problem. These group activities will also integrate decision-making, where participants will learn how to respectfully voice opinions and listen to those of others. At the end of the program, there will be a final group activity which integrates the three core skills, and one must display self-awareness, relationship skills and decision-making to complete the activity.
2. This program would be helpful in teaching factors of emotional intelligence, but it would not teach every important aspect. The first strength of this program would be that it teaches self-awareness before relationship skills, because knowing how to manage and process self-emotions is extremely important when working in a team. Additionally, a strength would be that it is an activity-based program, which will keep kids entertained and learning at the same time. The limitation of this program is that it cannot teach everything about social emotional learning such as social awareness or stress management, however it will be a good start in SEL.
1. The three skills that I would focus on if I were to create an SEL program would be Self-Management, Social Awareness, Responsible Decision Making. These skills are the most essential because self-management is pretty much controlled self-awareness, social awareness is critical to being successful with the other skills, and responsible decision making is critical to any sort of personal and relationship success. I plan on instilling these skills by integrating different forms of activities and exams to ensure that these skills are achieved for their intended purposes. For social awareness I would place people into groups who all have different activities and emotions going on and then quiz them in the end. Self-management can be instilled by keeping tallies of individual outbursts when one gets upset and even putting them in upsetting situations and seeing how the handle them. Additionally, responsible decision making can be more activity and an exam where different situations happen and individuals are rated on how they react to them.
2. The strengths of my program are that they are extremely interactive and also give numerical results. With the combination of interactive activities with other people, real life testing scenarios, and exams it is easy to see the results of individuals to see where they are both st.
1. Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to heritage cons.docxambersalomon88660
1. Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to heritage consistency in your culture (African American) or religion: (ex. religion, beliefs and practices, values and norms)2. Describe traditional aspects of healthcare within your culture or religion3. Address the demographics of your culture or religion in the United States4. Describe barriers to obtaining healthcare that affect your culture or religion.5. Describe how your culture’s or religion’s beliefs and norms might impact communication with a healthcare provider
Paper should
be in your own words
, typed in 12 point font, double spaced, 1 inch margins, between two to three pages in length.
Do not
copy and paste from the internet as this is plagiarism and you will receive a zero for the assignment. You may use one or two quotes from sources as long as the source is given credit. Cite your sources for the paper.
I am an African American Female.
.
1. I think that the top three management positions in a health pla.docxambersalomon88660
1. I think that the top three management positions in a health plan are Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Hospital Administrator and Chief of Nurses. The reason they rank over the rest is because their positions are compelling and crucial in the healthcare. The CEO position is the person who is responsible of management, organizing operations, planning, budgeting, negotiating contracts, studying financial reports. They are the ones in charge of the entire organization and it is imperative that they ensure that everything runs professionally and effectively. Then the Hospital Administrator position is the person responsible of making sure they are working promptly and effectively to generate and manage the budget, quality assurance policies and the hiring of physicians. Their job is also to be responsible in making sure they are up to date with all government regulations and law compliance and by not doing so it can cost them their job and cause fines to their organization. Last is the Chief of Nursing position is the person who is responsible of the overseeing of the nursing staff, they see the department’s budget, they must report to high level staff-members like the CEO, they maintain a high standard of care, review patients’ data and medical records to professionally relate and interact with physicians, patients and family members. You can tell by reading the responsibilities of these positions you realize how essential they are to the health plan and how every responsibility is meticulous to each position. Even though I picked these 3 as the top management position I still feel that all positions hold an important part in the health plan.
2. Healthcare industry offers many different opportunities in its field, working in this industry you have many choices where to choose from like for instance become a secretary to being an analyst or end up being a doctor. There is room to explore different careers and work closely with a variety of professionals. In this growing market the top three careers that would be more in demand would be Nurses, Physicians and Physical Therapists. There is a vast list of opportunities in health care that if you work with effort you will. As we all know nurses are every where and at all times even if the doctor's are not present. They make home visits to check on patient's health and keeping track of their health. Going through nursing is not a piece of cake there is a lot to be learn physically, emotionally and mentally. Becoming a physician is becoming less popular since there are so many other choices out there people see that becoming a physician is a lot of hassle and instead become something else. This career choice will be need in the next few years. Physical Therapy is my third option, with all this baby boomer community the demand for doctor's specially therapist will increase for at least 20% in the next few years. This generation of elderly community is more aware of their health and will seek more tre.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Writing Assignment Answer SheetWhen answering these questions,.docx
1. Writing Assignment Answer Sheet
When answering these questions, please use your own words.
Do not copy and paste and do not cite verbatim from the article.
Part 1: Article summary
· Make sure to answer only in the space provided. If you go
beyond it only part of your text will be visible and this will be
the only part we will grade. DO NOT change he font size to fit
more into the allotted space. DO NOT change the size of the
text box to increase the allotted space. EACH SUCH
ATTEMPT WILL BE CONSIDERED A BREACH OF ETHICAL
GUIDELINES AND WILL RESULT IN A GRADE OF 0
(ZERO) IN THE ASSIGNMENT and additional steps as I see
fit.
· If the answer is similar across studies, just say so rather than
elaborate (for example, X was measured like in Study 1; the
source of data was the one in Study 1…)
1. (a) What are the major factual reasons and theoretical
arguments for this research? (b) What gap in the
literature/knowledge do these researchers attempt to fill? (c)
What are the three overall research questions the researchers try
to answer?
2. Define the two types of bias discussed and how can they
contribute to health disparities?
2. 3. What are the specific research questions the researchers
examined in each study?
Study 2:
Study 1:
4. (a) What are the data sources in each study? (b) How many
participants were included in the final analyses? (you do not
need to discuss the various ways to calculate and weight the
various types of data).
Study 1:
Study 2:
5. What were the major variables examined in each study? How
were they measured? (you do not need to discuss the
Correlates).
Study 1 (4 major variables):
Study 2 (4 major variables):
6. What were the major results in each study? (you do not need
to discuss the analyses. Refer only to the major variables and
research questions as indicated below).
3. Study 1:
a. Access to healthcare as related to race AND the different
types of bias:
b. Circulatory disease diagnosis as related to race AND the
different types of bias:
Study 2:
a. Death rate due to circulatory diseases as related to race AND
the different types of bias:
7. What was the research design used in these studies
(descriptive, correlational, or experimental?) explain your
answer: (a) why do you think this is the particular design? (b)
why didn’t you chose the other two designs? (c) can you make
causal inferences based on these studies? Why? (make sure to
refer to Chapter 2 when answering this question).
In the next page, you will answer Part 2: Critical evaluation and
conclusions. Remember it should not be longer than a page.
Use 12-point Times New Roman font and 1” margins on all
sides. When answering these questions, use the materials you
have learned in the course that might be relevant to this type of
research topic. See more details about this answer in the
separate instructions sheet.
Part 2 – A critical review of the paper
Psychological Science
5. tory-disease-related death rate are greater in communi-
ties where Whites harbor more racial bias.
658450PSSXXX10.1177/0956797616658450Leitner et
al.Blacks’ Death Rate and Whites’ Bias
research-article2016
Corresponding Author:
Jordan B. Leitner, University of California, Berkeley–
Psychology, 3210
Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
E-mail: [email protected]
Blacks’ Death Rate Due to Circulatory
Diseases Is Positively Related to Whites’
Explicit Racial Bias: A Nationwide
Investigation Using Project Implicit
Jordan B. Leitner1, Eric Hehman2, Ozlem Ayduk1, and
Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton1
1Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley,
and 2Department of Psychology,
Ryerson University
Abstract
Perceptions of racial bias have been linked to poorer circulatory
health among Blacks compared with Whites. However,
little is known about whether Whites’ actual racial bias
contributes to this racial disparity in health. We compiled
racial-
bias data from 1,391,632 Whites and examined whether racial
bias in a given county predicted Black-White disparities
in circulatory-disease risk (access to health care, diagnosis of a
circulatory disease; Study 1) and circulatory-disease-
related death rate (Study 2) in the same county. Results revealed
that in counties where Whites reported greater racial
bias, Blacks (but not Whites) reported decreased access to
6. health care (Study 1). Furthermore, in counties where
Whites reported greater racial bias, both Blacks and Whites
showed increased death rates due to circulatory diseases,
but this relationship was stronger for Blacks than for Whites
(Study 2). These results indicate that racial disparities in
risk of circulatory disease and in circulatory-disease-related
death rate are more pronounced in communities where
Whites harbor more explicit racial bias.
Keywords
racial and ethnic attitudes and relations, prejudice, health,
sociocultural factors, open data, open materials
Received 11/30/15; Revision accepted 6/16/16
1300 Leitner et al.
Whites’ Racial Biases and Health
Disparities
Previous research has contrasted two forms of racial
bias: explicit and implicit bias. Explicit bias refers to
deliberate, consciously controlled biases, whereas
implicit bias refers to more automatic biases that are
difficult to control (Greenwald, Poehlman, Uhlmann, &
Banaji, 2009). Explicit and implicit racial biases are posi-
tively correlated, though research suggests that they are
relatively independent constructs (Hofmann, Gawronski,
Gschwendner, Le, & Schmitt, 2005). The distinction
between explicit and implicit biases is supported by
research showing that explicit bias predicts intentional
behaviors, whereas implicit bias predicts relatively unin-
tentional behaviors (Dovidio, Kawakami, & Gaertner,
2002).
7. Both explicit and implicit racial biases might contribute
to racial health disparities. For instance, Whites’ explicit or
implicit racial bias may hinder Blacks’ access to health
care and thus decrease the likelihood that Blacks will
receive diagnosis of and treatment for health problems.
Additionally, Whites’ explicit or implicit bias may contrib-
ute to hostile community environments that evoke psy-
chological stress in Blacks, and stress has been linked to
circulatory disease (Black & Garbutt, 2002). Studies con-
sistent with these possibilities have demonstrated that
Blacks show increased death rates in regions where pop-
ulation-level measures (i.e., survey responses from multi-
racial samples) reveal more explicit anti-Black attitudes
(Kennedy, Kawachi, Lochner, Jones, & Prothrow-Stith,
1997; Lee, Kawachi, Muennig, & Hatzenbuehler, 2015).
Similarly, Blacks die at a higher rate in regions where
more racist Internet searches are conducted (Chae et al.,
2015), and sexual minorities have shorter life expectan-
cies in regions where population-level measures reveal
more antigay attitudes (Hatzenbuehler, Bellatorre, et al.,
2014).
Though these studies provide evidence for the perva-
sive effects of explicit bias, several important questions
remain. First, is there a relationship between the domi-
nant group’s (e.g., Whites’) negative attitudes toward a
targeted group (e.g., Blacks) and the targeted group’s
health? Addressing this question would be important, as
previous research has not disaggregated the bias of tar-
geted and nontargeted groups. For instance, Lee et al.
(2015) examined the effects of population-level anti-
Black attitudes that were aggregated across all respon-
dents (including Blacks). Similarly, Hatzenbuehler,
Bellatorre, et al. (2014) examined the effects of popula-
tion-level antigay attitudes that were aggregated across
8. straight and gay respondents. Accordingly, these studies
leave open the possibility that effects of population-level
bias on the target group’s health are driven by that group’s
bias against itself (e.g., Blacks’ anti-Black attitudes), as
opposed to nontargeted groups’ bias against the target
group (e.g., Whites’ anti-Black attitudes).
Second, does explicit or implicit bias play a stronger
role in predicting Black-White health disparities? Given
that explicit and implicit biases are positively correlated
(Hofmann et al., 2005), it would be important to deter-
mine whether they independently predict health dispari-
ties. Indeed, understanding the independent relationships
between the various forms of bias and health could pro-
vide insight into whether explicit or implicit bias should
be the target of interventions aimed at reducing health
disparities.
Finally, would a relationship between racial bias and
health emerge across a large number of small geographic
areas? Previous research has examined relationships
between bias and health outcomes in a relatively limited
number of large geographic areas (Chae et al., 2015: n =
196; Hatzenbuehler, Bellatorre, et al., 2014: n = 170;
Kennedy et al., 1997: n = 39; Lee et al., 2015: n = 100).
Given that bias might vary within geographic units (e.g.,
county-to-county variation within a state), examining the
effects of bias across smaller geographic areas may pro-
vide a more sensitive analysis.
To address these issues, we examined whether Black-
White disparities in risk of circulatory disease (Study 1)
and in rate of death due to circulatory disease (Study 2)
were more pronounced in counties where Whites har-
bored more racial bias. We pitted explicit and implicit
9. biases against one another to determine the stronger pre-
dictor of health outcomes.
Study 1
Data sources
Racial bias. To assess explicit and implicit racial bias,
we compiled data from Project Implicit (Xu, Nosek, &
Greenwald, 2014), an initiative that has measured racial
bias from millions of respondents over the Internet since
2002. Project Implicit has generated the largest known
repository of data on explicit and implicit bias. Though
respondents are self-selected, a major strength of the data
set is that their general geographic locations can be
ascertained from their Internet protocol (IP) addresses.
At the time when we obtained the Project Implicit data
set, it included responses made from 2002 through 2013,
though only five responses (0.0001%) were from 2002.
Because we examined changes in bias over time and
sought reliable estimates of bias in each year, we omitted
2002 responses. Thus, our analyses included responses in
the time window from 2003 through 2013. Respondents
completed measures of both explicit and implicit racial
bias. For the measure of explicit racial bias, community
Blacks’ Death Rate and Whites’ Bias 1301
members rated how warm they felt toward European
Americans and toward African Americans, on scales from
0 (coldest feelings) to 10 (warmest feelings). We com-
puted the difference between these responses (warmth
toward European Americans minus warmth toward
10. African Americans) and operationalized pro-White expli-
cit bias as more reported warmth toward European
Americans compared with African Americans.
The measure of implicit racial bias was an Implicit
Association Test (IAT), a speeded dual-categorization
task in which respondents categorized social targets (e.g.,
Black and White faces) and verbal targets (e.g., words
referring to “good” and “bad” things) by key press. Faster
responses when White faces and “good” things (and
Black faces and “bad” things) required the same key
press, as compared with the inverse pairing, reflect pro-
White implicit attitudes (Greenwald et al., 2009). The IAT
was scored according to the D measure (Greenwald,
Nosek, & Banaji, 2003). Explicit and implicit bias at the
county level were positively related, r = .25, p < .0001.
Within the Project Implicit data set, we identified
White respondents for whom the county where they
completed the measures was known: 1,391,632 responses
from 1,836 counties met these inclusion criteria (M =
759.57 responses per county, SD = 1,766.10). Counties
were defined according to the February 2013 Federal
Information Processing Standard (FIPS) county codes of
the U.S. Census Bureau’s (2013) Metropolitan and Micro-
politan Delineation Files.
A limitation of the Project Implicit data set is that it
was obtained with convenience sampling, and thus the
sample for a given county may not be representative of
all individuals in that county. One dimension on which
the Project Implicit sample was likely nonrepresentative
was age: Whereas the median age for all Project Implicit
respondents was 23, the national median age was 37,
according to the Median Age by Sex report from the U.S.
Census Bureau’s 2009–2013 American Community Survey
11. (ACS).1 Estimating the racial bias of older nonrespon-
dents would be important, given that racial bias is signifi-
cantly greater among older individuals (Gonsalkorale,
Sherman, & Klauer, 2009). Accordingly, we used post-
stratification weights that assigned greater weight to
respondents the more representative they were of the
age distribution of their community’s population (cf.
Lohr, 2009). We employed the following poststratification
weighting scheme. First, separately for explicit and
implicit bias, we computed average racial-bias scores for
five age groups in each county: 15–24, 25–34, 35–54, 55–
75, and 75+. Second, we determined the population
count of Whites in each of these age groups in each
county using the Sex by Age (White Only) reports from
the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2005–2009 and 2009–2013 ACSs.
Third, for each county, we computed estimates for explicit
and implicit racial bias that were weighted by the White
population count in each age group in that county. The
result of this weighting scheme was that respondents
were assigned a greater weight when they belonged to
an age group that was more populous in their county. We
report findings obtained using this weighting scheme,
but our conclusions were identical when we used
unweighted county averages (see the Supplemental
Material available online).
Although the racial-bias measure was limited to an
11-year window, we believe that it served as a reasonable
proxy for prejudice before and after this time period.
Supporting this notion, fixed-effects models revealed that
year (treated as a factor) accounted for only 1% of the
variance in explicit bias and 2% of the variance in implicit
bias. In contrast, county (treated as a factor) accounted
for 42% of the variance in explicit bias and 27% of the
variance in implicit bias. Thus, year-to-year change in
12. bias was minimal, whereas counties differed consider-
ably in their levels of bias. Moreover, previous work has
demonstrated that racial bias is highly stable over time,
even following a historic event (i.e., Barack Obama’s rise
to the presidency; Schmidt & Nosek, 2010).
Accordingly, we included racial-bias estimates from
2013, even though data from the previous year were used
to calculate our outcome measures of risk of circulatory
disease (see the next section). The advantage of includ-
ing racial-bias responses from 2013 was that it maximized
the sample (i.e., 8% of all responses in the data set were
from 2013), thereby increasing the reliability of the racial-
bias estimates. Nevertheless, when we used racial-bias
data from 2003 through 2012 only, the pattern of findings
was extremely similar to what we report here (see the
Supplemental Material).
Risk of circulatory disease. To estimate risk of circu-
latory disease, we compiled data from the 2012 Selected
Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART) of
the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, a
telephone survey in which participants were asked about
their health risk factors (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, CDC, 2013). We targeted two factors related
to circulatory-disease risk.
First, we examined participants’ response to the ques-
tion, “Was there a time in the past 12 months when you
needed to see a doctor but could not because of cost?” We
coded “yes” responses as 0 and “no” responses as 1. Thus,
when aggregated at the county level, responses to this
question provided an estimate of the percentage of county
residents who had access to affordable health care.
Second, to determine the percentage of respondents
13. who had been diagnosed with circulatory diseases, we
examined responses to two questions: “Has a doctor,
nurse, or other health professional ever told you that you
1302 Leitner et al.
had a heart attack, also called a myocardial infarction?”
and “Has a doctor, nurse, or other health professional
ever told you that you had angina or coronary heart dis-
ease?” We coded “yes” responses as 1 and “no” responses
as 0. Responses to these items were strongly related for
both Blacks, r = .66, p < .0001, and Whites, r = .77,
p < .0001. For parsimony, we averaged responses to these
two items. When aggregated at the county level, these
averages provided an estimate of the percentage of
county residents who had received these diagnoses.
In total, 23,522 Blacks from 208 counties and 175,637
Whites from 210 counties completed the health survey
(White responses per county: M = 836.37, SD = 591.07;
Black responses per county: M = 113.09, SD = 193.83).
We aggregated responses by race and county to arrive at
separate point estimates for the percentages of Whites
and Blacks with access to health care and with circula-
tory-disease diagnoses. Figure 1a shows the location of
the 205 counties for which we had estimates of Whites’
racial bias and SMART-survey responses from both Blacks
and Whites.
Race. Participants reported their race on the SMART sur-
vey. Race was coded as 0 for Black and 1 for White.
Covariates
Sex and age. Participants reported their sex and age
14. (in years) on the SMART survey. Sex was coded as −1 for
male and 1 for female.
Population. Population estimates by race and county
were derived from the modified counts for 2010 from the
following U.S. Census Bureau report: Annual Estimates
of the Resident Population by Sex, Race Alone or in
Combination, and Hispanic Origin for the United States,
States, and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013. From
these data, we computed the total population (the sum
of Blacks and Whites) and the Black-to-White ratio of the
population for each county in 2010. To produce unstan-
dardized regression coefficients that were interpretable,
we log-transformed the total-population estimates (but
not the Black-to-White ratios).
Education. County-level education was assessed by
averaging the high school graduation rates for Blacks
and Whites (data taken from the U.S. Census Bureau’s
2009–2013 ACS: report titled Sex by Educational Attain-
ment for the Population 25 Years and Over).
Income, unemployment, and poverty. County-level
income, unemployment, and poverty were assessed by
compiling data for Whites and Blacks from the 2005–2009
and 2009–2013 ACSs (income data were taken from the
reports titled Median Household Income in the Past 12
Months (Householder), unemployment data were taken
from the reports titled Employment Status, and poverty
data were taken from the reports titled Poverty Status
in the Past 12 Months by Sex and Age). County-level
income was estimated by averaging the median house-
hold income for Whites and Blacks. County-level unem-
ployment was estimated by averaging the unemployment
15. rates for Whites and Blacks. County-level poverty was
estimated by averaging the poverty rates for Whites and
Blacks. So that unstandardized coefficients would be
interpretable, we divided income values by 10,000.
Segregation. County-level racial segregation was
indexed via dissimilarity, an estimate of the percentage
of non-Hispanic Whites who would have to move to
another census tract within the same county in order to
achieve racial integration with non-Hispanic Blacks. Dis-
similarity indices at the county level were provided by
J. Dewitt (personal communication, December 15, 2015)
and were based on methods described in Frey and Mey-
ers (2005). We averaged dissimilarities from 2000 and
2010, so that each county had one value of dissimilarity.
Geographic mobility. A relationship between racial
bias and Black-White health disparities could be driven
by social selection forces. Specifically, rather than reflect-
ing an effect of racial bias, health disparities could be
due to more healthy Blacks selecting to live in environ-
ments with lower bias or to sick Blacks selecting to live
in high-bias environments. Accordingly, we accounted
for geographic mobility, as has been done in previous
work (Hatzenbuehler, Jun, Corliss, & Austin, 2014). The
U.S. Census Bureau’s 2005–2009 and 2009–2013 ACSs
provided estimates of the percentage of Blacks in each
county who moved into that county during the previous
year (a) from a different county in the same state, (b)
from a different state, and (c) from abroad (data taken
from the reports titled Geographic Mobility by Selected
Characteristics in the United States). For each county, we
summed these three percentages in each time window
and then averaged the two sums to obtain a single index
of geographic mobility.
16. Housing density. To capture where each county fell
on the continuum from rural to urban, we assessed hous-
ing density, the number of housing units per square mile.
For each county, we averaged housing-density values
across the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2000 and 2010 Popula-
tion, Housing Units, Area, and Density reports.
Age bias. To examine whether any effects were spe-
cific to racial bias, or generalized to bias on nonracial
dimensions, we used Project Implicit’s age-bias data from
2003 through 2013. Project Implicit’s indices of age bias
Blacks’ Death Rate and Whites’ Bias 1303
paralleled those for race bias. Implicit age bias was
indexed with an IAT (respondents categorized young
and old faces and “good” and “bad” words), and explicit
age bias was indexed with feeling thermometers for
young and old people (explicit age bias was computed
as warmth toward young people minus warmth toward
old people). This data set contained 585,242 geo-coded
responses from 1,850 counties (M = 316.35 responses per
county, SD = 777.29). We estimated county-level implicit
age bias and explicit age bias following the same proce-
dures used to compute race bias.
Results
To determine whether Whites’ explicit or implicit racial
bias (as measured by Project Implicit) independently pre-
dicted health risk for Blacks and Whites, we employed
generalized estimating equations (GEEs). We analyzed
the data using GEEs with robust standard errors in light
of the minimal distributional assumptions they require
17. and their robustness to misspecification in large samples
(Hubbard et al., 2010). Our conclusions do not depend
on the decision to use GEEs; effects for all analyses were
Fig. 1. Results for racial disparities in (a) access to affordable
health care (Study 1) and (b) death rate (per 100,000) due to
circulatory diseases (Study
2). In (a), darker colors indicate counties where Whites reported
greater access to health care than Blacks; in (b), darker colors
indicate counties where
Blacks died from circulatory diseases at a higher rate than
Whites did. For interactive versions of these maps, visit
www.jordanbleitner.com/maps.
1304 Leitner et al.
similar when estimated with mixed linear models. All
predictors were mean-centered unless otherwise noted.
The number of responses on the health survey varied
across counties, and we conjectured that our county-level
health estimates were more accurate in counties where
more participants completed the survey. Therefore, we
weighted counties by the number of responses on the
health survey. To isolate the effects of race and bias, we
controlled for age, sex, and all the county-level covariates
described in the Method section (total population, Black-
to-White ratio of the population, education, income,
unemployment, poverty, segregation, geographic mobil-
ity, housing density explicit age bias, and implicit age
bias).
Access to health care. Figure 2a shows the relationship
between Whites’ explicit racial bias and Whites’ and
18. Blacks’ access to affordable health care before account-
ing for covariates. To test whether Black-White disparities
in access to health care were more pronounced in coun-
ties where White respondents showed more racial bias,
even after controlling for county-level covariates, we
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
R
es
po
nd
en
ts
W
ith
22. A
cc
es
s
to
H
ea
lth
C
ar
e
(%
)
Whites’ Explicit Racial Bias
Whites
Blacks
Fig. 2. Bubble plots showing the county-level relationships
between average explicit racial bias of White respon-
dents and (a) the percentage of respondents with access to
affordable health care (Study 1), (b) the percentage
of respondents with diagnoses of circulatory disease (Study 1),
and (c) the age-adjusted rate of death due to
circulatory diseases (deaths per 100,000; Study 2). The size of
each plotted circle is proportionate to the number
of respondents in that county. The lines are the best-fitting
regression lines before covariates were entered in the
model. For visualization purposes only, counties with values
23. that deviated from the mean by more than 2.5 SD are
not shown in the graphs in (a) and (c) (2% of counties, but see
the Supplemental Material for plots that include
these counties), and the graph in (c) does not show counties that
had fewer than 50 responses on the racial-bias
measure (the bubbles would be too small to visualize).
Blacks’ Death Rate and Whites’ Bias 1305
regressed the percentage of respondents who had access
to affordable health care on race, explicit racial bias,
implicit racial bias, the Race × Explicit Racial Bias interac-
tion, the Race × Implicit Racial Bias interaction, all covari-
ates, and the interactions between the covariates and
race (Table 1). The significant effect of explicit racial bias
was qualified by the Race × Explicit Racial Bias interac-
tion. Simple-slopes analyses indicated that increased
explicit racial bias predicted decreased access to health
care for Blacks, b = −0.064, SE = 0.025, z = 2.563, p =
.0103, but this relationship was not significant for Whites,
b = −0.003, SE = 0.011, z = 0.300, p = .7587. With all
covariates included in the analysis, in counties with high
(1 SD above the mean) explicit racial bias, Blacks were
8% less likely than Whites to report access to affordable
health care. In contrast, in counties with low (1 SD below
the mean) explicit racial bias, Blacks were 3% less likely
than Whites to report access to affordable health care.
Notably, these analyses controlled for multiple socio-
economic indices, so socioeconomic status did not
appear to account for the link between explicit racial bias
and the racial disparity in access to health care. In con-
trast to explicit racial bias, implicit racial bias was unre-
24. lated to access to health care. Furthermore, given that the
effects of age bias were not significant, the results suggest
that racial bias specifically predicted Black-White dispari-
ties in access to health care. We report simple slopes
for the significant interactions with covariates in the Sup-
plemental Material. Sex did not further moderate the
Race × Explicit Race Bias interaction, p = .4964.
Table 1. Results of the Generalized Estimating Equation
Analysis
Predicting Access to Affordable Health Care in Study 1
Effect b SE z p
Race (Black = 0, White = 1) 0.057 0.008 7.479 < .0001
Explicit racial bias –0.064 0.025 2.563 .0103
Implicit racial bias 0.237 0.153 1.546 .1220
Race × Explicit Racial Bias 0.061 0.023 2.668 .0076
Race × Implicit Racial Bias –0.148 0.140 1.058 .2909
Sex (male = −1, female = 1) –0.010 0.003 3.211 .0013
Age 0.006 0.001 5.256 < .0001
Total population –0.012 0.014 0.894 .3711
Black-to-white ratio –0.037 0.036 1.025 .3066
Education –0.164 0.161 1.020 .3078
Income 0.018 0.007 2.458 .0140
Segregation 0.051 0.056 0.906 .3657
Geographic mobility 0.001 0.002 0.436 .6637
Unemployment –0.001 0.002 0.387 .6989
Poverty –0.002 0.002 0.860 .3899
Housing density < 0.001 < 0.001 1.249 .2117
Explicit age bias –0.023 0.030 0.762 .4456
Implicit age bias 0.103 0.112 0.922 .3575
Race × Sex –0.004 0.003 1.245 .2139
Race × Age –0.002 0.001 1.939 .0524
Race × Total Population 0.003 0.014 0.224 .8197
Race × Black-to-White Ratio 0.028 0.033 0.860 .3912
25. Race × Education 0.322 0.158 2.042 .0411
Race × Income < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 .9661
Race × Segregation –0.057 0.051 1.122 .2609
Race × Geographic Mobility –0.001 0.002 0.735 .4624
Race × Unemployment –0.001 0.002 0.520 .6033
Race × Poverty 0.005 0.002 2.648 .0081
Race × Housing Density < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 .9952
Race × Explicit Age Bias 0.047 0.028 1.688 .0916
Race × Implicit Age Bias –0.032 0.110 0.300 .7691
Note: Data from 204 counties were included in the analysis.
Pseudo-R2 for the
model was .62.
1306 Leitner et al.
Circulatory-disease diagnoses. Figure 2b shows the
relationship between Whites’ explicit racial bias and
Blacks’ and Whites’ rate of self-reported circulatory dis-
eases before accounting for covariates. To test whether,
after accounting for covariates, Black-White disparities in
diagnoses of circulatory diseases were more pronounced
in counties where White respondents showed more racial
bias, we regressed the percentage of participants in each
county who reported receiving such diagnoses on the
same predictors as in the model for access to health care
(Table 2). The model with all covariates included showed
that Blacks, compared with Whites, were more likely to
receive diagnoses of circulatory diseases. However, nei-
ther explicit nor implicit racial bias was significantly
related to the percentage of respondents with diagnoses
of circulatory diseases. Moreover, neither the Race ×
Explicit Racial Bias interaction nor the Race × Implicit
26. Racial Bias interaction was significant. Thus, even though
greater explicit racial bias corresponded with increased
Black-White disparities in access to affordable health care,
greater explicit racial bias was not related to increased
Black-White disparities in diagnoses of circulatory
diseases.
Discussion
The Black-White disparity in access to affordable health care
was more pronounced in counties where Whites harbored
more explicit racial bias. However, explicit racial bias did not
predict racial disparities in the percentage of respondents
with circulatory-disease diagnoses. One potential explana-
tion for this null effect is that Blacks in more biased counties
Table 2. Results of the Generalized Estimating Equation
Analysis
Predicting Circulatory-Disease Diagnoses in Study 1
Effect b SE z p
Race (Black = 0, White = 1) –0.008 0.003 2.890 .0038
Explicit racial bias –0.003 0.007 0.436 .6642
Implicit racial bias 0.023 0.038 0.592 .5534
Race × Explicit Racial Bias 0.010 0.007 1.327 .1847
Race × Implicit Racial Bias –0.019 0.040 0.480 .6314
Sex (male = −1, female = 1) –0.006 0.001 4.157 < .0001
Age 0.003 < 0.001 9.501 < .0001
Total population 0.002 0.004 0.346 .7248
Black-to-White ratio 0.004 0.009 0.412 .6772
Education –0.001 0.052 < 0.001 .9899
Income –0.004 0.002 2.345 .0190
Segregation 0.015 0.014 1.072 .2830
Geographic mobility 0.001 < 0.001 1.817 .0693
27. Unemployment < 0.001 0.001 0.346 .7324
Poverty < 0.001 0.001 0.693 .4896
Housing density < 0.001 < 0.001 1.400 .1615
Explicit age bias 0.007 0.007 0.964 .3356
Implicit age bias –0.022 0.036 0.600 .5467
Race × Sex –0.015 0.002 9.221 < .0001
Race × Age < 0.001 < 0.001 0.917 .3600
Race × Total Population –0.008 0.005 1.775 .0761
Race × Black-to-White Ratio 0.004 0.012 0.300 .7609
Race × Education –0.065 0.052 1.249 .2115
Race × Income 0.001 0.002 0.520 .6051
Race × Segregation –0.014 0.014 1.005 .3145
Race × Geographic Mobility –0.001 < 0.001 2.406 .0161
Race × Unemployment < 0.001 0.001 < 0.001 .9708
Race × Poverty –0.001 0.001 1.459 .1444
Race × Housing Density < 0.001 < 0.001 0.300 .7661
Race × Explicit Age Bias –0.008 0.008 1.077 .2810
Race × Implicit Age Bias 0.036 0.041 0.872 .3821
Note: Data from 204 counties were included in the analysis.
Pseudo-R2 for the
model was .73.
Blacks’ Death Rate and Whites’ Bias 1307
were less likely to see a health-care provider even if they
were sick. If this were the case, it is possible that Blacks
would have a higher death rate due to circulatory diseases in
communities where Whites harbored more explicit racial
bias. We tested this possibility in Study 2.
Study 2
In Study 2, we examined whether the Black-White dis-
28. parity in rate of death due to circulatory diseases was
more pronounced in counties where Whites harbored
more racial bias.
Data sources
Racial bias. Explicit and implicit racial biases were
estimated with the methods described for Study 1.
Death rate. Death records for Blacks and Whites were
obtained from the CDC (2014). Specifically, we examined
rates (per 100,000) of death from circulatory diseases (e.g.,
heart disease; Internal Statistical Classification of Diseases
and Related Health Problems codes I00–I99) in 2003
through 2013. Circulatory diseases are the leading cause of
death in the United States and have shown pervasive racial
disparities in prevalence over time (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 2014). To account for poten-
tial age differences between counties and racial groups
and allow for more meaningful comparisons, we used age-
adjusted death rates. To derive these age-adjusted rates,
we used the default 2000 U.S. standard population detailed
in Anderson and Rosenberg (1998).
We aggregated the data across males and females,
given that sex did not moderate the effects of bias in
Study 1, and aggregation minimized missing data (i.e.,
aggregated data were less likely to be suppressed by the
CDC than were separated data for males and females).
We were able to obtain death rates for Whites in 3,110
counties and death rates for Blacks in 1,490 counties.
Data were unavailable for counties recording fewer than
10 deaths for a given group. Figure 1b shows the location
of the 1,149 counties for which we obtained racial-bias
data and death-rate data for both Blacks and Whites.
29. To determine whether racial bias predicted Black-
White disparities in deaths from causes other than circu-
latory diseases, we used the CDC (2014) data set to
compile county-level data on age-adjusted rates of death
due to neoplasm (e.g., cancer) for 2003 through 2013. We
focused on death due to neoplasm because neoplasms
are the second most prevalent cause of death in the
United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, 2014).
To isolate effects of interest, we incorporated the same
set of county-level covariates used in Study 1, except for
sex (because death rates were aggregated across males
and females) and age (because death rates were already
age adjusted).
Results
As in Study 1, we used GEEs to estimate all effects. Data
from a given county were weighted in the analyses by
the number of respondents who completed the racial-
bias measure in that county. As in Study 1, race was
coded as 0 for Black and 1 for White, and all other pre-
dictors were mean-centered.
Figure 2c shows the relationship between Whites’
explicit racial bias and Blacks’ and Whites’ death rates
due to circulatory diseases before accounting for covari-
ates. To test whether racial disparities in death rate due to
circulatory diseases were more pronounced in counties
where White respondents showed greater racial bias,
even after controlling for a set of county-level covariates,
we regressed circulatory-disease-related death rate on
race, explicit racial bias, implicit racial bias, the Race ×
Explicit Racial Bias interaction, the Race × Implicit Racial
30. Bias interaction, all covariates, and the interactions
between race and the covariates (Table 3). The effect of
explicit racial bias was qualified by the Race × Explicit
Racial Bias interaction. Simple-slopes analyses indicated
that the relationship between explicit racial bias and rate
of death due to circulatory diseases was positive for both
Blacks and Whites, but stronger for Blacks, b = 43.200,
SE = 12.100, z = 3.559, p = .0004, than for Whites, b =
13.900, SE = 4.970, z = 2.795, p = .0052. As in Study 1, the
Race × Explicit Racial Bias interaction was significant
over and above the effects of age bias, which suggests
that racial bias specifically was related to Black-White
disparities in death rate. Neither the main effect for
implicit racial bias nor the Race × Implicit Racial Bias
interaction was significant.
With all covariates included in the model, in counties
with high (1 SD above the mean) explicit racial bias, the
difference between Blacks’ and Whites’ death rates was
62 deaths per 100,000. In contrast, in counties with low (1
SD below the mean) explicit bias, the difference was 35
deaths per 100,000. Furthermore, adjusting for all covari-
ates, we estimated how many more Blacks died of circu-
latory-related diseases annually in counties that were high
(1 SD above the mean), rather than low (1 SD below the
mean), in explicit racial bias. We made this estimate at the
average Black population level in counties for which we
had death-rate data for Blacks (average Black popula-
tion = 28,598); 11 more Blacks per county were predicted
to die annually in high-explicit-bias counties (95 deaths)
than in low-explicit-bias counties (84 deaths).
To determine whether similar effects would emerge for
death rate not due to circulatory diseases, we regressed
31. 1308 Leitner et al.
rate of death due to neoplasm on the same predictors as
in our analyses of deaths due to circulatory diseases. Nei-
ther the main effect of explicit racial bias nor the Race ×
Explicit Racial Bias interaction was significant, ps > .14.
Moreover, when we modeled neoplasm death rate as a
covariate in the model predicting death rate due to circu-
latory diseases, the Race × Explicit Racial Bias interaction
remained significant, b = −21.100, SE = 9.240, z = 2.283,
p = .0224. These findings suggest that that the relationship
between explicit racial bias and death rate was specific to
circulatory-related, and not neoplasm-related, disease.
(See the Supplemental Material for additional analyses.)
Discussion
In counties where White respondents harbored more
explicit racial bias, the rate of death from circulatory dis-
ease was increased for both Whites and Blacks. However,
Whites’ explicit racial bias predicted this death rate more
strongly for Blacks than for Whites. As in Study 1, explicit
racial bias, compared with implicit racial bias, was a
stronger predictor of Black-White health disparity.
General Discussion
In counties where White Project Implicit respondents
harbored more explicit racial bias, Black-White dispari-
ties in access to affordable health care (Study 1) and rate
of death due to circulatory diseases (Study 2) were more
pronounced. The robustness of these findings was evi-
denced by the replication of the same pattern across two
independent data sets that both included a large number
32. of counties. Although the effects could have been driven
by an unmeasured third variable, the fact that racial bias
was a significant predictor in models with a large set of
covariates supports the notion of a direct relationship
between Whites’ racial bias and Black-White health
disparities.
Table 3. Results of the Generalized Estimating Equation
Analysis
Predicting Death Rate Due to Circulatory Diseases in Study 2
Effect b SE z p
Race (Black = 0, White = 1) –48.400 7.000 6.917 < .0001
Explicit racial bias 43.200 12.100 3.559 .0004
Implicit racial bias 64.400 56.100 1.149 .2513
Race × Explicit Racial Bias –29.300 11.700 2.500 .0124
Race × Implicit Racial Bias –3.810 54.800 0.000 .9445
Total population –9.390 10.300 0.917 .3602
Black-to-White Ratio 92.300 25.400 3.632 .0003
Education –176.000 99.700 1.769 .0769
Income –8.200 4.140 1.982 .0475
Segregation 19.000 12.700 1.493 .1350
Geographic mobility –2.500 0.485 5.146 < .0001
Unemployment 2.140 1.180 1.817 .0695
Poverty 1.570 0.935 1.676 .0934
Housing density < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 .9762
Explicit age bias –16.400 8.870 1.849 .0645
Implicit age bias 24.600 47.000 0.520 .6005
Race × Total Population –2.560 8.560 0.300 .7647
Race × Black-to-White Ratio –63.900 32.700 1.954 .0506
Race × Education –17.600 88.700 0.200 .8431
Race × Income 0.313 4.140 0.100 .9397
Race × Segregation –6.610 11.700 0.566 .5730
Race × Geographic Mobility 2.020 0.462 4.374 < .0001
Race × Unemployment –0.852 1.130 0.755 .4518
33. Race × Poverty –2.180 0.868 2.508 .0122
Race × Housing Density < 0.001 0.001 0.583 .5580
Race × Explicit Age Bias –1.170 8.480 0.141 .8903
Race × Implicit Age Bias 34.000 40.000 0.849 .3955
Note: Data from 1,776 counties were included in the analysis.
Pseudo-R2 for the
model was .42.
Blacks’ Death Rate and Whites’ Bias 1309
To our knowledge, this is the first research to show
that racial bias from a dominant group (e.g., Whites) pre-
dicts negative health outcomes more strongly for the tar-
get group (e.g., Blacks) than for the dominant group.
These results are consistent with research that has shown
that population-level bias (i.e., antigay attitudes), when
aggregated across targeted and nontargeted groups, pre-
dicts negative health outcomes more strongly for the
targeted than the nontargeted group (Hatzenbuehler,
Bellatorre, et al., 2014). However, the current results
extend this previous work, which did not directly address
the issue of whether the effects were driven by the domi-
nant group’s stigmatization of the targeted group or the
targeted group’s self-stigmatization. Furthermore, by
demonstrating a relationship between Whites’ racial
biases and health outcomes of Blacks in the same com-
munity, these results support previous findings that
Blacks’ subjective perceptions of racism are linked to
their own health (Pascoe & Richman, 2009; Williams &
Mohammed, 2009). However, because perceptions of
racism can be shaped by race-based rejection sensitivity
(Mendoza-Denton et al., 2002), we extended this previ-
ous work by measuring racial bias directly from Whites.
34. Additionally, to our knowledge, this is the first research
to use geo-coded data on implicit bias to examine
whether racial health disparities are more pronounced in
communities where Whites show more implicit bias.
Notably, when implicit bias was modeled without explicit
bias, it showed patterns similar to those for explicit bias
(see Tables S4 and S6 in the Supplemental Material), but
when explicit and implicit biases were modeled together,
only explicit bias predicted health outcomes. The null
effects of implicit bias are informative, as research is
increasingly focusing on the predictive utility of implicit
bias in medical contexts (e.g., Hall et al., 2015), and it is
important to identify the outcomes that are more strongly
related to explicit than to implicit bias. One potential
explanation for why Whites’ explicit bias was a stronger
predictor than their implicit bias in the current work is
that explicit bias has historically exerted stronger effects
on the structural factors (e.g., regulation of environmen-
tal pollution) and psychological factors (e.g., overtly neg-
ative interracial interactions) that ultimately shape health
outcomes.
One limitation of this research is that the respondents
who completed Project Implicit’s racial-bias measures
might not have been representative of their counties on
all dimensions. For instance, Project Implicit respondents
might not reflect racial biases of older community mem-
bers. Though we employed a poststratification weighting
scheme designed to circumvent this limitation, no amount
of poststratification weighting can make a sample truly
representative on all dimensions. Thus, future research
should examine whether the observed effects remain
when bias is measured with full probability sampling.
35. Another limitation is that we did not have data on the
geographic mobility of specific individuals for whom we
assessed health outcomes. It is possible that the deceased
in Study 2 had moved to their communities soon before
their deaths and had died before the racial bias of their
communities had any effect on their health. However,
two lines of evidence suggest that this scenario occurs
relatively infrequently. First, 95% of the people who died
from circulatory-disease-related causes were over age 55
(CDC, 2014), and the median duration of residency for
people in this age group is more than 11 years (Mateyka
& Marlay, 2011). Second, when people of this age do
move, they are more likely to move to another residence
within the same county than to a different county (data
from the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2009–2013 ACS: report
titled Geographic Mobility by Selected Characteristics in
the United States). Together, this evidence suggests that
many people are geographically stable in the years lead-
ing to their death. Nevertheless, future research might
further examine the role of geographic mobility in the
relationship between racial bias and health.
The finding that Whites’ circulatory-disease-related
death rate was increased in counties where White respon-
dents harbored greater explicit bias is consistent with
research showing that racial bias is linked to negative
health outcomes for Whites (Kennedy et al., 1997; Lee
et al., 2015; Mendes, Gray, Mendoza-Denton, Major, &
Epel, 2007). One explanation for this finding, suggested
by recent research (Lee et al., 2015), is that highly biased
communities have decreased social capital (i.e., trust and
bonding between community members), which in turn
predicts negative health outcomes.
Though the current research does not establish that
White respondents’ racial bias caused the observed
36. health disparities between Whites and Blacks, the rela-
tionships between Whites’ racial bias and Black-White
health disparities were independent of a large set of
county-level socio-demographic characteristics. Thus,
our findings raise compelling questions about the mecha-
nisms through which Whites’ racial bias can be related to
health outcomes. On the basis of existing theoretical
frameworks (Clark et al., 1999; Hatzenbuehler et al.,
2013; Major et al., 2013), we posit that multiple causal
pathways might account for this relationship. These path-
ways might include structural (e.g., discrimination in
health care), interpersonal (e.g., hostile interactions),
emotional (e.g., stress), and behavioral (e.g., maladaptive
coping) processes that catalyze biological systems that
increase disease risk. We hope that the current work
serves to generate future research examining why there
is a relationship between racial bias and health.
1310 Leitner et al.
Action Editor
Jamin Halberstadt served as action editor for this article.
Author Contributions
J. B. Leitner, E. Hehman, and R. Mendoza-Denton developed
the theoretical framework. J. B. Leitner conducted the analyses
and drafted the manuscript. All the authors provided critical
revisions and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Doc Edge for providing insight into our
37. statistical analyses.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The authors declared that they had no conflicts of interest with
respect to their authorship or the publication of this article.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Science Founda-
tion under Award Numbers 1306709 (to R. Mendoza-Denton
and O. Ayduk) and 1514510 (to O. Ayduk and J. B. Leitner),
and by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
Institutional Grant (to E. Hehman).
Supplemental Material
Additional supporting information can be found at http://
pss.sagepub.com/content/by/supplemental-data
Open Practices
All data and materials have been made publicly available via
the Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https://
osf.io/5ybhd/. The complete Open Practices Disclosure for this
article can be found at http://pss.sagepub.com/content/by/
supplemental-data. This article has received badges for Open
Data and Open Materials. More information about the Open
Practices badges can be found at https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki/
1.%20View%20the%20Badges/ and http://pss.sagepub.com/
content/25/1/3.full.
Note
1. Unless otherwise noted, all data from the U.S. Census Bureau
were downloaded from factfinder.census.gov.
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Fall 2017 General Psychology: Writing Assignment
Your assignment is to write a paper reacting to a scholarly
journal article. The purpose of this
assignment is to give you practice in reading, understanding,
and critically evaluating research.
You are also expected to demonstrate the ability to synthesize
current research with our course
materials. This paper requires more than a simple summary of
what you have read. Please
allow yourself plenty of time to complete this assignment.
You are going to write about the following article:
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Ayduk, O., & Mendoza-Denton, R.
44. (2016). Blacks’ death rate due to
circulatory diseases is positively related to whites’ explicit
racial bias: A nationwide
investigation using project implicit. Psychological Science, 27,
1299-1311. doi:
10.1177/0956797616658450
You can download the article here: http://bit.ly/2xIrOlR
Your paper should include two parts:
1. Part 1 - A brief summary of the article that answers the
questions in the attached answer
sheet. Please note:
a. You should not cite verbatim from the paper. You MUST use
your own words.
b. If there is no clear answer in the paper to any of the
questions, you can answer as
you see fit, but you MUST explain your answers. Otherwise,
you will not
receive points for that particular answer. You can also say that
there is no clear
answer in the article.
c. If there are few studies reported in the paper, please answer
the questions for
each study.
d. You are not responsible for knowing or reporting the
statistical analyses, the
details of the manipulations, or the procedures.
45. e. Answers to Part 1 should be ONLY within the text-boxes
provided, using
12point Times New Roman font.
2. Part 2 - Your critical reaction to the article and your
conclusions. You might critique the
research (for example, sample, method) and/or the conclusions
the authors arrived at; you
can identify unresolved issues, suggest future research, and/or
reflect on the study’s
implications. In your discussion, you must clearly connect the
material you are learning
in class with the article’s content area, theories, methodology,
and/or findings.
Part 2 of the paper should not be longer than one page. Use
double-spaced, 12-point
Times New Roman font, with 1-inch margins on the bottom,
top, and sides. We will
deduct points for deviating from these parameters.
For clarification, Part 2 must include:
a. At least one justified original critique (that is, critique that is
not based on the
limitations the authors discussed in the paper)
b. At least one suggestion for future research
c. At least one connection to class materials
d. At least one practical or theoretical implication of this study
e. Your overall impression of the article
To successfully complete this assignment, you should carefully
46. read the article, more than once.
When read the article, go beyond highlighting important facts
and interesting findings. Ask
yourself questions as you read: What are the researchers’
assumptions? How does the article
contribute to the field? Are the findings generalizable, and to
whom?
We strongly suggest consulting Chapter 2 (research methods)
and the relevant class notes when
working on this paper.
Please submit the assignment to TurnitIn in a WORD file. Do
not submit a PDF (we will deduct
points for that). See relevant instructions page.
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accuracy and clarity of answers;
(b) justifications of your answers; (c) answering all the parts of
each question as appear in
the answer sheet and in the instruction on this document; (d)
Grammatically correct
writing and adherence to length and formatting requirements.
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TIPS FOR SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Psychology is a behavioral science, and writing in psychology
is similar to writing in the hard
sciences.
Avoid anthropomorphism: Anthropomorphism occurs when
human characteristics are
attributed to animals or inanimate entities. Anthropomorphism
can make your writing
awkward. Some examples include: “The experiment attempted
to demonstrate…,” and “The
tables compare…” Reword such sentences so that a person
performs the action: “The
experimenter attempted to demonstrate…” The verbs “show” or
“indicate” can also be used:
“The tables show…”
Verb tenses: Select verb tenses carefully. Use the past tense
when expressing actions or
conditions that occurred at a specific time in the past, when
discussing other people’s work, and
when reporting results. Use the present perfect tense to express
past actions or conditions that did
not occur at a specific time, or to describe an action beginning
in the past and continuing in the
present.
48. Pronoun agreement: Be consistent within and across sentences
with pronouns that refer to a
noun introduced earlier (antecedent). A common error is a
construction such as “Each child
responded to questions about their favorite toys.” The sentence
should have either a plural subject
(children) or a singular pronoun (his or her). Vague pronouns,
such as “this” or “that,” without a
clear antecedent can confuse readers: “This shows that girls are
more likely than boys …” could
be rewritten as “These results show that girls are more likely
than boys…”
Avoid figurative language and superlatives: Scientific writing
should be as concise and
specific as possible. Emotional language and superlatives, such
as “very,” “highly,”
“astonishingly,” “extremely,” “quite,” and even “exactly,” are
imprecise or unnecessary. A line
that is “exactly 100 centimeters” is, simply, 100 centimeters.
Avoid colloquial expressions and informal language: Use
“children” rather than “kids;”
“many” rather than “a lot;” “acquire” rather than “get;”
“prepare for” rather than “get ready;” etc.
Labels: Do not equate people with their physical or mental
conditions or categorize people
broadly as objects. For example, adjectival forms like “older
adults” are preferable to labels such
as “the elderly” or “the schizophrenics.” Another option is to
mention the person first, followed
by a descriptive phrase. For example, “people diagnosed with
schizophrenia.” Be careful using