This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topic to the discipline of psychology. It concludes by noting gaps in understanding the lived experiences of these mothers and the need for further research.
Running Head ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH1ADVANCED NURSING RES.docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
4
Advanced Nursing Research (Research Study)
Student Name
Institution-Affiliated
Different Parts of a Research Study
Research topic
A systematic review of the association between stigma and or on help-seeking among mental health patients.
Research Problem
Stigma or the process of labelling, discrimination and prejudice towards individuals suffering from mental health problems is considered to have numerous adverse consequences compared to the health conditions themselves according to Thornicroft, Mehta, Clement, Evans-Lacko, Doherty, Rose & Henderson, (2016). In addition, research has found stigma to be responsible for the failure of numerous individuals suffering from mental health to seek help from both their close relatives or trusted individuals and from healthcare providers (Clement, Schauman, Graham, Maggioni, Evans-Lacko, Bezborodovs, Thornicroft, 2015).
Given an increase in mental health disorders and the challenges that such disorders pose to both individuals and society, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients. However, research has largely focused on the attitudes that constitute stigma towards mental health patients and little on the interventions required to reduce or eradicate stigma. Moreover, since the failure to reduce stigma prevents mental health patients from seeking help and hence worsening their conditions, there is need for further studies regarding the association between stigma and help-seeking and the need to reduce stigma making the study not only relevant but significant.
Research purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients and to identify proven strategies or actionable recommendation for reducing stigma.
Research objectives
The objective of the study will be to (1) Explore the extent to which stigma posses a barrier to help-seeking among mental health patients, (2) Identify whether stigma affects certain populations more than others and (3) propose strategies that can help reduce stigma.
Research question
The study will aim to answer the following questions (1) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking? (2) To what extent does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients and (3) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research hypothesis
Ho: Stigma towards mental health patients deters them from seeking help
Ha: There is no association between stigma and the search for help among mental health patients.
In addition, the study hypothesizes that a reduction in stigma would result in increased help-seeking among mental health patients.
References
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... & Thornicroft, G. (2.
Week 8 Sample Section ExampleWritten by Jennifer Oddy, Entitled.docxhelzerpatrina
Week 8 Sample Section Example
Written by Jennifer Oddy, Entitled: Distress And Coping of Mothers of Children With Muscular Dystrophy
Sampling Method, Sample, and Setting
Sampling method. The participants will be recruited by criterion purposive sampling by their doctors/nurses at the Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital.
Sample. Inclusion criteria are the following: (1) You are 21 years of age or greater; (2) are the mother of a child with muscular dystrophy; (3) your child is aged between 4 and 17 and was 10 years or younger at their first physical assessment by a primary care provider; (4) you provide roughly 75% or more of the home care for the child.
People will not be eligible for this study if they: (1) have been diagnosed with a mental health disorder (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or have a physical addiction to drugs or alcohol); (2) if the child is currently residing in a long-term care facility.
The sample size will ideally be about 10 participants. Phenomenological studies tend to rely on very small samples, since there is one guiding principle for selecting the sample: all participants must have experienced the phenomenon and must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived the experience (Polit & Beck, 2012). Data will be collected until saturation is accomplished.
Setting. The proposed setting for this study is at the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital located at 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA. There are two directors at the clinic, an orthopedic, and a pediatric neurologist. The team members include a social worker, physical therapist, and a genetic counselor. The number of patients at the clinic cannot be disclosed, however, Boston Children’s Hospital is considered an elite clinic and is included in the MDA network that supports clinical trials and research. The hospital offers the highest level of diagnostic and treatment services, with neurologists and other specialists being very experienced in treating children with muscular dystrophy.
Informed consent and ethical considerations
Before enrolling participants in this study, an informed consent must be signed and approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB, Appendix A). This will be obtained from the Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital, as well as from Regis College. An application and proposal will be sent to the IRB, requesting approval for this study. Since there is minimal risk to subjects, an expedited review will be requested (Polit & Beck, 2012). There is a risk that the participant may have feelings of discomfort while discussing the experiences of caring for a child with muscular dystrophy. This will be minimized by the researcher with empathy and compassion. If the participant would like counseling, a call will be made to their primary care provider.
There are no foreseen ethical issues involved in this research study. The interviews will be ta ...
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
19
19
21
32
34
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
31.Purpose
42.Background
5Research objectives
6Theoretical framework
63.EBP Model
74.Proposed Change
85.Outcomes
86.Evaluation Plan
97.Dissemination Plan
9Tools to be Used
9Peer review tools for the proposal
11Grant Request
11Proposed Tasks
11Task 1: Case study- Reviewing existing literature on stigma around mental health complications
11Task 2: Interviewing clinicians that have dealt with the study topic
12Task 3: Interviewing patients of mental health
12Schedule
13Budget
148.Appendices
14a.Informed Consent
19Certificate of Consent
19Signature or Date
21b.Literature Matrix
32c.Tools and equipment to be used
34References
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a ...
1Factors Influencing Individuals Decision to Utilize Mental H.docxRAJU852744
1
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by
James Dada
A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
Grand Canyon University
Phoenix Arizona
March 25, 2020
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
Hester (2017) noted that there is a huge gap between patients experiencing mental health illnesses and individuals who access treatment in the United States. As a result, there is the need to identify the factors that influence individuals to seek or not to utilize or not to utilize mental health services. Kohn et al., (2018) expressed the need for more studies to establish why people suffering from mental illnesses avoid getting treatments. Platt, Wolf & Scheitle, (2018) suggested that more studies need to be conducted to determine why individuals decide to utilize or reject mental health services. This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing an individuals' decision to utilize or reject mental health services in South Texas.
Background of the Problem
Sampogna et al., (2017), found that mental health is one of the major public health concerns in the United States. However, there is a considerable gap in research as to why people utilize or reject the treatment of mental health. According to Stanley, Hom & Joiner, (2018) there are numerous factors that influence people to utilize mental health services. Additionally, Irteja et al., (2020), indicated the need for more studies to be conducted to establish the factors that influence people to seek mental health services.
This problem has a long history In the United States dating back to when mental health services were established in the country (Calear et al., 2017). A lot has been done over the years to encourage individuals to utilize mental health services. Most notable, mental health America was established in 1909n to help address major mental health issues at the time including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Dementia (Chang & Biegel, 2018). Historically, mental health was described as mental hygiene, a term used since 1843. At the time research indicated that mental hygiene would work best through religion, culture, and education (Chang & Biegel, 2018).
Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual Framework and Review of the Literature/Themes
Theoretical literature
Social cognitive theory is used to address the gap identified in this research. According to Kohn et al., (2018), social cognitive theory can be applied to encourage people experiencing mental health problems to utilize mental health services. This theory describes how individuals believes and the environment influence people’s behaviors. The theory holds that people’s believes affect how people behave. The theory suggests that people need to have the skills to be able to perform some behaviors. Regarding utilization or rejection of mental health services, behavioral capability can help people to chang.
1Factors Influencing Individuals Decision to Utilize Mental H.docxnovabroom
1
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by
James Dada
A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
Grand Canyon University
Phoenix Arizona
March 25, 2020
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
Hester (2017) noted that there is a huge gap between patients experiencing mental health illnesses and individuals who access treatment in the United States. As a result, there is the need to identify the factors that influence individuals to seek or not to utilize or not to utilize mental health services. Kohn et al., (2018) expressed the need for more studies to establish why people suffering from mental illnesses avoid getting treatments. Platt, Wolf & Scheitle, (2018) suggested that more studies need to be conducted to determine why individuals decide to utilize or reject mental health services. This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing an individuals' decision to utilize or reject mental health services in South Texas.
Background of the Problem
Sampogna et al., (2017), found that mental health is one of the major public health concerns in the United States. However, there is a considerable gap in research as to why people utilize or reject the treatment of mental health. According to Stanley, Hom & Joiner, (2018) there are numerous factors that influence people to utilize mental health services. Additionally, Irteja et al., (2020), indicated the need for more studies to be conducted to establish the factors that influence people to seek mental health services.
This problem has a long history In the United States dating back to when mental health services were established in the country (Calear et al., 2017). A lot has been done over the years to encourage individuals to utilize mental health services. Most notable, mental health America was established in 1909n to help address major mental health issues at the time including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Dementia (Chang & Biegel, 2018). Historically, mental health was described as mental hygiene, a term used since 1843. At the time research indicated that mental hygiene would work best through religion, culture, and education (Chang & Biegel, 2018).
Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual Framework and Review of the Literature/Themes
Theoretical literature
Social cognitive theory is used to address the gap identified in this research. According to Kohn et al., (2018), social cognitive theory can be applied to encourage people experiencing mental health problems to utilize mental health services. This theory describes how individuals believes and the environment influence people’s behaviors. The theory holds that people’s believes affect how people behave. The theory suggests that people need to have the skills to be able to perform some behaviors. Regarding utilization or rejection of mental health services, behavioral capability can help people to chang.
Running Head ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH1ADVANCED NURSING RES.docxtoddr4
Running Head: ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
4
Advanced Nursing Research (Research Study)
Student Name
Institution-Affiliated
Different Parts of a Research Study
Research topic
A systematic review of the association between stigma and or on help-seeking among mental health patients.
Research Problem
Stigma or the process of labelling, discrimination and prejudice towards individuals suffering from mental health problems is considered to have numerous adverse consequences compared to the health conditions themselves according to Thornicroft, Mehta, Clement, Evans-Lacko, Doherty, Rose & Henderson, (2016). In addition, research has found stigma to be responsible for the failure of numerous individuals suffering from mental health to seek help from both their close relatives or trusted individuals and from healthcare providers (Clement, Schauman, Graham, Maggioni, Evans-Lacko, Bezborodovs, Thornicroft, 2015).
Given an increase in mental health disorders and the challenges that such disorders pose to both individuals and society, numerous studies have been conducted to examine the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients. However, research has largely focused on the attitudes that constitute stigma towards mental health patients and little on the interventions required to reduce or eradicate stigma. Moreover, since the failure to reduce stigma prevents mental health patients from seeking help and hence worsening their conditions, there is need for further studies regarding the association between stigma and help-seeking and the need to reduce stigma making the study not only relevant but significant.
Research purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between stigma and help-seeking among mental health patients and to identify proven strategies or actionable recommendation for reducing stigma.
Research objectives
The objective of the study will be to (1) Explore the extent to which stigma posses a barrier to help-seeking among mental health patients, (2) Identify whether stigma affects certain populations more than others and (3) propose strategies that can help reduce stigma.
Research question
The study will aim to answer the following questions (1) What is the association between stigma towards mental health patients and help-seeking? (2) To what extent does stigma constitute a barrier to the search for help among mental health patients and (3) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking help due to stigma?
Research hypothesis
Ho: Stigma towards mental health patients deters them from seeking help
Ha: There is no association between stigma and the search for help among mental health patients.
In addition, the study hypothesizes that a reduction in stigma would result in increased help-seeking among mental health patients.
References
Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., ... & Thornicroft, G. (2.
Week 8 Sample Section ExampleWritten by Jennifer Oddy, Entitled.docxhelzerpatrina
Week 8 Sample Section Example
Written by Jennifer Oddy, Entitled: Distress And Coping of Mothers of Children With Muscular Dystrophy
Sampling Method, Sample, and Setting
Sampling method. The participants will be recruited by criterion purposive sampling by their doctors/nurses at the Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital.
Sample. Inclusion criteria are the following: (1) You are 21 years of age or greater; (2) are the mother of a child with muscular dystrophy; (3) your child is aged between 4 and 17 and was 10 years or younger at their first physical assessment by a primary care provider; (4) you provide roughly 75% or more of the home care for the child.
People will not be eligible for this study if they: (1) have been diagnosed with a mental health disorder (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or have a physical addiction to drugs or alcohol); (2) if the child is currently residing in a long-term care facility.
The sample size will ideally be about 10 participants. Phenomenological studies tend to rely on very small samples, since there is one guiding principle for selecting the sample: all participants must have experienced the phenomenon and must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived the experience (Polit & Beck, 2012). Data will be collected until saturation is accomplished.
Setting. The proposed setting for this study is at the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital located at 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA. There are two directors at the clinic, an orthopedic, and a pediatric neurologist. The team members include a social worker, physical therapist, and a genetic counselor. The number of patients at the clinic cannot be disclosed, however, Boston Children’s Hospital is considered an elite clinic and is included in the MDA network that supports clinical trials and research. The hospital offers the highest level of diagnostic and treatment services, with neurologists and other specialists being very experienced in treating children with muscular dystrophy.
Informed consent and ethical considerations
Before enrolling participants in this study, an informed consent must be signed and approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB, Appendix A). This will be obtained from the Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital, as well as from Regis College. An application and proposal will be sent to the IRB, requesting approval for this study. Since there is minimal risk to subjects, an expedited review will be requested (Polit & Beck, 2012). There is a risk that the participant may have feelings of discomfort while discussing the experiences of caring for a child with muscular dystrophy. This will be minimized by the researcher with empathy and compassion. If the participant would like counseling, a call will be made to their primary care provider.
There are no foreseen ethical issues involved in this research study. The interviews will be ta ...
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
19
19
21
32
34
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
31.Purpose
42.Background
5Research objectives
6Theoretical framework
63.EBP Model
74.Proposed Change
85.Outcomes
86.Evaluation Plan
97.Dissemination Plan
9Tools to be Used
9Peer review tools for the proposal
11Grant Request
11Proposed Tasks
11Task 1: Case study- Reviewing existing literature on stigma around mental health complications
11Task 2: Interviewing clinicians that have dealt with the study topic
12Task 3: Interviewing patients of mental health
12Schedule
13Budget
148.Appendices
14a.Informed Consent
19Certificate of Consent
19Signature or Date
21b.Literature Matrix
32c.Tools and equipment to be used
34References
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a ...
1Factors Influencing Individuals Decision to Utilize Mental H.docxRAJU852744
1
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by
James Dada
A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
Grand Canyon University
Phoenix Arizona
March 25, 2020
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
Hester (2017) noted that there is a huge gap between patients experiencing mental health illnesses and individuals who access treatment in the United States. As a result, there is the need to identify the factors that influence individuals to seek or not to utilize or not to utilize mental health services. Kohn et al., (2018) expressed the need for more studies to establish why people suffering from mental illnesses avoid getting treatments. Platt, Wolf & Scheitle, (2018) suggested that more studies need to be conducted to determine why individuals decide to utilize or reject mental health services. This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing an individuals' decision to utilize or reject mental health services in South Texas.
Background of the Problem
Sampogna et al., (2017), found that mental health is one of the major public health concerns in the United States. However, there is a considerable gap in research as to why people utilize or reject the treatment of mental health. According to Stanley, Hom & Joiner, (2018) there are numerous factors that influence people to utilize mental health services. Additionally, Irteja et al., (2020), indicated the need for more studies to be conducted to establish the factors that influence people to seek mental health services.
This problem has a long history In the United States dating back to when mental health services were established in the country (Calear et al., 2017). A lot has been done over the years to encourage individuals to utilize mental health services. Most notable, mental health America was established in 1909n to help address major mental health issues at the time including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Dementia (Chang & Biegel, 2018). Historically, mental health was described as mental hygiene, a term used since 1843. At the time research indicated that mental hygiene would work best through religion, culture, and education (Chang & Biegel, 2018).
Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual Framework and Review of the Literature/Themes
Theoretical literature
Social cognitive theory is used to address the gap identified in this research. According to Kohn et al., (2018), social cognitive theory can be applied to encourage people experiencing mental health problems to utilize mental health services. This theory describes how individuals believes and the environment influence people’s behaviors. The theory holds that people’s believes affect how people behave. The theory suggests that people need to have the skills to be able to perform some behaviors. Regarding utilization or rejection of mental health services, behavioral capability can help people to chang.
1Factors Influencing Individuals Decision to Utilize Mental H.docxnovabroom
1
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Submitted by
James Dada
A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
Grand Canyon University
Phoenix Arizona
March 25, 2020
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Introduction
Hester (2017) noted that there is a huge gap between patients experiencing mental health illnesses and individuals who access treatment in the United States. As a result, there is the need to identify the factors that influence individuals to seek or not to utilize or not to utilize mental health services. Kohn et al., (2018) expressed the need for more studies to establish why people suffering from mental illnesses avoid getting treatments. Platt, Wolf & Scheitle, (2018) suggested that more studies need to be conducted to determine why individuals decide to utilize or reject mental health services. This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing an individuals' decision to utilize or reject mental health services in South Texas.
Background of the Problem
Sampogna et al., (2017), found that mental health is one of the major public health concerns in the United States. However, there is a considerable gap in research as to why people utilize or reject the treatment of mental health. According to Stanley, Hom & Joiner, (2018) there are numerous factors that influence people to utilize mental health services. Additionally, Irteja et al., (2020), indicated the need for more studies to be conducted to establish the factors that influence people to seek mental health services.
This problem has a long history In the United States dating back to when mental health services were established in the country (Calear et al., 2017). A lot has been done over the years to encourage individuals to utilize mental health services. Most notable, mental health America was established in 1909n to help address major mental health issues at the time including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Dementia (Chang & Biegel, 2018). Historically, mental health was described as mental hygiene, a term used since 1843. At the time research indicated that mental hygiene would work best through religion, culture, and education (Chang & Biegel, 2018).
Theoretical Foundations/Conceptual Framework and Review of the Literature/Themes
Theoretical literature
Social cognitive theory is used to address the gap identified in this research. According to Kohn et al., (2018), social cognitive theory can be applied to encourage people experiencing mental health problems to utilize mental health services. This theory describes how individuals believes and the environment influence people’s behaviors. The theory holds that people’s believes affect how people behave. The theory suggests that people need to have the skills to be able to perform some behaviors. Regarding utilization or rejection of mental health services, behavioral capability can help people to chang.
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there.docxarmitageclaire49
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there and respond to them with a response of 3-4 sentences long
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves Mental health. I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that “
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs. These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care se.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how thShainaBoling829
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how the course supported each objective.
1. Discriminate among the mechanisms of action for the major classes of drugs/medications
2. Critique evidence that supports proposed pharmacotherapeutic protocols for appropriateness of application across the lifespan
3. Integrate the teaching-learning needs of clients across the lifespan when proposing pharmacotherapies
4. Propose prescriptive therapies for selected clients evaluating safety factors while utilizing knowledge of how current health status, age, gender, culture, genetic factors, ethical concerns and prescriptive authority impact decision making
Explain how the material learned in this course, based upon the objectives, will be applicable to professional application.
Provide evidence (citations and references) to support your statements and opinions.
All references and citations should in APA format.
14
Mental Health and Social Work
Shanae Hampton
Cal Baptist University
Introduction
How well a person is able to live a full life, build and maintain relationships and pursue their education, profession or other pursuits requires them to maintain their well-being ranging from physical to mental health. When assisting others to achieve good and self-motivated changes, social workers draw on their relationship-based abilities and emphasize personalization and rehabilitation. A key issue is, "What components and obstacles of an assessment are there in order to reach these outcomes?" When it comes to health promotion and public involvement, social workers are well-suited for this role since primary care is all about these things. Social workers who deal with mental health have unique challenges in assessment, which necessitates them learning and using psychiatric principles. Identifying the need for mental health care requires an understanding of assessment principles.
For this research, the focus is on urban youth's increase in mental health cases which is more influenced by lack of access to mental health care as a result of poverty that affects many children and families in the US. Young people are the most impacted by poverty, accounting for 33% of the total number of individuals in poverty. Children who live in "high risk neighborhoods" are more likely to lack access to the mental health supports they need to manage their symptoms. Stabilization, individual treatment, and symptom management are all important aspects of aftercare for children who have been hospitalized for behavioral difficulties by the time they are six years old (Hodgkinson, 2017).
Literature Review
Inequality based on race and class has been shown to be associated with a variety of negative health outcomes, including poor mental health. Increased financial disparity is associated with an increase in the prevalence of mental illness along a social gradient in mental health. However, psychiatric and psychological approaches have dominated ment ...
You are not Alone: Mental Health Across America MaggieMiller41
This is a policy brief I designed for my Family Policy class. The policy brief address the many issues that families face when their loved one does not have appropriate support and access to adequate help throughout their communities.
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial & Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area Final Topic
Factors Affecting Utilization of Mental Health in Southern Texas
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. De Luca, Blosnich, Hentschel, King, & Amen (2016). The authors indicate that mental health has emerged as one of the critical areas of focus in recent times, and for a long time, it had been sidelined. However, with the realization that most health conditions are related in one way or another to a mental disorder, this area is now been studied extensively, and more attention has been given to patients.
B. Mental health professionals point to insufficient mental healthcare resources in the United States as one of the major factors contributing to the rising suicide rate in the country. Nevertheless, these professionals noted that emergency providers paly major role at forefront of the problem and may also play significant role in its prevention. The experts reiterated the necessity for providers to possess the skills required for managing patients at lower suicide risk levels, especially in settings in which such patients do not enough access to behavioral healthcare providers and that the providers need to be accustomed to suicide risk, especially when there are widely publicized high-profile instances of suicide.
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=131266532&site=eds-live&scope=site.
C. According to Kohn, et. al, (2018), emphasize the gap in mental health treatment in the American Region when examined through the prevalence of mental health disorders, use of mental health services, and the global burden of disease. Statistical data from community-based surveys of mental disorders in the various countries in America including Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, and the United States etc. were utilized. The World Mental Health Survey published data were used in estimating professional the treatment gap. For Canada, Chile, and Guatemala, the treatment gap was calculated from data files. The mean, median, and weighted treatment gap, and the 12-month prevalence by severity and category of mental disorder were estimated for the general adult, child-adolescent, and indigenous populations. Disability-adjusted Life Years and Years Lived with Disability were calculated from the Global Burden of Disease study. Mental and substance use disorders accounted for 10.5% of the global burden of disease in the Americas (Kohn, Ali, Puac-Polanco, Figueroa, López-Soto, Morgan, & Vicente, 2018).
D. Wang, & Xie, (2019) Emphasizes the need to eliminate the prevalence of mental health service utilization among many adults in the United States. The authors exam ...
I need a response to this assignment
1 page
3references
Psychiatric Nursing and mental health nursing are gaining popularity in the nursing field. Research by Santhini (2019) suggests that a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner has a diverse job description that focuses on the mental health dynamics of individuals that contributes to a productive life. According to the
American Psychiatric Nurses Association
(APNA), psychiatric nurses are experts in crisis intervention, mental health assessment, medication and therapy, and patient assistance (Santhini, 2019). Research further suggests that though mental health patients are being treated by psychologists, psychiatrist or mental health counselors, the role of psychiatric nurses play a vital role in the mental health or psychiatric care treatment of the patients (Santhini, 2019).
For the nurse practitioner to become a social change agent, there is no need to reinvent the wheel. Improving information, facts, statistics, and strategies will all play vital roles with patients dealing with mental health. Empowering people to change their roles in the mental health system, becoming more active participants in their treatment plan, and often pushing for improvements in the quality of services would contribute to an improvement (Corrigan & Watson, 2002). The aspect of building self-esteem, which is feelings of accomplishment on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, is a vital psychological aspect needed by the individual. This process can be approached from multiple approaches, but the basic needs must be met first. Treating the individual on a holistic level would increase the dynamics of accomplishing improvement in mental health. For example, engaging and networking with individuals with mental illness that has the functional ability to contribute to a society that includes a secure job, a family, and a positive outlook. Implement new cutting-edge technology to penetrate the negative barriers of mental illness on a platform (Corrigan & Watson, 2002).
One of the optimal nurse’s standard is to advocate for the patient. To become an active advocate of change, ethics, and morals play an essential role in the recipe. As a medical professional with credentials, the total care of the patient is the pinnacle of purpose. The vital activities of psychiatric mental health nurses include providing safe therapeutic procedures to the patients or clients on the day-to-day problems they face (Santhini, 2019). This also includes identifying drug therapy reactions and conducting psychotherapy. As an advocate for mental health, the change must focus on the provider to continue utilizing relevant evidence-based theories for effective best practices. Educating the patient to understand the illness, the process, and to combat the negative labels that are self-inflicted, public inflicted, and culturally inflicted labels (Corrigan & Watson, 2002). Conducting seminars, continuous research, and b.
Our journal has been staying at the forefront of research is essential. The International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering (IJITCE) offers a unique platform that combines rapid publication with rigorous peer review, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals alike.
EMPIRICAL STUDYThe meaning of learning to live with medica.docxSALU18
EMPIRICAL STUDY
The meaning of learning to live with medically
unexplained symptoms as narrated by patients in primary
care: A phenomenological�hermeneutic study
EVA LIDÉN, PhD1, ELISABETH BJÖRK-BRÄMBERG, PhD2 &
STAFFAN SVENSSON, MD3
1Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden, and 3Angered Family Medicine Unit, Angered, Sweden
Abstract
Background: Although research about medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is extensive, problems still affect a
large group of primary care patients. Most research seems to address the topic from a problem-oriented, medical
perspective, and there is a lack of research addressing the topic from a perspective viewing the patient as a capable person
with potential and resources to manage daily life. The aim of the present study is to describe and interpret the experiences of
learning to live with MUS as narrated by patients in primary health-care settings.
Methods: A phenomenological�hermeneutic method was used. Narrative interviews were performed with ten patients
suffering from MUS aged 24�61 years. Data were analysed in three steps: naive reading, structural analysis, and
comprehensive understanding.
Findings: The findings revealed a learning process that is presented in two themes. The first, feeling that the symptoms
overwhelm life, involved becoming restricted and dependent in daily life and losing the sense of self. The second, gaining
insights and moving on, was based on subthemes describing the patients’ search for explanations, learning to take care of
oneself, as well as learning to accept and becoming mindful. The findings were reflected against Antonovsky’s theory of sense
of coherence and Kelly’s personal construct theory. Possibilities and obstacles, on an individual as well as a structural level,
for promoting patients’ capacity and learning were illuminated.
Conclusions: Patients suffering from MUS constantly engage in a reflective process involving reasoning about and
interpretation of their symptoms. Their efforts to describe their symptoms to healthcare professionals are part of this
reflection and search for meaning. The role of healthcare professionals in the interpretative process should be acknowledged
as a conventional and necessary care activity.
Key words: MUS, primary care, person centred care, phenomenological-hermeneutics
(Accepted: 19 March 2015; Published: 16 April 2015)
Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is a condi-
tion that affects a large but heterogeneous group
of people. The health services have so far been
unsuccessful in addressing the healthcare needs of
these people, partly because of outdated theories and
diagnostic systems that fail to encompass the com-
plexity of the patients’ health problems (Fink &
Rosendal, 2008). The lack of a medical explanation
and cure leaves patients and healthcare professionals
in a ...
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner Student Nam.docxsimonlbentley59018
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
1
Introduction
The primary role of a psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families.
One of the problems that has been experienced in psychiatry is stigma, discrimination and prejudice.
This issue has presented certain effects like delay in seeking help, burnout among health care providers and poor services.
One of the theories that is relevant to the specialty is the modelling and role modelling theory.
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners usually play a key role in promoting health care. Their primary role is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families. However, patients and health care providers are facing various issues particularly stigma, discrimination and prejudice which has negatively affected the provision of health care services. The modelling and role modelling theory is one of the theories that is relevant and can greatly help to deal with the problem and may be used as a framework to guide evidence-based practice.
2
Modelling and Role Modelling Theory
It was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983.
This theory helps health care providers to care for and nurture every patient based on their needs.
Commonalities in the theory include attachment and loss, basic needs, holism and cognitive stages.
Differences in the theory include self-care, stress, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
The modelling and role modelling theory was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983. This is a crucial theory in nursing because it helps health care providers to care and nurture patients while upholding the awareness and respect of every patient’s uniqueness (Smith, 2019). Due to that, this theory is considered to support clinical practices that concentrate on the needs of patients. The theory looks at certain elements like attachment and loss, holism, basic needs and cognitive stages. It focuses on certain differences amongst people including stress, self-care, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
3
Relevance of the Theory
Modelling involves health care providers seeking to know and understand patients’ personal model of their world.
Health care providers learn to appreciate the value of patients’ personal model of the world and its importance.
This theory acknowledges that all human beings have unique perspectives about their world.
Health care providers are able to develop an image and understanding of patients’ perspective and personal model of the world.
The modelling and role modelling theory is relevant to my nurse practitioner specialty since it entails crucial aspects that promote the well-being of patients. During the modelling process, nurses are able to find out and comprehend the personal model of patients and learn how t.
Clients Presentation Your client can make up whatever they want.WilheminaRossi174
Clients Presentation: Your client can make up whatever they want. They can be as dramatic as they want to be. Have fun with it!
Subjective Data (4 points): (Review History questions in power point and on page 534-535 of text.)
Objective Data (4 points):
Inspection: What is the shape and size of the abdomen? Any masses or pulsations upon inspection? Skin smooth? Striae, scars, lesions?
Auscultation: Bowel Sounds Present in all 4 quadrants? Hypoactive, Normoactive, etc. Any bruits upon auscultation?
Percussion: Tympany in all 4 quadrants?
Palpation: Abdomen soft, firm? Any enlarged organs? Masses? Tenderness?
Any other objective data you found important to document?
Describe 2 Actual/Potential Risk Factors (2 points):
CHAPTER 15
15.1 INTRODUCTION
Although in some cases behavioral and psychiatric/mental are grouped under the same broad
category, behavioral health problems are generally effectively treated on an outpatient basis with
combination psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy (medications). Behavioral health professionals
are licensed by the state in which they reside to practice, and they collaborate on the management
of clients’ behavioral problems. These professionals include psychiatrists, psychologists,
psychiatric nurse practitioners, social workers, family counselors, and drug/alcohol and mental
health counselors (Parker, 2002). Such chronic problems as dementia and mental retardation are
considered psychiatric/mental problems rather than behavioral.
There is a distinct interconnectedness between mental health and health in general. The WHO
defines health as, “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity” (WHO, 2001b, p. 1). Mental health on the other hand is defined
as, “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the
normal stress of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his
or her community … it is determined by socioeconomic and environmental factors and it is linked
to behavior” (WHO, 2001a, p. 1; WHO 2010, p. 1). For example, people are generally resilient
enough ...
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
Running head 2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS FUNDING THE RAILROADS 1 .docxtoddr4
Running head: 2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS 1
2.3 - Case Analysis: Funding the Railroads
Susan A. Student
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS
2
Abstract
Funding the Transcontinental Railroad in the 19th century was a major issue for the United States
Government. There were several possible courses of action. Two of these are included here as
well as the problems and advantages of each. In conclusion, the rationale for government funding
is presented.
Keywords: railroads, intercontinental, funding, entrepreneur
2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS
3
2.3 - Case Analysis: Funding the Railroads
I. Summary
The speculative benefits of a transcontinental railroad were easy enough to articulate:
there was fertile land out west for migrants to farm, gold and silver to be mined in California,
and of course it was a matter of national pride (Ambrose, 2000). According to Ambrose (2000),
the whole country was clamoring for it to be done, yet few were crazy enough to invest as “the
risks of financial failure and ruin were huge” (Union Pacific, n.d. para. 3). Ultimately, funding
was provided by the United States government via the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, “mostly in
the form of land grants to the railroads; the railroads would sell the unused land to fund the
construction” (Ambrose, 2000, p. 47). Much of the land was all but worthless at the time, but it
was assumed that as transportation cost were reduced, the land would become more valuable
(Garrison & Levinson, 2014; Ambrose, 2000).
II. Problem
The problem is multifaceted. Unfortunately for the railroad companies, they could not
sell most of the land until after the railroad was built, and they could not build the railroad
without the proceeds of the land sales (Ambrose, 2000). Some relief came with the Pacific
Railroad Act of 1864 which doubled land grants and (more importantly) provided the ability to
borrow against the land grants by issuing bonds (Union Pacific, n.d.). However, even with
doubled bonds and the ability to borrow against them, the transcontinental railroad had major
financing difficulties (Ambrose, 2000; Union Pacific, n.d.).
On the other hand, Illinois representative E.B. Washburn (as quoted in Ambrose, 2000)
called the 1864 bill “the most monstrous and flagrant attempt to overreach the government and
2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS
4
the people…” (p. 94), charging that the Wall Street elites pushing for funding were only out to
profit off the public (Ambrose, 2000). Eglin Air Force Base Archaeologist Benjamin Aubuchon
(personal communication, August 17, 2016) affirms that while the Pacific Railroad Acts were
instrumental in building the transcontinental railroad, many railroad corporations in the
Southeastern U.S. were formed with no intention of following through.
Running head 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1 .docxtoddr4
Running head: 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1
Title of Paper (up to 12 words)
Your Name, Including Middle Initial
School
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 2
Abstract
A concise summary of each section of your paper, using up to 250 words. Note that you do not
indent the first line.
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 3
Title of Paper
Your first paragraph (or two) should be an introduction to the broad topic of your paper.
Many people write the introduction after writing the rest of the paper! Information in your
introduction should provide a foundation for the hypotheses of your experiment. In your
introduction, your goal is to convince readers that your research topic is (a) interesting and (b)
important. You may choose to begin your paper with a story, quotation, or relevant statistics
about your topic. You can think of your paper as a story about your dependent variable.
You generally will present broad background information about the topic in the first
paragraph of so. You will include at least two sections in the body of your paper. You will
summarize relevant information from prior research studies in the first section, which we refer to
as the “literature review” portion of a paper. You will present your detailed research proposal in
the second section (details are provided below). Some overall formatting rules to keep in mind
are: (a) use Times New Roman font, size 12; and (b) double-space the entire paper.
Information about the Literature-review Section
Content. In the first section of your paper, you should provide a literature review of prior
research and theory that relates to your experiment. The information you present should be from
diverse sources (e.g., journal articles, book chapters, web sites). Make sure it is clear to the
reader how information is related to your experimental hypotheses or procedure. So, if you are
using their method, then talk about their method; if they found similar results, talk about their
results; if they operationally defined their DV like you want to, then talk about that, etc. To make
this section of your paper effective, you should explicitly relate information from various sources
to each other and to your proposed research. After you discuss past research, you should make it
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 4
clear how your study is the next logical one, that your study improves upon past studies, that
your study fills obvious holes left by the others.
Citation of sources. You should cite references throughout the body of your paper.
There are two ways to cite a source. The authors can be listed in the sentence, with the year in
parentheses: “The Davis (2001) web site presents information about American Psychological
Association (APA) style rules.” Alternatively, the citation can be entirely in parentheses: “The
web site presents information about American Psychological Association (A.
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The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there and respond to them with a response of 3-4 sentences long
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves Mental health. I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
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now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
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Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs. These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care se.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how thShainaBoling829
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how the course supported each objective.
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14
Mental Health and Social Work
Shanae Hampton
Cal Baptist University
Introduction
How well a person is able to live a full life, build and maintain relationships and pursue their education, profession or other pursuits requires them to maintain their well-being ranging from physical to mental health. When assisting others to achieve good and self-motivated changes, social workers draw on their relationship-based abilities and emphasize personalization and rehabilitation. A key issue is, "What components and obstacles of an assessment are there in order to reach these outcomes?" When it comes to health promotion and public involvement, social workers are well-suited for this role since primary care is all about these things. Social workers who deal with mental health have unique challenges in assessment, which necessitates them learning and using psychiatric principles. Identifying the need for mental health care requires an understanding of assessment principles.
For this research, the focus is on urban youth's increase in mental health cases which is more influenced by lack of access to mental health care as a result of poverty that affects many children and families in the US. Young people are the most impacted by poverty, accounting for 33% of the total number of individuals in poverty. Children who live in "high risk neighborhoods" are more likely to lack access to the mental health supports they need to manage their symptoms. Stabilization, individual treatment, and symptom management are all important aspects of aftercare for children who have been hospitalized for behavioral difficulties by the time they are six years old (Hodgkinson, 2017).
Literature Review
Inequality based on race and class has been shown to be associated with a variety of negative health outcomes, including poor mental health. Increased financial disparity is associated with an increase in the prevalence of mental illness along a social gradient in mental health. However, psychiatric and psychological approaches have dominated ment ...
You are not Alone: Mental Health Across America MaggieMiller41
This is a policy brief I designed for my Family Policy class. The policy brief address the many issues that families face when their loved one does not have appropriate support and access to adequate help throughout their communities.
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial & Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area Final Topic
Factors Affecting Utilization of Mental Health in Southern Texas
Factors Influencing Individuals' Decision to Utilize Mental Health in South Texas
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. De Luca, Blosnich, Hentschel, King, & Amen (2016). The authors indicate that mental health has emerged as one of the critical areas of focus in recent times, and for a long time, it had been sidelined. However, with the realization that most health conditions are related in one way or another to a mental disorder, this area is now been studied extensively, and more attention has been given to patients.
B. Mental health professionals point to insufficient mental healthcare resources in the United States as one of the major factors contributing to the rising suicide rate in the country. Nevertheless, these professionals noted that emergency providers paly major role at forefront of the problem and may also play significant role in its prevention. The experts reiterated the necessity for providers to possess the skills required for managing patients at lower suicide risk levels, especially in settings in which such patients do not enough access to behavioral healthcare providers and that the providers need to be accustomed to suicide risk, especially when there are widely publicized high-profile instances of suicide.
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=131266532&site=eds-live&scope=site.
C. According to Kohn, et. al, (2018), emphasize the gap in mental health treatment in the American Region when examined through the prevalence of mental health disorders, use of mental health services, and the global burden of disease. Statistical data from community-based surveys of mental disorders in the various countries in America including Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, and the United States etc. were utilized. The World Mental Health Survey published data were used in estimating professional the treatment gap. For Canada, Chile, and Guatemala, the treatment gap was calculated from data files. The mean, median, and weighted treatment gap, and the 12-month prevalence by severity and category of mental disorder were estimated for the general adult, child-adolescent, and indigenous populations. Disability-adjusted Life Years and Years Lived with Disability were calculated from the Global Burden of Disease study. Mental and substance use disorders accounted for 10.5% of the global burden of disease in the Americas (Kohn, Ali, Puac-Polanco, Figueroa, López-Soto, Morgan, & Vicente, 2018).
D. Wang, & Xie, (2019) Emphasizes the need to eliminate the prevalence of mental health service utilization among many adults in the United States. The authors exam ...
I need a response to this assignment
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Psychiatric Nursing and mental health nursing are gaining popularity in the nursing field. Research by Santhini (2019) suggests that a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner has a diverse job description that focuses on the mental health dynamics of individuals that contributes to a productive life. According to the
American Psychiatric Nurses Association
(APNA), psychiatric nurses are experts in crisis intervention, mental health assessment, medication and therapy, and patient assistance (Santhini, 2019). Research further suggests that though mental health patients are being treated by psychologists, psychiatrist or mental health counselors, the role of psychiatric nurses play a vital role in the mental health or psychiatric care treatment of the patients (Santhini, 2019).
For the nurse practitioner to become a social change agent, there is no need to reinvent the wheel. Improving information, facts, statistics, and strategies will all play vital roles with patients dealing with mental health. Empowering people to change their roles in the mental health system, becoming more active participants in their treatment plan, and often pushing for improvements in the quality of services would contribute to an improvement (Corrigan & Watson, 2002). The aspect of building self-esteem, which is feelings of accomplishment on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, is a vital psychological aspect needed by the individual. This process can be approached from multiple approaches, but the basic needs must be met first. Treating the individual on a holistic level would increase the dynamics of accomplishing improvement in mental health. For example, engaging and networking with individuals with mental illness that has the functional ability to contribute to a society that includes a secure job, a family, and a positive outlook. Implement new cutting-edge technology to penetrate the negative barriers of mental illness on a platform (Corrigan & Watson, 2002).
One of the optimal nurse’s standard is to advocate for the patient. To become an active advocate of change, ethics, and morals play an essential role in the recipe. As a medical professional with credentials, the total care of the patient is the pinnacle of purpose. The vital activities of psychiatric mental health nurses include providing safe therapeutic procedures to the patients or clients on the day-to-day problems they face (Santhini, 2019). This also includes identifying drug therapy reactions and conducting psychotherapy. As an advocate for mental health, the change must focus on the provider to continue utilizing relevant evidence-based theories for effective best practices. Educating the patient to understand the illness, the process, and to combat the negative labels that are self-inflicted, public inflicted, and culturally inflicted labels (Corrigan & Watson, 2002). Conducting seminars, continuous research, and b.
Our journal has been staying at the forefront of research is essential. The International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering (IJITCE) offers a unique platform that combines rapid publication with rigorous peer review, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals alike.
EMPIRICAL STUDYThe meaning of learning to live with medica.docxSALU18
EMPIRICAL STUDY
The meaning of learning to live with medically
unexplained symptoms as narrated by patients in primary
care: A phenomenological�hermeneutic study
EVA LIDÉN, PhD1, ELISABETH BJÖRK-BRÄMBERG, PhD2 &
STAFFAN SVENSSON, MD3
1Institute of Health and Care Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden, and 3Angered Family Medicine Unit, Angered, Sweden
Abstract
Background: Although research about medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is extensive, problems still affect a
large group of primary care patients. Most research seems to address the topic from a problem-oriented, medical
perspective, and there is a lack of research addressing the topic from a perspective viewing the patient as a capable person
with potential and resources to manage daily life. The aim of the present study is to describe and interpret the experiences of
learning to live with MUS as narrated by patients in primary health-care settings.
Methods: A phenomenological�hermeneutic method was used. Narrative interviews were performed with ten patients
suffering from MUS aged 24�61 years. Data were analysed in three steps: naive reading, structural analysis, and
comprehensive understanding.
Findings: The findings revealed a learning process that is presented in two themes. The first, feeling that the symptoms
overwhelm life, involved becoming restricted and dependent in daily life and losing the sense of self. The second, gaining
insights and moving on, was based on subthemes describing the patients’ search for explanations, learning to take care of
oneself, as well as learning to accept and becoming mindful. The findings were reflected against Antonovsky’s theory of sense
of coherence and Kelly’s personal construct theory. Possibilities and obstacles, on an individual as well as a structural level,
for promoting patients’ capacity and learning were illuminated.
Conclusions: Patients suffering from MUS constantly engage in a reflective process involving reasoning about and
interpretation of their symptoms. Their efforts to describe their symptoms to healthcare professionals are part of this
reflection and search for meaning. The role of healthcare professionals in the interpretative process should be acknowledged
as a conventional and necessary care activity.
Key words: MUS, primary care, person centred care, phenomenological-hermeneutics
(Accepted: 19 March 2015; Published: 16 April 2015)
Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) is a condi-
tion that affects a large but heterogeneous group
of people. The health services have so far been
unsuccessful in addressing the healthcare needs of
these people, partly because of outdated theories and
diagnostic systems that fail to encompass the com-
plexity of the patients’ health problems (Fink &
Rosendal, 2008). The lack of a medical explanation
and cure leaves patients and healthcare professionals
in a ...
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner Student Nam.docxsimonlbentley59018
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
1
Introduction
The primary role of a psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families.
One of the problems that has been experienced in psychiatry is stigma, discrimination and prejudice.
This issue has presented certain effects like delay in seeking help, burnout among health care providers and poor services.
One of the theories that is relevant to the specialty is the modelling and role modelling theory.
Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners usually play a key role in promoting health care. Their primary role is providing psychotherapy and educating patients and families. However, patients and health care providers are facing various issues particularly stigma, discrimination and prejudice which has negatively affected the provision of health care services. The modelling and role modelling theory is one of the theories that is relevant and can greatly help to deal with the problem and may be used as a framework to guide evidence-based practice.
2
Modelling and Role Modelling Theory
It was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983.
This theory helps health care providers to care for and nurture every patient based on their needs.
Commonalities in the theory include attachment and loss, basic needs, holism and cognitive stages.
Differences in the theory include self-care, stress, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
The modelling and role modelling theory was developed by Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin and Mary Anne and was published in 1983. This is a crucial theory in nursing because it helps health care providers to care and nurture patients while upholding the awareness and respect of every patient’s uniqueness (Smith, 2019). Due to that, this theory is considered to support clinical practices that concentrate on the needs of patients. The theory looks at certain elements like attachment and loss, holism, basic needs and cognitive stages. It focuses on certain differences amongst people including stress, self-care, adaptation, model of the world and inherent endowment.
3
Relevance of the Theory
Modelling involves health care providers seeking to know and understand patients’ personal model of their world.
Health care providers learn to appreciate the value of patients’ personal model of the world and its importance.
This theory acknowledges that all human beings have unique perspectives about their world.
Health care providers are able to develop an image and understanding of patients’ perspective and personal model of the world.
The modelling and role modelling theory is relevant to my nurse practitioner specialty since it entails crucial aspects that promote the well-being of patients. During the modelling process, nurses are able to find out and comprehend the personal model of patients and learn how t.
Clients Presentation Your client can make up whatever they want.WilheminaRossi174
Clients Presentation: Your client can make up whatever they want. They can be as dramatic as they want to be. Have fun with it!
Subjective Data (4 points): (Review History questions in power point and on page 534-535 of text.)
Objective Data (4 points):
Inspection: What is the shape and size of the abdomen? Any masses or pulsations upon inspection? Skin smooth? Striae, scars, lesions?
Auscultation: Bowel Sounds Present in all 4 quadrants? Hypoactive, Normoactive, etc. Any bruits upon auscultation?
Percussion: Tympany in all 4 quadrants?
Palpation: Abdomen soft, firm? Any enlarged organs? Masses? Tenderness?
Any other objective data you found important to document?
Describe 2 Actual/Potential Risk Factors (2 points):
CHAPTER 15
15.1 INTRODUCTION
Although in some cases behavioral and psychiatric/mental are grouped under the same broad
category, behavioral health problems are generally effectively treated on an outpatient basis with
combination psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy (medications). Behavioral health professionals
are licensed by the state in which they reside to practice, and they collaborate on the management
of clients’ behavioral problems. These professionals include psychiatrists, psychologists,
psychiatric nurse practitioners, social workers, family counselors, and drug/alcohol and mental
health counselors (Parker, 2002). Such chronic problems as dementia and mental retardation are
considered psychiatric/mental problems rather than behavioral.
There is a distinct interconnectedness between mental health and health in general. The WHO
defines health as, “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the
absence of disease and infirmity” (WHO, 2001b, p. 1). Mental health on the other hand is defined
as, “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the
normal stress of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his
or her community … it is determined by socioeconomic and environmental factors and it is linked
to behavior” (WHO, 2001a, p. 1; WHO 2010, p. 1). For example, people are generally resilient
enough ...
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
Running head 2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS FUNDING THE RAILROADS 1 .docxtoddr4
Running head: 2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS 1
2.3 - Case Analysis: Funding the Railroads
Susan A. Student
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS
2
Abstract
Funding the Transcontinental Railroad in the 19th century was a major issue for the United States
Government. There were several possible courses of action. Two of these are included here as
well as the problems and advantages of each. In conclusion, the rationale for government funding
is presented.
Keywords: railroads, intercontinental, funding, entrepreneur
2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS
3
2.3 - Case Analysis: Funding the Railroads
I. Summary
The speculative benefits of a transcontinental railroad were easy enough to articulate:
there was fertile land out west for migrants to farm, gold and silver to be mined in California,
and of course it was a matter of national pride (Ambrose, 2000). According to Ambrose (2000),
the whole country was clamoring for it to be done, yet few were crazy enough to invest as “the
risks of financial failure and ruin were huge” (Union Pacific, n.d. para. 3). Ultimately, funding
was provided by the United States government via the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, “mostly in
the form of land grants to the railroads; the railroads would sell the unused land to fund the
construction” (Ambrose, 2000, p. 47). Much of the land was all but worthless at the time, but it
was assumed that as transportation cost were reduced, the land would become more valuable
(Garrison & Levinson, 2014; Ambrose, 2000).
II. Problem
The problem is multifaceted. Unfortunately for the railroad companies, they could not
sell most of the land until after the railroad was built, and they could not build the railroad
without the proceeds of the land sales (Ambrose, 2000). Some relief came with the Pacific
Railroad Act of 1864 which doubled land grants and (more importantly) provided the ability to
borrow against the land grants by issuing bonds (Union Pacific, n.d.). However, even with
doubled bonds and the ability to borrow against them, the transcontinental railroad had major
financing difficulties (Ambrose, 2000; Union Pacific, n.d.).
On the other hand, Illinois representative E.B. Washburn (as quoted in Ambrose, 2000)
called the 1864 bill “the most monstrous and flagrant attempt to overreach the government and
2.3 - CASE ANALYSIS: FUNDING THE RAILROADS
4
the people…” (p. 94), charging that the Wall Street elites pushing for funding were only out to
profit off the public (Ambrose, 2000). Eglin Air Force Base Archaeologist Benjamin Aubuchon
(personal communication, August 17, 2016) affirms that while the Pacific Railroad Acts were
instrumental in building the transcontinental railroad, many railroad corporations in the
Southeastern U.S. were formed with no intention of following through.
Running head 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1 .docxtoddr4
Running head: 50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 1
Title of Paper (up to 12 words)
Your Name, Including Middle Initial
School
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 2
Abstract
A concise summary of each section of your paper, using up to 250 words. Note that you do not
indent the first line.
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 3
Title of Paper
Your first paragraph (or two) should be an introduction to the broad topic of your paper.
Many people write the introduction after writing the rest of the paper! Information in your
introduction should provide a foundation for the hypotheses of your experiment. In your
introduction, your goal is to convince readers that your research topic is (a) interesting and (b)
important. You may choose to begin your paper with a story, quotation, or relevant statistics
about your topic. You can think of your paper as a story about your dependent variable.
You generally will present broad background information about the topic in the first
paragraph of so. You will include at least two sections in the body of your paper. You will
summarize relevant information from prior research studies in the first section, which we refer to
as the “literature review” portion of a paper. You will present your detailed research proposal in
the second section (details are provided below). Some overall formatting rules to keep in mind
are: (a) use Times New Roman font, size 12; and (b) double-space the entire paper.
Information about the Literature-review Section
Content. In the first section of your paper, you should provide a literature review of prior
research and theory that relates to your experiment. The information you present should be from
diverse sources (e.g., journal articles, book chapters, web sites). Make sure it is clear to the
reader how information is related to your experimental hypotheses or procedure. So, if you are
using their method, then talk about their method; if they found similar results, talk about their
results; if they operationally defined their DV like you want to, then talk about that, etc. To make
this section of your paper effective, you should explicitly relate information from various sources
to each other and to your proposed research. After you discuss past research, you should make it
50 CHARACTER VERSION OF TITLE IN CAPS 4
clear how your study is the next logical one, that your study improves upon past studies, that
your study fills obvious holes left by the others.
Citation of sources. You should cite references throughout the body of your paper.
There are two ways to cite a source. The authors can be listed in the sentence, with the year in
parentheses: “The Davis (2001) web site presents information about American Psychological
Association (APA) style rules.” Alternatively, the citation can be entirely in parentheses: “The
web site presents information about American Psychological Association (A.
Running Head YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMYOUTH IN TH.docxtoddr4
Running Head: YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
YOUTH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 2
Introduction
Biblical point of view relies on the scriptures of God. The bible is a Christian holy book that gives the moral compass for what Christians engage in, whether in action or utterances. Through modern technologies and other methods, the secularized view of the criminal justice system in America has been influenced by the biblical concept.
Gaps and Omissions
Comprehending juvenile criminal justice, according to the biblical worldview, is to understand the leading cause of crime and human iniquities. Sin is a component of a biblical worldview. All crimes are treated as a sin, but not all sins are viewed as crimes. The juvenile criminal justice system would not exist if there were no crimes (Laurence, 2012). According to sinful human nature, crime always exists; hence the juvenile criminal justice system should be established to help in curbing crime.
The literature is mainly focused on the need to have a separate criminal justice system for juveniles but does not justify the punishment that juveniles ought to receive for crimes they commit. The literature gives detailed views on the topic, but it fails to conclusively articulate what should be done to reprimand crimes committed by youth. The bible is the book of Deuteronomy chapter 16:19 “do not pervert justice or show partiality ...” God is expecting impartiality those who serve distributive justice regardless of age, social status, or gender.
The biblical aim of justice is restoration, as illustrated in the stories such as Jacob and Esau. Human beings are equal in the eyes of the lord, meaning that justice has to be severed equally, although the literature focuses on separate justice for juveniles and adults. God created all human beings with equal value, but the literature seems to favor and try to treat juveniles who have committed similar crimes with adults differently. The literature does not mention that committing crimes against other people is committing a crime against God’s greatest creation.
Biblical Integration
Today youth are facing various risks of being involved in many forms of crimes that end up exposing them to the criminal justice system. Therefore, Christian adults are called upon to guide and bring significant transformation in the lives of the youth. Christians are called upon by God to exhibit unconditional love for juveniles. The church should advocate for fairness and justice for the young. Although some youth have a criminal record, the juvenile justice system's main goal should be to rehabilitate them. These youth can learn and grow from their mistakes. For Christians to create a just society, they should always restore a convicted offender back to society so that they can be integrat.
Running head TITLE1TITLE2Research QuestionHow doe.docxtoddr4
Running head: TITLE 1
TITLE 2
Research Question:
How does critical thinking help in the development of information literacy among youths?
.
Scholarly Article 1
Reference:
Abunadi, I. (2018). A Technology-Dependent Information Literacy Model within the Confines of a Limited Resources Environment. Information Technology & Libraries, 37(4), 119. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=133718516&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation: Write annotation in two paragraphs using your own words about the scholarly article above. I have provided the questions you should be answering.
Paragraph 1: Summarize
· What kind of source is this?
· What is the thesis or main claim of the source?
· What evidence or claims does the source present in support of the thesis? Present at least two examples of support the source uses.
· What other important claims does the source make?
Paragraph 2: Evaluate
· How adequately does the source support its thesis?
· How current is the information in the source relative to your research question?
· How credible and authoritative is the source for your research question?
· What limitations, if any, did you note in the source?
· How does the source help answer your research question?
Scholarly Article 2
Reference:
Rivano Eckerdal, J. (2017). Libraries, democracy, information literacy, and citizenship. Journal of Documentation, 73(5), 1010. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=125679440&site=eds-live&scope=site
Annotation:
Write annotation in two paragraphs using your own words about the scholarly article 2 above. I have provided the questions you should be answering.
Paragraph 1: Summarize
· What kind of source is this?
· What is the thesis or main claim of the source?
· What evidence or claims does the source present in support of the thesis? Present at least two examples of support the source uses.
· What other important claims does the source make?
Paragraph 2: Evaluate
· How adequately does the source support its thesis?
· How current is the information in the source relative to your research question?
· How credible and authoritative is the source for your research question?
· What limitations, if any, did you note in the source?
· How does the source help answer your research question?
EBook
Reference:
Crawford, J., & Irving, C. (2013). Information literacy and lifelong learning : Policy issues, the workplace, health and public libraries. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy-library.ashford.edu
Annotation:
Write annotation in two paragraphs using your own words about the ebook above. I have provided the questions you should be answering.
Paragraph 1: Summarize
· What kind of source is this?
· What is the thesis or main claim of the source?
· What evidence or claims does the source present in support of the thesis? Present at least two examples of support the sourc.
Running Head VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT1VULNERABILITY ASSESSMEN.docxtoddr4
Running Head: VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 1
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT 2
Jane Q. Student
(Submission Date)
CJMS 630 90XX
Seminar in Security Management (2XXX)
Vulnerability Assessment: Era Church, City, State
Site Selection and Rationale
This vulnerability assessment was conducted at Era Church (“Era”), 429 State Street, City, State 90909, on the dates of September 25 - 28, 2017, and was followed up with subsequent interviews of relevant church personnel. The site was chosen for multiple reasons including the potential for a violent incident such as a mass shooting, and the potential for fraud or other financial crime. A vulnerability is defined as “weakness[ ] or gap[ ] in a security program that can be exploited by threats to gain unauthorized access to an asset” (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). Threats are events or persons, such as a natural disaster, fire, criminal act, or terrorist incident, that can exploit a vulnerability (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). A vulnerability assessment “evaluates all opportunities that may be exploited by a threat” and through a detailed process identifies areas where vulnerabilities can be mitigated to lower the risk (DiMarino, 2017). Risk is defined as “the potential for loss, damage or destruction of an asset as a result of a threat exploiting a vulnerability” (Threat Analysis Group, 2017). The vulnerability assessment at Era Church covers multiple areas to include physical, operational, technological, and financial vulnerabilities. While Era has taken measures to mitigate vulnerabilities, there are some recommendations in each area that could further mitigate risk.
Religion is a contentious and polarizing topic in the United States, which makes churches prime targets for groups or individuals who want to make a statement. Perhaps the most infamous church shooting in recent memory is when white supremacist Dylann Roof shot and killed nine African-American church members of Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, SC, on June 17, 2015 (Blinder & Sack, 2017). Roof brought a .45-caliber semiautomatic handgun into the church in a waist pouch, and attended the Bible study for approximately 40 minutes before he shot and killed the members using seven magazines and over 70 rounds (Blinder & Sack, 2017). This incident is just one of many violent incidents at places of worship. There is no sure-fire way to completely avoid incidents such as this shooting, but there are steps that can be taken to help minimize or avoid a large-scale incident.
In addition to the threat of violence, churches are also prime targets for fraud, both from internal and external threats. For instance, the Center for the Study of Global Christianity reports that in 2014 churches lost an estimated $39 billion to internal financial fraud (Thomason, 2016). Theft and embezzlement of church funds are two significant risks faced by faith-based institutions. (Thomason, 2016). In addition to an ins.
Running head STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 1 Starbuc.docxtoddr4
Running head: STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 1
Starbucks’ Strategy
Your Name
Course Name; Number
Dr. Laura Jones
University Name
Date Submitted
STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 2
Starbucks’ Strategy
Place the title of the paper on the first line. Tab to the .5-inch mark to begin your
introductory paragraph. To develop an introduction, begin with some interesting facts about the
topic and then narrow the focus to the specific topics for discussion. This could include an
overview of the company. An overview could include, but not limited to the products or services
the company offers, the company size, customers, and the countries in which the company
operates. Include relevant information about the CEO. Include in-text citations to support the
information you present in the paper. An example of an in-text citation that you place at the end
of the information you paraphrased is (Boone, 2012). The introduction should include a thesis
statement and succinctly describe the order in which you organize the body of the paper. Please
provide in-text citations for the information you provide.
Elements of Starbucks’ Organizational Culture
Chapter 3 provides a discussion on different types of organizational cultures. Clearly
discuss the organizational culture for this company. Be sure to identify the specific type of
organizational culture. Provide in-text citations for the information presented in the paper.
Another approach to using in-text citation is to include the citation at the beginning of the
sentence as follows: According to Boone (2012), then present the information. Please note the
above heading is bold and the major words begin with capital letters.
Suggest some key elements of the company’s organizational culture that contribute to its
success in a global economy. Review the elements discussed at the two levels of a corporate
culture shown in Exhibit 3.6. Clearly link those key elements to the global success of the
company.
STARBUCKS’ STRATEGY 3
Consider Exhibit 4.4: Key factors in the International Environment, in making the link.
Provide in-text citations for the information presented in the paper. If there are two authors for
the source you are using, an example of the in-text citation that comes at the end of the
information you paraphrased is as follows: (Boone & Kurtz 2012).
Suggest as many key elements of the company’s organizational culture you believe
contribute to its success in a global economy. Clearly discuss the ways in which each element
contributes to the success.
Management’s Role in the Organizational Culture
Indicate the management role with creating and sustaining the organizational culture.
Exhibit 1.7 lists ten managerial roles and activities involve in management. Clearly link activities
within the management’s role to relevant aspects of creating and sustaining the organizational
culture. Provide in-text .
Running head SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE1Title of Your Rese.docxtoddr4
Running head: SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE
1
Title of Your Research Study
Author(s) First, Middle Initial (if applicable) and Last Name(s) in Starting with the
Individual who Made the Biggest Contribution (not alphabetical)
Institutional Affiliation(s)
Author Note
The author note is typically used in manuscripts that will be submitted for publication. The author note may provide additional information regarding the affiliations of the authors. It is also used to acknowledge those who contributed to the study, but not at the level of authorship. Lastly, the author note typically includes contact information for at least one author (see APA guide p. 24, section 2.03 & sample paper on p. 41.)
Remember to format the author note using block format (no indents, left or right justification).
Abstract
The abstract is a brief (usually 100-150 words) summary of your experiment. What was your question? What did you do? What did you find? What is your conclusion/interpretation? Try taking the lead sentence or two (but not word-for-word) from your introduction, results and discussion and integrate them into your abstract. Additionally, add a sentence or two describing your procedure, especially if it differs from those typically used to study the phenomenon.
The abstract is page two. Nothing goes on this page except the abstract. Center the word "Abstract" on the page and format in bold-face type. Do not put the title of your paper on this page. Begin typing the abstract on the line directly below the heading.
Notice that the abstract is not indented, and is written in block format. It is also double-spaced. Typically, the abstract is one paragraph in length.
Keywords: type a few words (or phrases) that would be useful if someone was searching for a study similar to this one. For example, if you studied reaction time in a card sorting task your key words might be “card sorting,” “response time” and decision making. (Note: the word “keyword” is italicized and indented.)
Title
On the third page, you typically begin your introduction. Notice that the word "INTRODUCTION" does not appear at the top of the page as many of the other headings do. The title used is the same one that appears on the cover page.
The first paragraph should contain a description of the phenomena that you are studying. Make a general statement about the phenomenon and how it is typically measured. Also, talk about how one might manipulate or influence the outcome (i.e, what variables could potentially influence the results).
Subsequent research should describe previous research that examined the phenomena. These studies serve to provide the rationale for your study. What did the researchers do? What did they find? What did they conclude?
Do this for each study cited. Typically, one or more paragraphs are necessary to explain each study. Try to make the transition smooth from one paragraph to the next. Use transition words (see SIGNAL WORDS hand.
Running Head: THEMATIC OUTLINE 1
Thematic Outline
Your Name
Institution
Exploring Research
Professor
Date
THEMATIC OUTLINE 2
Abstract
This thematic outline is designed to…………….
*Don’t forget to put your Keywords: List just a few keywords.
THEMATIC OUTLINE 3
Article
Theme
1.
A
2.
A, B
3.
D
4.
B
5.
A, D
6.
A, C
7.
B, C
8.
A, B, C
9.
A, B, C, D
10
B, C
THEMATIC OUTLINE 4
Theme
Articles Cited
A-
B-
C-
D-
E-
THEMATIC OUTLINE 5
References
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
Research Paper
Your Name
Institution
Exploring Research
Professor
Date
RESEARCH PAPER 2
Abstract
Do not indent the first line of the Abstract Paragraph. Follow the guidelines in the Sample APA Formatted Abstract t.
· Keywords: Don’t forget to include the Keywords at the bottom of the Abstract.
RESEARCH PAPER 3
RESEARCH PAPER 4
.
Running head: TOPIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
TOPIC RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3
Topic Research Proposal
Insert the Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Course
Date
Section 1: Topic/Central Idea
The key emphasis or the central idea lies on persuasion of people to participate in tree planting exercise in the United States. Tree planting has been emphasized by many governmental and non-governmental organizations in the United States and even outside the country. Planting of tress has many benefits both to the human beings and the environment. The general purpose is to persuade and motivate people to take part during the tree planting day in the United States. The specific purpose is to ensure that people are aware about the importance of tree planting. The central idea is to ensure that people are aware with the benefits which come with tree planting.
Section 2: Annotated Bibliography
· Nguyen, Nowak, D. J., Hirabayashi, S., Bodine, A., & Greenfield, E. (2014). Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environmental pollution, 193, 119-129.
This particular presents unbiased information regarding tree planting. The authors found out that tress had some positive effect on quality of air. The data from the targeted individuals was taken. In this particular manner, biases were removed. The article was published in 2010 therefore it is up to date. The data was collected using various instruments of data collection. The researchers conducted various scientific studies and the data was obtained from the field. The data was therefore collected from primary sources. This particular article highlights the importance of tress. It will therefore be useful in my speech since it contains valuable information.
· Pincetl, S. (2010). Implementing municipal tree planting: Los Angeles million-tree initiative. Environmental management, 45(2), 227-238.
The key message in this particular revolves around implementation of Municipal tree planting policy in Los Angeles. (Pincetl, 2010) examined the initiative which was aimed at planting about a million tress in Los Angeles. The article is not biased because it involved conducting empirical study. The author is well conversant with the tree planting initiatives. The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The article is up to date on the issues of tree planting. The purpose of this article is to keep the reader well informed on the tree planting initiatives. This information will be useful in my speech because it outlines an example of an initiative of tree planting.
Section 3: Talking with the audience
There are various considerations I will need to make with regard to my topic and evidence to connect with my audience. I will demonstrate to them and table evidence of benefits of tree planting. I will also.
Running Head: VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION 1
VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION 3
Virtual Organization
Institution
Professor
Course
Date
Virtual organizations refer to organizations whose employees are geographically spread and connect through phone, internet or email (Hebert, 2017). The concept of a virtual organization utilizes technology from a management perspective in which employees engage in different tasks to achieve the organization’s objectives. There are various benefits associated with virtual organizations. First, the owner of the business incurs lower overhead costs because a virtual organization needs no office space, furniture or paying for utilities (Shamsuzzoha & Helo, 2017). For example, an online education business only needs tutors and students. Secondly, employees are more satisfied due to the comfort of working from their own houses, for instance, tutors in a virtual institution can lecture students at the comfort of their homes. Lastly, the owner of the business can expand the business without having to worry about moving the many employees to a larger office.
However, a virtual organization is prone to many risks that hinder its effectiveness in terms of achieving its objectives. One of the risks is lack of cohesiveness in the organization. This is brought by the fact that the employees are spread and thus difficult to call for an emergency meeting in case an urgent need arises (Wohlers & Hertel, 2017). Secondly, there is a risk to reputation for customers may not perceive a virtual organization as a real company. Lastly, lack of social interaction discourages teamwork. Despite all these, there are various opportunities associated with virtual organizations such as the opportunity to reach the vast majority of the customers as well as an opportunity to change the strategy used by the business easily and for less cost.
References
Hebert, J. L. (2017). The Identification of Leadership Competencies within a Global Virtual Organization (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
Shamsuzzoha, A., & Helo, P. (2017). Virtual supply chain–event handling and risks management in collaborative networks. International Journal of Advanced Logistics, 6(1), 1-13.
Wohlers, C., & Hertel, G. (2017). Choosing where to work at work–towards a theoretical model of benefits and risks of activity-based flexible offices. Ergonomics, 60(4), 467-486.
Friend discussion 1 ( noura)
When independent firms join together and create a network, it is called a virtual organization. Firms with different characters joined temporarily to construct services or products. Virtual organization represent a different organizational form but cannot be considered as a firm's attribute (Cunha & Putnik, 2006). Firms in this type of organization.
Running Head: THE MARKETING PLAN 1
5
Natasha McClarin
October 6, 2018:
INTRODUCTION
Women on the Go is a start-up company that has over many years targeted women who cannot do clothing purchasing. The target is because there are women out there who do not know how to purchase their clothing and accessories. Therefore, assistance will be given by women on the go since that is the main aim of the company. This specific service will be aimed at rich customer who simply do not have much knowledge of the clothing industry and time to visit clothing stores in town. Despite all of these, such kind of people they have social obligation that they are supposed to meet, therefore Women on the go is there for me.
The business model for women on the go is the franchise business model, here the company has reach agreement with other clothing manufacturing companies that we will sell products to women on their behalf. It will be done in a percentage of the invoicing or sometimes a fixed fee depending on the particular agreement. The product line of the company will be women right casual, semi-formal look and gym wear and accessories.
Mission: Traditional, ethnic products creating sustainable employment for craftsmen and
artisans in rural India.
Target Segment: Focusing on women who are in need of dressing assistance for social occasions and are willing to have an organization which can style up their quotient.
Life Style: Affluent women who are rich of upper middle class or who are on business and corporate class.
Age group: 23 years and above
Geography: Anyone with any color, culture or Origin.
Geographical Places: Metros, tier 2 & tier 3 cities.
Product line: Dedication to dress women in formal and semi-formal look, right casual look, teamed with right accessories.
Tag line: Women on the go dresses you up.
Below is a market Research
1. Our company has decided to follow a mixed strategy here by combining both deductive and an inductive approach, using ethnographic research and a case study method.
We have decided that we will study the target section that the company has indicated above by initiating online programs where we will be able to know how many women want to up their dressing style quotient, idea to convert women to be buying our services, this will definitely create an idea in their mind that image and personal branding will make them in profession and person life.
2. We will also conduct online surveys of the targeted group in association with the lead up market brands like Dolce & Gabbana, Gucci and Louis Vuitton. With no doubt is that they will support us since they will be sure to be our future suppliers.
3. We conduct ground discussions with our own sales teams which is down on the market floor of leading garment accessories and shoe brands.
4. We will also have a promotion strategy, where we will be able to sit in promotions with a woman working in.
Running head TITLE OF ESSAY1TITLE OF ESSAY 2Title .docxtoddr4
Running head: TITLE OF ESSAY
1
TITLE OF ESSAY
2
Title of Essay
Author’s Name
University of the Cumberlands
Abstract
Abstracts are research tools that can help you readers determine if the scope of your article/essay will help them in their own research. In APA, abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and provide an evaluative summary of the essay to follow. The personal opinion of the author is strictly prohibited in abstracts. Unlike a body paragraph, the first line of an abstract is not tabbed-in. For many student essays, especially in lower-numbers courses, an abstract will not be required; still, it is good to practice this skill.
Title of Essay
In APA style, the introduction of the essay should begin here, followed by the body paragraphs. APA is typically a more formal style than most students are accustomed to using in a writing course. For the purposes of this course, the level of formality should be based on the assignment. For example: APA asks that students always write in third person (avoiding words such as I, me, we, our(s), you, your(s), etc). Certain rhetorical modes, however, don’t cater well to third person (narrative and reflection writing are two such examples). In these situations, first person (I, me, we, our(s)) may be, and should be employed; second person (you, your(s)) should be avoided in all academic writing unless an essay is specifically designed to relay instructions (there are few assignments that will employ second person).
Like any essay, students should make sure their essays are formatted with one inch margins, with their text exclusively in Times New Roman 12-point font, and students should double space their lines. This document can be downloaded and used as a template wherein students may simply replace names, titles, dates, and so on with their own information.
The final page of this document will demonstrate a References page. If a student uses information from any source, that source must be identified within the text and listed on a References page. These citations should be listed in alphabetical order and, opposite to the way a normal paragraph works, the first line should be flush left and each following line should be tabbed in. Though there is really no substitute for a good APA Style Manual, students can refer to a citation generator such as www.citationmachine.net to ensure proper formatting. Any further questions should be directed to the instructor of the course.
References
Badley, G. (2009). A place from where to speak: The university and academic freedom. British
Journal of Educational Studies, 57(2), 146-163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
8527.2009.00429.x
Baumanns, M., Biedenkopf, K., Cole, J. R., Kerrey, B., & Lee, B. (2009). The future of
universities and the fate of free inquiry and academic freedom: Question and answer
session. Social Research, 76(3), 867-886. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Berthoff, A. E. (2009). Learning the uses of chaos. In S. M.
Running head Project Type Unit 5 Individual Project3Ty.docxtoddr4
Running head: Project Type: Unit 5 Individual Project 3
Type your Name Here
MGMT412 – Project Management
Date of Submission
Unit 5 Individual Project
Introduction
Provide a brief introduction (2-3 sentences) for the purposes of previewing what will be covered. Remember to always indent the first line of a paragraph (use the tab key). The margins, font size, spacing, and font type (italics or plain) are set in APA format. Please do not change the names of the headings and subheadings, and do not change the font or style of font.
(Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Time Required to Complete Jobs
Mike was hired as a project manager to install hardwood floors for the company Awesome Floor and Tile. They will be installing new flooring into a local office building. Mike comes up with the list of work and estimates the time. A list of activities and their optimistic completion time, the most likely completion time, and the pessimistic completion time (all in days) are estimated in the table.
Activities
OT
MT
PT
Activity 1
2
3
4
Activity 2
3
6
9
Activity 3
4
8
12
Activity 4
6
8
10
Activity 5
8
10
12
Activity 6
10
14
18
Activity 7
4
6
8
Activity 2 starts immediately after Activity 1.
Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 start concurrently after Activity 2.
Activity 6 does not start until after Activity 3, Activity 4, and Activity 5 are completed.
The carpet installation project is complete after Activity 7 is completed.
Determine and Explain Key Calculations
Determine and explain the expected completion time and the variance for each activity. Determine and explain the total project completion time and the critical path for the project. Determine and explain Early Start (ES), Early Finish (EF), Late Start (LS), and slack for each activity. What is the probability that this project will be finished in 40 days or less?
This should be 1-2 paragraphs in length. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Benefits of Using Project Management Techniques
Define how to gather the project requirements. Analyze whether there are any potential changes that could impact overall project schedule and project finishing times. Explain the best methods for managing the change requests and what kind of process this project should involve. Analyze implications of changes in project scheduling. How do changes impact the calculations and the critical path? Evaluate applications of project management techniques in terms of the firm's business operational goals and requirements.
This should be 2-3 paragraphs in length. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
Conclusion
Add some concluding remarks in a sentence or two.
This should be 1-2 sentences. (Delete the information provided in the instructions.)
References
NOTE: The reference list starts on a new page after your conclusion.
(Edit these references, add additional ones you used and delete the references you did not use.)
eBook - AIU Course.
Rubric: Writing Assignment Rubric
Criteria Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
Criterion 1 -
Topic
selection &
approval
(20 pts)
Proposed topic submitted on time and
covered one of the assigned issues:
description of a current issue, its solution, its
economic implications, or impact on
ecosystems.
(20-18 pts)
Proposed topic submitted on time but weak coverage of
the assigned issues: description of a current issue, its
solution, its economic implications, or impact on
ecosystems.
(17-14 pts)
Proposed topic submitted late and/or and weak
coverage of the assigned issues: description of a
current issue, its solution, its economic
implications, or impact on ecosystems.
(13-0 pts)
Criterion 2 -
Scientific
Content and
Synthesis
(100 pts)
Facts, organization, and conclusions follow
a clear, logical sequence that supports the
thesis statement. Citations of scholarly
references support scientific content.
Accurate scientific information. No text has
been copied verbatim without proper source
recognition. Outstanding treatment of
applicable course outcome.
(100-90 pts)
Nearly all directions followed. Although the writing is
essentially well organized, the audience analysis, the
statement of purpose, or the handling of the content is
flawed. Occasional vague wording hinders precise
communication. Contains one to two science content
errors. One to two statements (or significant phrases)
have been copied verbatim without proper source
recognition. Superior treatment of applicable course
outcome.
(89-70 pts)
Unsatisfactory or incorrect content. Many content
errors; content is largely unsupported generalities.
Points are inadequately developed; few specifics.
Poorly organized; difficult to follow. Substantial
text (e.g., more than six statements or significant
phrases) has been copied verbatim without proper
source recognition. Significant overdependence on
one to two references. Did not satisfy applicable
course outcome.
(69-0 pts)
Criterion 3 -
Scholarly
APA
References (40
pts)
All references were in APA-style and were
properly cited using in-text and reference
listings. Used 6 or more references. Many
different, reputable types of references are
used (e.g., textbook, scientific articles,
encyclopedia, reputable Internet sources).
(40-36 pts)
Most references were in APA-style and were properly
cited using in-text and reference listings. Used 3-5
references. Many different, reputable types of
references are used (e.g., textbook, scientific articles,
encyclopedia, reputable Internet sources).
(35-25 pts)
Improper use of APA-style and/or in-text citations.
Used 3 or fewer references and/or consulted
unreliable resources (blogs, Wikipedia, etc.).
(24-0 pts)
Criterion 4 -
Effective
Writing
(30 pts)
No writing or grammatical errors. Words are
chosen and sentences are constructed to
make the information u.
Running Head: ON-BOARDING 1
Running Head: ON-BOARDING 4
On-Boarding
Felicia Griffin
Professor Keith Lipscomb
BUS 325: Global Human Resource Management
February 13, 2019
Onboarding process is a usual process in the recent past in many business organizations. Onboarding seeks to ensure that new employees are easily embedded into the systems as fast as possible. New employees can adjust much more comfortable when they have better employees to ease them in. It helps new employee recruits to adjust to the social and performances. It is mainly aimed at maximizing success. Various vital steps need to be followed in ensuring that new recruits are effectively realigned into the organizational structure.
This is an essential procedure in organizational performances it ensures that new recruits take the shortest time possible to settle and establish better relations with other employees. It is the best way that a business organization can ensure that new recruits concentrate on the primary purpose of the organization rather than focus on how they can settle in their new working environment and social environment.
The onboarding process is an exceptionally chronological process where a beginner follows a given order of events in the organization. The first step is to study the new employee characteristics. It involves understanding their character and their ability to be integrated into the company operations smoothly. This process is very significant because the company can know quite earlier the behavioral adjustment that a given new employee can make to become successful.
The next step in the process is the deployment of newcomer tactics. Within this stage, the new employee develops a relationship with the existing employees within the organization to have a conducive business environment. The next step in the onboarding process is the readjustment of new employee tactics and behavior to conform to organizational culture and be in a position to work effectively towards the achievement of the set organizational goals.
One of the most critical elements of onboarding in a global environment is studying and understanding the characteristics of the new hire to be in a position to know how easy the new recruit will be able to adjust to the organizational culture and its operations. Another vital element in onboarding is the creation of an understanding between new recruits and the already existing employees within the organization to formulate a formidable team that can propel the organization to new heights.
References
Carter, T. (2015). Hire right: the first time: how to improve your recruitment & onboarding process. Journal of Property Management, 80(3), 26-30.
Stephenson, J. (2015). Improve Your Employee Onboarding Process With Seven Storytelling T.
Running head PERSPECTIVE ON INTEGRATION BETWEEN CHRISTIAN FAITH .docxtoddr4
Running head: PERSPECTIVE ON INTEGRATION BETWEEN CHRISTIAN FAITH AND PSYCHOLOGY 1
Integration Between Christian Faith and Psychology 7
Integration Between Christian Faith and Psychology
Liberty University
PSYC-420
Abstract
This paper will discuss psychology and Christianity: Two disciplines that seem to be difficult subjects when discussing an integrated approach. There are some people who believe that, psychology has become one completely different subject than Christianity and both at times have lost all connection with the other. In addition, there are integrative models of disciplinary that think psychology is strictly a science and Christianity is solely based on faith and religion and the two cannot be integrated together. After further review of evidence, it seems that the integration approach for both disciplines are given by God and that they both should be integrated to create a more understanding of humanity. The focus of this paper is to describe the Allies” model and how it relates to integrating two disciplines; psychology and Christian faith. In addition, the strengths and limitations of the Allies model will be discussed. Also included are definitions of both subjects and views on different approaches towards this matter. Scriptures will be added that correspond with this approach, as well as, several factors that lead to the integration process of both disciplines. After further studies of the evidence of various disciplines, it seems like the “Allies” model best fits the relationship between psychology method and Christianity.
Integration between Christian faith and Psychology
Webster dictionary states that psychology is, “The science of mind and behavior and the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity” (Merriam-Webster, 2017). Whereas, Christianity is defined, “A religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices” (Merriam-Webster, 2017). After the evidence from various disciplines of study, it seems that a person’s foundation is based on what we see and how we know. This leads a person to believe that it is crucial for Christian counseling to use both psychology and Christianity. There are several different methods that psychological theory and science use to gain knowledge. These are: “Logic,” “Empiricism,” “Revelation,” and “Hermeneutic” (Entwistle, 2015. P. 97). Whereas, experiments in psychology use deductive logic when testing a hypothesis. Inductive reasoning uses experiments that show a correlation by manipulating the variables. For instance, we use science to find out if a statement is true or false. An idea is a suggestion upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn. For.
RubricThe final for this course is a paper titled Improvement Proj.docxtoddr4
RubricThe final for this course is a paper titled Improvement Project Report. Below is the rubric for this that details the expectations.Well developedEssentially DevelopedPartially DevelopedMarginally developedUnaccep-tableThis is how your final paper will be graded15-1312-109-76-43-0“Plan” Stage: Paper clearly addresses the goal or overall aim of what the Improvement Project is trying to accomplish; details objectives; identifies evidence-based research. Includes introduction, review of literature, “Do” Stage: Paper describes what the intervention was and what was done; details changes made; describes how actions were based on research; details how the data was collected and by whom. Includes aim statement, changes implemented, how will you know if improvement has been made“Study” Stage: Paper describes how the change is an improvement; details what data was collected; displays data in an appropriate format; details what went right, wrong, and what changes can be made that will result in improvement. Includes Likert scale and run chart (required)“Act” Stage and Summary of Learning: Paper describes how student will use what has been learned to make more improvements; provides a detailed summary of learning from the project; provides a summary of learning regarding the PDSA Improvement model and how to apply it in the future; details how to sustain improvement and if any more changes will need to be made. Includes lessons learned from project and use of PDSA in the futureResearch and Documentation: Synthesizes in-depth information from relevant sources representing various points of view/approaches; APA format and style of citation used appropriately throughout the paper; adequate number of sources referenced. Paper length 8-10 pages NOT including title and reference page. Four references: at least 3 scholarly, 2 reliable Websites. APA formatMechanics: Word choice, sentence structure, spelling, and punctuation; evidence of proofreading for sentence errors. Includes use of Arial or Times New Roman Font of 12, margins one inch, at least 1.5 or double spaced, OVERALL SCORE: WRITING 5 Title page, reference page, use of spell check, grammar proofing, proper capitalization and punctuation, avoiding use of "second person"OVERALL SCORE: CRITICAL THINKING 5 Includes: integration of research and learning into projectBuilt-in Points50Total50ABCDF135-150120-134105-11990-104below 90
Running head: Self-Improvement 2
Self-Improvement 2
Self-Improvement Project Update
Tamara Giebler
National American University
Quality and Risk Management
Ruth Vivian Derby
December 25, 2018
Comparing my data and seeing how it relates to my expectations from the beginning of the class. We have developed a tool to record all expenditures for a week, using checking, cash receipts, credit card statements. For week one to week four was two to four, I thought that I would have had my record keeping better by now, but if I keep working at it, it will get b.
Running Head: LETTER OF ADVICE 1
Letter of Advice
Student’s Full Name
COM 200: Interpersonal Communications
Instructor:1
Use Full Date – September 24, 2015
1 Please use your instructor’s full name.
Purpose: Use this sample Final Paper for a better understanding of what is present in a high
quality Final Paper: Letter of Advice. We’ve included these elements of constructive criticism to
demonstrate that even “A” quality work still receives comments to improve the student’s thinking
and writing on the topic. Please note that this paper was written when a slightly different set of
learning objectives were being used in this class. Be sure you use the learning objectives listed in
the final paper prompt.
See the footnotes at the bottom of each page for information about what the student has done well
in this assignment and also some areas for improvement.
LETTER OF ADVICE 2
Dear Cassy and Jeremy,
Congratulations on your recent engagement. It’s such a great time in your life. My wife
and I have been married almost 8 years. I also just took a class on interpersonal communications
and would love to share with you some of what I learned in addition to some personal
experiences.2 Knowing how your partner communicates and uses verbal and non-verbal
communication is important in a relationship and will help in reducing miscommunications.
Know going in to your marriage that there will be conflict but learning how to manage or resolve
those conflicts will help in a successful marriage. I know you both love each other very much
and that will help get you through those difficult times.3
Interpersonal Relationships4
Interpersonal relationships are part of our everyday life. Getting married forms one of
the most important interpersonal relationships you will ever have. But with any relationship there
are barriers to effectively maintain those interactions. Our self-concept is developed through our
interpersonal relationships and changes over time. Emotional intelligence also has a great impact
on how effective a relationship will be. The amount an individual discloses of themselves in a
relationship can vary depending on the type of relationship and can have both negative and
positive effects. Interpersonal conflict is probably one of the most challenging aspects of a
relationship and managing these conflicts effectively is important to the relationship’s wellbeing.
2 While we usually discourage people from using the first person, this essay asks that the student write a personal
letter, so it is okay to be more casual here
3 This is a good introduction. It would be even stronger with a more definitive thesis statement. The Writing Center
has a great “Thesi.
Running head LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO1LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO4.docxtoddr4
Running head: LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO 1
LEADERSHIP PORTFOLIO 4
Leadership Portfolio
Your Name
Southern States University
Abstract
You will write a 150-word overview of your leadership style and techniques here.
Keywords: Leadership Portfolio
Write a 5-10 sentence explanation of your leadership style to introduce your paper.
Leadership Potential Assessment
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Managerial Leadership Skills
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Big Five Personality Profile
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Motive Profile
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Motive Profile with Socialized Power
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Leadership Interest
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Theory X and Theory Y Attitudes
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
How Ethical is Your Behavior
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Strategic Management Assessment
You should write 3-5 sentences about the assessment including your score and how you can apply that information as a leader.
Personal Vision Statement
You will include the personal vision statement from your week 7 paper here. This information will come from your week 7 paper.
Personal Mission Statement
You will include the personal mission statement from your week 7 paper here. This information will come from your week 7 paper.
Personal SWOT Analysis
You will include the SWOT Analysis from your week 7 paper here. If you did not properly quote things and use in text citations for your original paper, you should update that for this submission. This information will come from your week 7 paper.
Motivational Theory
You will include at least 1-2 pages of information from your motivational theory paper here. You should include a minimum of three references in this section. If you did not properly quote things and use in text citations for your original paper, you should update that for this submission. This information will come from your week 2 paper.
Communication, Conflict, and Power
You will include at least 1-2 pages of information from your communication, conflict, and power paper here. You should include a minimum of three references in this section. If you did not properly quote things and use in text citations for your original paper, you should up.
Running Head: LAB 5 1
LAB 5 7
Lab 5
Gretchen Greene
Nathan Stewart, PhD
May 8, 2017
Executive Summary
As with any new technology, risks can arise in e-commerce that is not common to those traditional “brick-and-mortar” stores. A huge concern for e-commerce applications is credit/debit card use. Major damage can be done to an organization if the credit/debit card transactions are not secured in terms of financial fraud, loss of consumer confidence, identity theft, or legal regulations.
Online Goodies provides custom promotional gifts to corporate customers and is an Internet-based company. Some of their products include mugs, computer accessories, t-shirts, and office décor. The majority of its income comes from online credit card purchase. They give their repeat customers a discount based on their annual purchase amount.
This report is to create a test plan for Online Goodies based on the OWASP standards. The report includes an overview and rationale of all of the tests performed including a brute force test, an authentication test, privilege escalation test, code injection test, and web application fingerprint test.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………….2
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….3
Types of Test Being Performed…………………………………………………………………...4
Test Plan for Online Goodies Site According to OWASP Standards……………………………..4
Rationale for Testing Used………………………………………………………………………..4
References…………………………………………………………………………………………7
Types of Tests Performed
The least expensive way to reduce costs and risks and improve software quality is to catch deficiencies as early as possible. To understand the guidelines for testing the OWASP Testing Guide was used. The tests used in this plan are: Usability Testing, Unit Testing, Interface Testing, Integration Testing, Functionality Testing, Performance Testing, Security Testing, Authentication and Authorization Testing, Privilege Escalation Testing, and Web Application Fingerprint Testing.
Test Plan for Online Goodies Site
The purpose of his test plan is to ensure the Goodies site meets all of its business, functional, and technical requirements. The test plan describes the schedule of test activities, test plan strategy, activities, resources, and scope. This document will identify the features on the site to be tested, the testing tasks, the user assigned to each task, each testing environment, techniques, explanation of options, and risks.
Before actually testing the site, you have to create test cases. This is the sample data which will be used to go through the system. These can be created as soon as the requirements are received. Additional test cases should be created to test other aspects of the system due to its complexity.
Explanation of Testing
Usability testing is one of the most important aspects of building a website. Users are not going to take the time to try to use a website that is poorly designed. We are used.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docx
1. Running Head: ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH
2
Week #6 Assignment 1: The Details of Your EBP Project.
EBP Project Proposal Draft
Research topic
To assess the role of stigma towards mental health patients in
help seeking.
Research problem
Most studies have shown that stigmatization towards mental
health patients have been present throughout history and even
despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced
treatment. Stigmatization have resulted from the belief that
those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous
creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental
health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates
crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not
only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the
attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Most
studies have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance
to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains
a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study
will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in
depth.
Research purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association
between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to
assess in depth the role that mental-health stigma contribute in
help seeking.
Research objectives
2. a) To review the background history of mental-health related
stigma and mental problem or illness
b) To explore the impacts of stigma
c) To assess an association between the contributing factors of
stigma to help seeking
d) To assess the extent in which these factors of stigma
contribute to help seeking.
e) To assess the risk factors influencing help seeking with
regard to stigma
Research questions
a) What is the association between stigma towards mental health
patients and help-seeking?
b) To what degree does stigma constitute a barrier to the search
for help among mental health patients?
c) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking
help due to stigma?
Research Hypothesis
Ho: stigma towards mental health patients have a significant
role in influencing help seeking
Ha: the extent to which stigma influences help seeking is not
significant
Theoretical framework
Stigma has been described as a negative effect of a label and the
product of disgrace that makes a person to be apart from others
(Henderson et al., 2013). It is built upon distinct constructs
prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes (Henderson et al.,
2013). For example, believing that those people diagnosed with
mental illness is stereotype. Also, agreeing with the fact that
those with mental problem are indeed dangerous with a resultant
fear or anger is prejudice while discrimination is the total
3. avoidance to those with mental conditions as a result of
prejudice and stereotype. Mental problem or illness is a
condition that distorts an individual’s capability to relate to
others, thinking, mood feeling and also daily functioning (Szeto
et al., 2017).
Many studies have reported an existence of negative attitudes
with regard to mental health problem and social distance
(Henderson et al., 2013). This is because those persons with
mental problem are regarded as dangerous, a public nuisance
and aggressive. Some of the contributing factors include the
media which influences the society’s view, public perception
which is influenced by the level of understanding towards
mental health problems and the illness itself and also reluctance
to seek help which contribute to further stigmatization. Stigma
is therefore seen as barrier since it inhibits a person from
seeking help hence resulting to a treatment gap and
advancement in medical programs meant to reduce cases of
medical care (Szeto et al., 2017). Therefore, mental health-
related stigma is seen to influence help seeking by creating a
general pattern of behavior and attitudes.
References
Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2013).
Mental Illness Stigma, Help Seeking, and Public Health
Programs. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 777-780.
doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301056
Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-
related stigma in healthcare. Healthcare Management
Forum, 30(2), 111-116. doi:10.1177/0840470416679413
Running Head: EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE PROJECT
1
4. RESEARCH
2
Advance Nursing Research
Week 4 Assignment # 2
Mental Health
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as
the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual
realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to
both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie &
Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical
health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life.
Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in
mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and
therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of
gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data
shows that in America one out of five individuals experience
mental health problems annually, with mental disorders being
recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the
United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental
health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such
as anxiety, mood, and schizophrenia, among others.
Data shows that in 2017 about seven hundred and ninety-two
million people lived with a mental disorder. Challenges have
been identified with data presentation since mental health
disorders are under-reported worldwide (Ritchie &
Roser, 2018). World health organization data shows that mental
health disorders are not only determined by one’s ability to
manage their thoughts, behavior and interaction with others but
also economic, environmental and social factors. For example,
the on-going global financial crisis creates a macroeconomic
phenomenon that provides a significant opportunity for mental
5. health consequences with an increased rate of suicide and
harmful substance use.
Most research studies have shown that there exist many gaps in
relation to mental health problems. The gap ranges from
treatment interventions and effective use of the available tools
to reduce the issues of mental health. For example, there exists
a research gap on the interventions meant to reduce and
eradicate stigma which has been recognized as a determinant of
mental health problems and this spiked my interest.
Therefore, in order to fill this gap such question as a) What is
the association between stigma towards mental health patients
and help-seeking? b) To what extent does stigma constitute a
barrier to the search for help among mental health patients? And
c) Are there populations that are more deterred from seeking
help due to stigma? Have to be answered through research to get
the intended purpose.
References
Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2018, April). Mental Health.
Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health
W.H.O. (2020). Mental Health. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/mental_health/en/
Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX
1
LITERATURE REVIEW MATRIX
6. 4
Advance Nursing Research (Literature Review Matrix)
Week # 4 Assignment 1
APA Reference
Research Question
Type of Study
Research Design
Sample, Sample Size, and How Selected
Instruments Used, Reliability and Validity, Data Collection
Methods
Results (including statistical analysis
Consistent with other Literature)
Limitations
(Olausson, Lindale & Ekberg, 2013)
“What is the impact of care and treatment in ICUs on the patient
recovery process and wellbeing?”
Cross-sectional
Survey
The study focused on a sample of twelve (12) patients – six men
and six women.
The data collection is standardized by the use of open-ended
questionnaires that provided the patients with the freedom to
answer questions to the best of their ability. The instrument use
is highly valid since it measures what was intended to do - to
evaluate the impact of patient room in recovery process of
patients admitted to the ICU. Also, the instrument is reliable
since it acknowledges the involvement of the researchers which
7. gives the confidence the method used to collect the data.
The study results revealed that the natural environment and
source of light in the room enhanced patient’s positive thought
and emotions in a critical care setting (Olausson et al., 2013).
This is line with what Florence Nightingale conceived the idea
of perceiving patient room, as an essential part in patient’s
relief as well as health outcomes. According to Nightingale,
patient’s room plays is key element in aesthetic sensory
perceptions. Also, she asserts that a room is not a place for just
a sleep, but somewhere where a patient’s well-being is
promoted. Such may include decorations, flowers, and ambient
music that may promote healing in an ICU setting.
The study was limited by the low number of the study subjects.
Also, the existence of uncertainty concerning ICU delirium
prevalence. However, other research reveals that revealing
delirium in ICU patients may offset the uncertainty. Also, the
low number of participants may result in trivial variations,
which according to the researchers can be balanced by a dense
description of interview questions of real-world experiences.
(Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt & Birkelund, 2014).
“How seriously ill hospitalized patients’ experience and assign
meaning to their patient room?”
Cross-sectional
Survey
The study focused on a sample size of nine (9) patients is three
Swedish hospitals.
The instrument used- questionnaire – is standardizes the data
collection process, which in turn validates the process by
measuring what was purported to measure. Also, the instrument
is highly reliable because it incorporates researcher
participation, thus giving it the confidence, it deserves as a data
8. collection instrument.
The study findings showed that viewing natural light in
patient’s room promotes positive thought for critically ill
patients (Timmermann et al., 2014). Other literature has
identified other related themes such as enhancing positive
thought by overriding negative ones, promoting hope and a
positive mood, and helps in bringing good memories.
Essentially, being admitted in the ICU deprives patients of the
freedom to go outside and experience the natural environment.
However, there are different other methods of experiencing this
when hospitalized. This could be an ambient light from a glass
windows, and doors that let in fresh air. Also, the chair can be
placed strategically next to the window so that the patient can
have an unhindered view of the outside environment.
The study was limited by the insufficient amount of empirical
research, hence inadequate literature to aid in carrying out the
research, such as the role of aesthetic environment in patient’s
well-being, which provides better knowledge about the
relevance of patient’s room in healing. Also, the limited number
of participants affects the ecological generalizability of the
findings, especially in larger sample sizes.
References
Olausson, S., Lindale, B., & Ekberg, M. (2013). A
phenomenological study of experiences of being cared for in a
critical care setting: The meanings of the patient room as a
place of care. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 29(4), 234–
243. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2013.02.002
Timmermann, C., Uhrenfeldt, L., & Birkelund, R. (2014). Room
for caring: patients’ experiences of well-being, relief and hope
during serious illness. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences,
29(3), 426–434. doi:10.1111/scs.12145
Week 9 Review of Literature Example
Written by Jennifer Oddy, Entitled: Distress And Coping of
Mothers of Children With Muscular Dystrophy
9. Introduction
The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the current
knowledge regarding experiences of mothers who care for their
child with muscular dystrophy, their coping mechanisms, and to
understand their lived experiences in order to provide better
nursing care to these mothers. Not only will the current
knowledge be addressed, this literature review will also speak
to what is unknown about this phenomenon. The concepts of
maternal stress/well-being, adjustment, anxiety, and coping will
all be addressed as common themes emerging from the data.
The research question for this study is:
What are the lived experiences of mothers who care for their
child with muscular dystrophy?
The search for literature took place in the spring of 2015, which
was completed using EBSCOhost to search 17 online databases
through the Regis College Library. Google Scholar was also
used, which brought up articles from PubMed that have been
utilized. Eight peer- reviewed research journal articles were
obtained and scrutinized for the purpose of this review of
literature and the literature matrix (Appendix B). Search terms
included: children, chronic disease, mother, distress, coping,
muscular dystrophy, maternal experience, stress, and
adjustment. To ensure the most relevant literature was cited, the
majority of the articles were from 2007-2013. One article was
from 2003, two from 2005, and the remaining five articles were
between 2007 and 2013. The older articles were included for the
purpose of their significance to the subject matter. However,
this gap in literature provides evidence that there is need for
further research regarding the lived experiences of mothers who
care for their child with muscular dystrophy.
This review of literature will include empirical and theoretical
sections, as well as a brief description of how the researcher
arrived at this topic of interest. In the empirical literature
section, the literature from eight peer-reviewed journals will be
synthesized. Individual findings from certain articles will be
cited in order to provide details about the experiences of
10. mothers caring for their child with muscular dystrophy. These
experiences will then be related to the discipline of psychology,
demonstrating the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach.
The empirical literature will be concluded with the gap in
literature and why there is a need to further investigate this
topic. These topics are all used to form the following sub-
headings: overview, lifestyle as a contributor to maternal stress
and well-being, difficulty adjusting, anxiety directly relates to
quality of life, the struggles of coping, maternal stress related to
other disciplines, a summary, and the gaps in literature. The
purpose of these sub-headings is to organize the empirical
literature section.
Empirical Literature
Overview. There have been a number of research articles that
delve into the experiences of mothers who care for their child
with muscular dystrophy. The Literature Matrix (Appendix B) is
an overview of eight research articles that studied the
experiences and lifestyle of these women. Two research articles
were literature reviews and six were experimental studies. One
study used a conceptual model to guide the research, which will
be presented in the theoretical section of this literature review.
Children and families who are faced with the stress of having a
child with muscular dystrophy must adapt to physical,
emotional, social, and financial challenges. The increase in
every-day caregiving requirements, lifestyle, the disease
complexities, and family dynamics can influence long-term
health outcomes (Barlow & Ellard, 2005). In addition, the
financial status and interactions of the child and/or family with
their environment can be severely impacted (Brown et al.,
2007). Through this review of literature from the eight articles,
four emerging themes became evident: the lifestyle associated
with having a child with muscular dystrophy affects maternal
stress and well-being; mothers experience difficulty adjusting;
maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life; and the
struggles with the experience of coping. This empirical research
section will use the themes to organize the literature, followed
11. by a brief section about maternal distress relating to other
disciplines, as well as the gap in the current literature.
Lifestyle as a contributor to maternal stress and well-being.
While both mothers and fathers may have worries about
maintaining family function when caring for a child with
muscular dystrophy, typically the mother herself is identified as
the primary caregiver (Brown et al., 2008). This is described as
“carrying the burden,” since the mothers are the individuals
following through with doctor appointments, monitoring the
child’s status, administering medications/treatments, all in
addition to feeding the rest of the family and cleaning the home
(Brown, et al. 2008). This places a large stressor on the mother,
who may be so concerned about everyone else’s well-being, that
she may not have time for her own. The literature has shown
that the lifestyle of having a child with muscular dystrophy can
severely impact maternal well-being (Barlow & Ellard, 2005).
Carroll, Gallagher, and Phillips (2010) conducted a descriptive
comparative study regarding the psychosocial predictors of
sleep quality in parents caring for a child with a chronic
disease. The researchers used convenience sampling to obtain
67 parents of children with developmental disabilities to
compare to 42 parents of typically-developing children. The
results of the study identified sleep quality as an important
aspect of well-being and strongly related it to overall quality of
life. There is reasonable consensus across the literature that
problematic and challenging behaviors are a main source of
stress for parents of children with a chronic disease (Carroll et
al., 2010). Having a child with muscular dystrophy may invoke
a state of stress in mothers. Unfortunately, stress has been
found to be the strongest predictor of poor sleep quality (β =.45,
t = 4.17, p <.001) and accounted for 30% of the variation in
sleep quality among mothers who care for a child with a chronic
disease. Knowing this, it is no surprise that parents of children
with chronic disease report poorer sleep quality than parents
who do not face this burden. In addition, the majority of these
parents met the “poor sleepers” criterion. While sleep is
12. something that most people take for granted, it is an important
part of well-being that can be altered in impeding circumstances
such as having a child with muscular dystrophy (Carroll et al.,
2010).
Another descriptive comparative research study conducted by
Nereo, Fee, and Hinton (2003), was aimed at examining parental
stress in mothers of boys with muscular dystrophy (MD). The
sample was done by consecutive and convenience sampling, and
consisted of 112 mothers of boys with MD, 800 mothers of
healthy children, 28 mothers of children with cerebral palsy,
and 46 siblings of boys with MD. The results demonstrated that
stress related to child behavior was higher in the MD group
(23.98) than the normative group (18.7). The mean MD parent-
child dysfunctional interaction score was also much great in the
MD group (M=23.98) than the normative sample (M=18.7).
Lastly, the mean MD difficult child score (M=30.64) was
greater than the normative sample (M=26). These results
demonstrate the presence of problem child behaviors
consistently predicting maternal stress, which relates to child
behavior and the difficulty of caring for a child with muscular
dystrophy. In addition, Nereo and colleagues (2003)
characterize muscular dystrophy as a complex chronic condition
since it involves specialized and time-consuming care. The
disease poses stressors in terms of daily care requirements.
Negotiating wheelchair transportation, meeting recommended
physical therapy requirements, and increasing physical demands
are just a few of the accommodations that mothers must make
time for in their daily schedules. These physical burdens can
place a strain on the caregiving mother and increase preexisting
stress (Nereo et al., 2003).
In addition to the physical aid that mothers provide, muscular
dystrophy can also affect mental health. The disease is both
chronic and terminal, therefore carrying the necessity for many
psychological adjustments to occur within the family at any
given time (Nereo et al., 2003). Furthermore, parental stress can
have a direct impact on the health of the child. Lynn et al.
13. describe the concept of uncertainty in relation to family and
dynamics. As parental uncertainty increased, child uncertainty
also increased (Lynn et al., 2010). As uncertainty in the child
increases, so do anxiety, depression, and psychological distress.
This is not healthy for the child, nor the mother and/or the rest
of the family that is involved.
Difficulty adjusting. Chronic diseases in children have an
impact not only on the child, but also on other members of the
family. Barlow and Ellard (2005) provided an overview of the
current literature regarding the psychosocial well-being of
children with chronic disease, their parents, and siblings. A
total of 391 articles were identified that were selected according
to strict inclusion criteria. Two researchers reviewed the
articles for reliability. The findings were consistent that
emotional distress (anxiety and depression) was greater among
parents of children diagnosed with chronic diseases. Mothers
may not have the financial ability to hire a caregiver, leaving
the stress solely on her. It then becomes an issue that the
mother does not have time to run errands, get the household
chores done, or even be able to work. Not only does this hinder
the mother, it also impedes on the already delicate health of the
child (Barlow & Ellard, 2005). Consistent with this research,
the article “Correlates of maternal and paternal adjustment to
chronic childhood disease” states that mothers reported
significantly more difficulties than fathers while attempting to
adjust to things like new lifestyle, caregiving requirements, and
changing prognosis (Crawford & Dewey, 2007). Specifically,
mothers were prone to higher levels of psychological distress if
they had poor family cohesion and less social support. This is
consistent with the rest of the literature, Barlow & Ellard
(2005) stating that mothers are less likely to be affected by the
stress of their child’s chronic disease if they have a social
output, and Brown et al. (2008) referring to demographic
variables such as resources and social groups and how they play
a role in the support of these parents.
Crawford and Dewey (2007) conducted a descriptive study in
14. order to determine if different factors were associated with
maternal and paternal adjustment to having children with life-
limiting chronic diseases. Convenience sampling was used in
order to obtain a sample of 11 mothers and 9 fathers of children
with muscular dystrophy. A control group of 19 mothers and 11
fathers of healthy children was also obtained for comparison.
The results demonstrated that mothers reported significantly
more adjustment difficulties than fathers (F[1,124]= 6.57, p<
.05), had a harder time adapting (F[1,124]= 4.80, p< .05), and
families with children with chronic diseases had lower scores in
family cohesion (F[2,124]= 4.84, p< .01). Through data
collection, Crawford and Dewey attribute adaptation struggles
to things like previous psychological functioning of family
members, socioeconomic status, concurrent psychosocial
stressors, and quality of relationships. These are all things that
have the potential to significantly alter a mother’s ability to
adjust. Another large factor that plays a role in maternal
adjustment is the prognosis of muscular dystrophy. It is a
progressive and fatal disease where the child can take a turn for
the worse at any given moment (Nereo et al., 2003). Because of
this, it is difficult for mothers to adjust to an ever-changing
state of health of their child (Lucio et al., 2013). Lucio et al.
also states the significance of this in the health care setting.
“The adaptation process of mothers is not instantaneous and it
can change from one period of control to a situation of lack of
control. Taking care of a sick child requires skills, knowledge
about the disease and the devices to be used. The mothers need
clear information from the health professionals and their doubts
need to be clarified, so that the care to these children is
performed safely and autonomously,” (Lucio et al., 2013, p. 87)
Anxiety directly relates to quality of life. In a qualitative,
descriptive research study, Lucio and colleagues (2013) aim to
understand the mother’s perspective on caring for their child
with muscular dystrophy. Convenience sampling was used to
select children with muscular dystrophy from a public hospital,
and the nurses then made contact with their mothers. The open-
15. ended interviews revealed important information about the
quality of life while caring for a child with muscular dystrophy.
Mothers considered caring for their child to be a difficult task,
since they deal with unknown devices that their child has
become dependent on. This leads to a chronic fear of losing
their child and fear of what happens when the electricity goes
out. All this fear causes anxiety, which the researchers found to
directly affect the quality of life of the mother as well as child.
Quality of life can be greatly negated while caring for a child
with muscular dystrophy. Mothers often leave their chores,
change their daily routine, and postpone their commitments in
order to stay with their child who is dependent on their care.
Not only are these children care-dependent, a lot of them also
rely on mechanical equipment to live. Much of the anxiety
experienced in these mothers roots from “being afraid with the
possibility of them not surviving, due to the malfunction of the
equipment,” (Lucio et al., 2013, p. 86). Besides the fear of
death, anxiety is highlighted as a factor that directly afflicts
with quality of life of both the children and mothers (Lucio et
al., 2013).
The struggles with coping. Webb (2005) completed a qualitative
grounded theory study that was completed with the purpose of
addressing the lack of available information for parents about
coping with muscular dystrophy (Webb, 2005). Twenty-three
parents (15 families) of children with MD were selected from
postings on the internet and from an annual Parent Project
Muscular Dystrophy Conference. Six major coping themes
emerged from the in-depth interviews: (1) MD is caused from a
mutation in the X chromosome, therefore mothers tend to blame
themselves; (2) Diagnosis is the first tough issue that parents
face; (3) Mothers feel fear, denial, anger, guilt, and confusion
about the diagnosis; (4) Mothers sought “treatment” to help
slow the progression; (5) The anxiety related to their child
chronically relying on equipment; (6) Worries about the child
finishing school. These are all issues that cause stress and
anxiety in mothers caring for their child with muscular
16. dystrophy. In one instance, the researcher found that families
“coped” by overprotection, lack of child discipline, and magical
thinking (Webb, 2005). On the contrary, there were some
positive findings. Four types of coping strategies emerged: (1)
Families focused on the present, living one day at a time; (2)
Families attempt to live as normal a life as possible; (3)
Families had a proactive attitude regarding care for the child in
order to reduce the risk of crises; (4) Families developed coping
resources based on personal strength (Webb, 2005). Although
there are not a lot of studies regarding coping skills in parents
of children with disabilities, what is available demonstrates the
need for progression. This demonstrates the necessity to
empower other families to learn coping strategies like these.
Parents want to proactively participate in their sons’ lives, and
they, as well as practitioners, need to encourage other parents to
do the same (Webb, 2005).
Maternal distress related to other disciplines. The effects of
having a child with a chronic disease definitely influence the
mind and behavior of the mothers doing the caregiving (Barlow
& Ellard, 2005). A number of studies have confirmed an
increased risk for psychological dysfunction in mothers who
have chronically ill children, one of which will be discussed in
detail, “Single parents of children with chronic illness: an
understudied phenomenon,” (Brown et al., 2008). Brown and
colleagues performed a narrative systematic review whose
purpose was to examine the literature revolving around chronic
illness and to evaluate the impact on single parenting and
children with chronic diseases. Twenty articles were used to
study single parenting. The researchers found that the anxiety
experienced by a mother during the treatment of her child was a
predictor for later posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS).
Parents of children with chronic diseases also demonstrated
increased rates of treatment for anxiety and had increased
maternal negative affect scores. These parents have few social
resources, thus increasing parental stress and other
psychological disorders. These results just barely skim the
17. surface of the complicated psychosocial issues experienced
when caring for a child with a chronic disease (Brown et al.,
2008).
Summary. The literature provided supports this study and
addresses the research question. The literature provides insight
on what the experiences of mothers are who care for their
children with muscular dystrophy. In conclusion of the
empirical literature section, it is safe to say that mothers caring
for their child with muscular dystrophy experience a great
amount of stress and anxiety (Barlow & Ellard, 2005; Brown et
al., 2008; Carroll et al., 2010; Lynn et al., 2010; Nereo et al.,
2003). This can affect maternal well-being, and also take a toll
on the child’s health (Carroll et al., 2010). Stress and anxiety
play a large role in the quality of life of mothers, which reflects
in the care they provide to their child (Lucio et al., 2013).
These things can all lead to difficulty adjusting and poor coping
skills in the mother. Stress, anxiety, maternal well- being,
adjustment, and coping all relate to the discipline of
psychology, which demonstrates the need to approach this
problem in a multi-disciplinary fashion. If practitioners,
psychologists, social workers, parents, etc. can spread their
knowledge about healthy coping and adaptation, other parents
could be empowered to live the same way, bettering their lives
as well as that of their child (Webb, 2005).
The range of psychological functioning in mothers is a very
wide spectrum. That being said, the emphasis should be placed
on identifying triggers that influence mothers’ psychological
responses to the stressors of a child’s chronic disease. Mothers
in this situation should make time for themselves, even if that
means having a family member take over the caregiving role for
a few hours. In an article based upon stress reduction in mothers
of children with autism, researchers from Vanderbilt University
speak on the subject. Studies have shown clear benefits of
mother-led stress-reduction classes for women in the same,
unique situation. Researchers created two programs: one
focusing on mindfulness and training, the other emphasizing
18. dealing with guilt by developing character strengths and
positive, healthy mental exercises. “Evaluations conducted
during and after the study showed that the mothers benefited
from either program. They had lower levels of stress, anxiety
and depression, along with improved sleep and life satisfaction.
They also had fewer ‘dysfunctional,’ or unhelpful and negative,
interactions with their children,” (Autism Speaks, 2014). It is
essential that mothers partake in such activities in order to
maintain a healthy lifestyle and relationship with their family
and children.
Gaps in Literature. Muscular Dystrophy is a very time-
consuming disease for the child and the mother. The
experiences, adjustment skills, and coping capabilities should
be shared for other mothers to feel empowered. “Studies based
on coping skills of parents whose children have disabilities,
although scant, add valuable information to the research
literature,” (Webb, 2005, p. 386). If there were more research
on this topic, mothers who are currently struggling could
perhaps be inspired to better their situation.
One recommendation for further research should include
adaptations by the child and family to the diagnosis of a chronic
disease across the lifespan. Most of the articles focused on the
effects and adaptations of the family in the immediate stage of
diagnosis and soon after. If we knew more about the adaptations
made over a long period of time, it would enable caregivers to
plan for developmentally appropriate support as the patient
changes over time (Mussatto, 2006). In addition, there should
be tools to identify families that are at risk for poor
adaptation/resilience. If families do not have access to
necessary resources, they could struggle and be at risk for being
in an even worse situation (Brown et al., 2008).
Brown et al. (2008) included an entire table (Table II) dedicated
to the gaps in research and questions to be addressed. The
biggest gap in research seems to be during the adaptation phase.
At what point in the child’s life does being a single parent
matter post? How does adaptation for the single parent change
19. over time? Are there protective factors enhancing single
parenting? Negative factors? And culture. The articles seemed
to have sampled a homogenous population. Would the results be
different if other cultures were sampled? (Brown et al., 2008)
As one can tell, there are still many questions to be asked and
research to be completed. Mothers who have children with
muscular dystrophy are a very fragile population. Understanding
the lived experiences of these women can help practitioners and
other women in the same situation reach out to offer help and to
empower mothers to do the same.