This document discusses the socio-political, ethical, and legal challenges of implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious diseases. A One Health approach calls for cross-sector collaboration between human, animal, and environmental health to effectively control and prevent diseases at the human-animal interface. However, emerging infectious disease events involve complex social and economic factors beyond just pathogens. Effective policies require understanding these dynamics and being aligned with public values. Key challenges include developing social science research on disease impacts and responses, creating analytical frameworks to promote collaboration and knowledge sharing, engaging the public, integrating ethics into decision-making, and focusing on meaningful reform rather than rhetoric. Overcoming these challenges will be necessary for One Health to achieve its goals of emerging infectious disease control
ADAPTIVE LEARNING EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITISijaia
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted
diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the
uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis
B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured
interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and
represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer
the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing
the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with
dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived
knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer.
Adaptive Learning Expert System for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Hepatitisgerogepatton
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer
Prairie Dev Con is a software development and technology conference that started in Regina, SK in 2010.
We're thrilled to have Wilbour Craddock as our keynote speaker for Prairie Dev Con Regina! Wilbour Craddock currently serves as VP, Information Technology for eHealth Saskatchewan, overseeing a diverse team of technical resources with responsibility for the delivery of the secure and highly available electronic health records to patients and providers across Saskatchewan. He provides leadership in establishing architecture standards for the Ministry of Health and health sector stakeholders which support provincial health sector priorities. Wilbour joined eHealth from Microsoft where he spent 5 years first as an Architect Evangelist based in Dublin, Ireland and then as a Principal Technology Strategist for Public Sector in Western Canada with a focus on health care in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. A self-described technology enthusiast (code word geek), he has a collection of classic video games including classic Atari 2600, Intellivsion and ColecoVision consoles to go with an assortment of the new cutting edge technology.
Course Syllabus (Digital Rosh): The Future of Digital Medicine- Biology, Gene...Levi Shapiro
Syllabus for the Future of Digital Medicine course, 2023- Biology, Genetics, Technology and BioInformatics. Includes lectures from Noam Shomron, Michal Rosen-Zvi, Eyal Zimlichman, Gila Tolub, Dana Bar-On, Yesha Sivan, Vladi Dvoryis, Varda Shalev, Avi Schroeder, Christian Tidano, Eyal Toledano.
DR. STEVEN GORIAH,
Vice President of Information Technology & CISO
Westchester Medical Center Health Network
The U.S Healthcare system is seeing a
staggering amount of security breaches each
year. In this session, you’ll learn about the role
of a cybersecurity framework, best practices in
choosing a framework, and which framework
best fits your organization and why. Dr. Goriah
will also speak on implementation, roles and
responsibilities and why it's essential to create
a culture of privacy and security
ADAPTIVE LEARNING EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITISijaia
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted
diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the
uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis
B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured
interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and
represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer
the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing
the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with
dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived
knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer.
Adaptive Learning Expert System for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Hepatitisgerogepatton
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer
Prairie Dev Con is a software development and technology conference that started in Regina, SK in 2010.
We're thrilled to have Wilbour Craddock as our keynote speaker for Prairie Dev Con Regina! Wilbour Craddock currently serves as VP, Information Technology for eHealth Saskatchewan, overseeing a diverse team of technical resources with responsibility for the delivery of the secure and highly available electronic health records to patients and providers across Saskatchewan. He provides leadership in establishing architecture standards for the Ministry of Health and health sector stakeholders which support provincial health sector priorities. Wilbour joined eHealth from Microsoft where he spent 5 years first as an Architect Evangelist based in Dublin, Ireland and then as a Principal Technology Strategist for Public Sector in Western Canada with a focus on health care in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. A self-described technology enthusiast (code word geek), he has a collection of classic video games including classic Atari 2600, Intellivsion and ColecoVision consoles to go with an assortment of the new cutting edge technology.
Course Syllabus (Digital Rosh): The Future of Digital Medicine- Biology, Gene...Levi Shapiro
Syllabus for the Future of Digital Medicine course, 2023- Biology, Genetics, Technology and BioInformatics. Includes lectures from Noam Shomron, Michal Rosen-Zvi, Eyal Zimlichman, Gila Tolub, Dana Bar-On, Yesha Sivan, Vladi Dvoryis, Varda Shalev, Avi Schroeder, Christian Tidano, Eyal Toledano.
DR. STEVEN GORIAH,
Vice President of Information Technology & CISO
Westchester Medical Center Health Network
The U.S Healthcare system is seeing a
staggering amount of security breaches each
year. In this session, you’ll learn about the role
of a cybersecurity framework, best practices in
choosing a framework, and which framework
best fits your organization and why. Dr. Goriah
will also speak on implementation, roles and
responsibilities and why it's essential to create
a culture of privacy and security
An Opportunity for delegates to know how much they really know / need to know . The first person who answers a question correctly will get a prize. 30 Minutes of action
packed intellectual treat to find out the smartest !
Can Blockchain Be Used To Save The World From Future Epidemic.pdfTechugo
The chaos that the world is suffering from right now has swept the world into a state of complete lockdown. The fog of coronavirus has completely blinded the world. The uncontrolled and unexpected growth of the nasty coronavirus has made the world see the gaps in the medical facilities and a lot of other major departments.
Project DescriptionApply decision-making frameworks to IT-rela.docxbriancrawford30935
Project Description
Apply decision-making frameworks to IT-related ethical issues
There are several ethical theories described in Module 1: Ethical Theories. Module 2: Methods of Ethical Decision Making, describes frameworks for ethical analysis. For this paper, use the Reynolds Seven-Step approach to address the following:
· Describe a current IT-related ethical issue; and define a problem statement
· Analyze your problem using a decision-making framework chosen from Module 2.
· Discuss the applicable ethical theory from Module 1 that supports your decision.
· Prepare a minimum 3- 5 page, double-spaced paper.
· Use APA style and format. Provide appropriate American Psychological Association (APA) reference citations for all sources. In addition to critical thinking and analysis skills, your paper should reflect appropriate grammar and spelling, good organization, and proper business-writing style.
Each of Reynolds seven steps must be a major heading in your paper.
Here are some suggested issues-
1. Workplace Issue.
2. Privacy on the Web. What is happening now in terms of privacy on the Web? Think about recent abuses and improvements. Describe and evaluate Web site policies, technical and privacy policy protections, and current proposals for government regulations.
3. Personal Data Privacy Regulations in Other Countries. Report on personal data privacy regulations, Web site privacy policies, and governmental/law enforcement about access to personal data in one or more countries; e.g., the European Union. This is especially relevant as our global economic community expands and we are more dependent on non-US clients for e-Business over the Internet. (Note: new proposed regulations are under review in Europe.)
4. Spam. Describe new technical solutions and the current state of regulation. Consider the relevance of freedom of speech. Discuss the roles of technical and legislative solutions.
5. Computer-Based Crimes. Discuss the most prevalent types of computer crimes, such as Phishing. Analyze why and how these can occur. Describe protective measures that might assist in preventing or mitigating these types of crimes.
6. Government surveillance of the Internet. The 9/11 attacks on the US in 2001 brought many new laws and permits more government surveillance of the Internet. Is this a good idea? Many issues are cropping up daily in our current periodicals!
7. The Digital Divide. Does it exist; what does it look like; and, what are the ethical considerations and impact?
8. Privacy in the Workplace: Monitoring Employee Web and E-Mail Use. What are current opinions concerning monitoring employee computer use. What policies are employers using? Should this be authorized or not? Policies are changing even now!
9. Medical Privacy. Who owns your medical history? What is the state of current legislation to protect your health information? Is it sufficient? There are new incentives with federal stimulus financing for health care organizations to de.
Chapter 11 Health Informatics EthicsKen Masters PhD.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 11: Health Informatics Ethics
Ken Masters PhD
Learning Objectives
After reviewing the presentation, viewers should be able to:
Describe the 20th century medical and computing background to health informatics ethics
Identify the main sections of the IMIA Code of Ethics for Health Information Professionals
Describe the complexities in the relationship between ethics, law, culture and society
Describe different views of ethics in different countries
Summarize the most pertinent principles in health informatics ethics
Discuss the application of health informatics ethics to research into pertinent areas of health informatics
Discuss appropriate health informatics behavior by medical students
Introduction
The Nuremberg Code
Related to the Holocaust (death of 11 million people by the Nazis)
Medical crimes against humanity were committed
Code established voluntary consent and right to withdraw from experiment and right to qualified medical experimenter
World Medical Associations (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki
Added the right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects to the Nuremberg Code
Informatics Ethics
International Medical Informatics Association’s (IMIA) Code of Ethics. Very expansive. Duties include:
Patient-centered
Healthcare professionals centered
Institution centered
Society centered
Self centered
Profession centered
International Considerations:
Ethics, Laws and Culture
Influenced by a country’s laws and culture
The relationship between ethics, law, culture and society is unclear, is not fixed internationally, and may be fluid even within a given country over time
Three Different Views of Ethics
Ethics does not exist outside the law, and exists only for the good of a properly ordered and legal society
Ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and the prevailing culture, and are extensions of these
Ethics exists entirely outside of the law, and is a matter of personal conscience. Where there is conflict the ethical viewpoint must prevail
Pertinent Ethical Principles
Right to privacy
Guard against excessive personal data collection
Security of data
Integrity of data ; must be kept current and accurate
Informed consent for patients
Awareness of existing laws
Medical ethics applies to health informatics ethics
Sharing data only when appropriate
Clinicians have broad responsibilities towards entire community
Clinicians must practice beneficence
This responsibility can not be transferred
Difficulties Applying Medical Ethics
in the Digital World
How to obtain informed consent for the use of patient data in large databases?
Obtain broad informed consent
One should guard against corporate ownership of databases
Research on electronic postings: privacy and disclosure depends on which model is adopted
Human subject model-extension of the medical view
Textual object model -only rules of plagiarism and copyright ...
UN-Singapore Cyber Programme Training course on behalf of the: UN Office for Disarmament Affairs c/o gohg@un.org By: Abdul-Hakeem Ajijola info@consultancyss.com Singapore 15-16 July 2019 #UN #Singapore #Cyber Program #Norms Awareness Workshop for #ASEAN member States #UNODA #UNGGE 2015 #cybersecurity #AskAjijola #GCSC #GFCE @benjaminang @fitbintim @elinanoor #cyberdiplomacy
How to address privacy, ethical and regulatory issues: Examples in cognitive ...SharpBrains
How to address privacy, ethical and regulatory issues: Examples in cognitive enhancement, depression and ADHD
Dr. Karen Rommelfanger, Director of the Neuroethics Program at Emory University
Dr. Anna Wexler, Assistant Professor at the Perelman School of Medicine at UPenn
Jacqueline Studer, Senior VP and General Counsel of Akili Interactive Labs
Chaired by: Keith Epstein, Healthcare Practice Leader at Blue Heron
Slidedeck supporting presentation and discussion during the 2019 SharpBrains Virtual Summit: The Future of Brain Health (March 7-9th). Learn more at:
https://sharpbrains.com/summit-2019/
Healthcare issues are among the thorniest problems plaguing the world today. Constant technological medical marvels amount to ever-increasing costs. Debate abounds around who should be afforded healthcare and what limitations should apply to whom. Those with the means can’t always access quality care. The current reality is patients are paying too much, waiting too long, and foregoing the basic human right of a healthy quality of life.
Healthsapiens’ vision is the democratization of healthcare: creating freedom for patients to choose despite boundaries, and staying true to health and wellness principles for all. We are here to stay true to the ideals of healthcare through global collaboration and the progression of humankind, one patient at a time.
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.2.I.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.
2.Info on the investigation of the crime
3. Info on the crime scene
4. Evidence on the crime
5.Interviews of the Mendez brothers
Make sure to reference information
Also provide pictures
Not a essay not title page needed just the info, references and photos
.
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of th.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of the listed content areas, and draws on evidence from the given Web site.
2. Discusses specific changes that can be made in the workplace are discussed, while giving clear and relevant examples for why changes are necessary. Evaluates how personal skill set can be used to effect change in workplace.
3. Provides a thoughtful reflection on areas for growth. Pinpoints at least one specific goal for leadership growth, and outlines a well-organized and realistic implementation plan to meet the goal.
4. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
5. There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
6. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
7. All format elements are correct.
8. In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
.
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An Opportunity for delegates to know how much they really know / need to know . The first person who answers a question correctly will get a prize. 30 Minutes of action
packed intellectual treat to find out the smartest !
Can Blockchain Be Used To Save The World From Future Epidemic.pdfTechugo
The chaos that the world is suffering from right now has swept the world into a state of complete lockdown. The fog of coronavirus has completely blinded the world. The uncontrolled and unexpected growth of the nasty coronavirus has made the world see the gaps in the medical facilities and a lot of other major departments.
Project DescriptionApply decision-making frameworks to IT-rela.docxbriancrawford30935
Project Description
Apply decision-making frameworks to IT-related ethical issues
There are several ethical theories described in Module 1: Ethical Theories. Module 2: Methods of Ethical Decision Making, describes frameworks for ethical analysis. For this paper, use the Reynolds Seven-Step approach to address the following:
· Describe a current IT-related ethical issue; and define a problem statement
· Analyze your problem using a decision-making framework chosen from Module 2.
· Discuss the applicable ethical theory from Module 1 that supports your decision.
· Prepare a minimum 3- 5 page, double-spaced paper.
· Use APA style and format. Provide appropriate American Psychological Association (APA) reference citations for all sources. In addition to critical thinking and analysis skills, your paper should reflect appropriate grammar and spelling, good organization, and proper business-writing style.
Each of Reynolds seven steps must be a major heading in your paper.
Here are some suggested issues-
1. Workplace Issue.
2. Privacy on the Web. What is happening now in terms of privacy on the Web? Think about recent abuses and improvements. Describe and evaluate Web site policies, technical and privacy policy protections, and current proposals for government regulations.
3. Personal Data Privacy Regulations in Other Countries. Report on personal data privacy regulations, Web site privacy policies, and governmental/law enforcement about access to personal data in one or more countries; e.g., the European Union. This is especially relevant as our global economic community expands and we are more dependent on non-US clients for e-Business over the Internet. (Note: new proposed regulations are under review in Europe.)
4. Spam. Describe new technical solutions and the current state of regulation. Consider the relevance of freedom of speech. Discuss the roles of technical and legislative solutions.
5. Computer-Based Crimes. Discuss the most prevalent types of computer crimes, such as Phishing. Analyze why and how these can occur. Describe protective measures that might assist in preventing or mitigating these types of crimes.
6. Government surveillance of the Internet. The 9/11 attacks on the US in 2001 brought many new laws and permits more government surveillance of the Internet. Is this a good idea? Many issues are cropping up daily in our current periodicals!
7. The Digital Divide. Does it exist; what does it look like; and, what are the ethical considerations and impact?
8. Privacy in the Workplace: Monitoring Employee Web and E-Mail Use. What are current opinions concerning monitoring employee computer use. What policies are employers using? Should this be authorized or not? Policies are changing even now!
9. Medical Privacy. Who owns your medical history? What is the state of current legislation to protect your health information? Is it sufficient? There are new incentives with federal stimulus financing for health care organizations to de.
Chapter 11 Health Informatics EthicsKen Masters PhD.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 11: Health Informatics Ethics
Ken Masters PhD
Learning Objectives
After reviewing the presentation, viewers should be able to:
Describe the 20th century medical and computing background to health informatics ethics
Identify the main sections of the IMIA Code of Ethics for Health Information Professionals
Describe the complexities in the relationship between ethics, law, culture and society
Describe different views of ethics in different countries
Summarize the most pertinent principles in health informatics ethics
Discuss the application of health informatics ethics to research into pertinent areas of health informatics
Discuss appropriate health informatics behavior by medical students
Introduction
The Nuremberg Code
Related to the Holocaust (death of 11 million people by the Nazis)
Medical crimes against humanity were committed
Code established voluntary consent and right to withdraw from experiment and right to qualified medical experimenter
World Medical Associations (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki
Added the right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects to the Nuremberg Code
Informatics Ethics
International Medical Informatics Association’s (IMIA) Code of Ethics. Very expansive. Duties include:
Patient-centered
Healthcare professionals centered
Institution centered
Society centered
Self centered
Profession centered
International Considerations:
Ethics, Laws and Culture
Influenced by a country’s laws and culture
The relationship between ethics, law, culture and society is unclear, is not fixed internationally, and may be fluid even within a given country over time
Three Different Views of Ethics
Ethics does not exist outside the law, and exists only for the good of a properly ordered and legal society
Ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and the prevailing culture, and are extensions of these
Ethics exists entirely outside of the law, and is a matter of personal conscience. Where there is conflict the ethical viewpoint must prevail
Pertinent Ethical Principles
Right to privacy
Guard against excessive personal data collection
Security of data
Integrity of data ; must be kept current and accurate
Informed consent for patients
Awareness of existing laws
Medical ethics applies to health informatics ethics
Sharing data only when appropriate
Clinicians have broad responsibilities towards entire community
Clinicians must practice beneficence
This responsibility can not be transferred
Difficulties Applying Medical Ethics
in the Digital World
How to obtain informed consent for the use of patient data in large databases?
Obtain broad informed consent
One should guard against corporate ownership of databases
Research on electronic postings: privacy and disclosure depends on which model is adopted
Human subject model-extension of the medical view
Textual object model -only rules of plagiarism and copyright ...
UN-Singapore Cyber Programme Training course on behalf of the: UN Office for Disarmament Affairs c/o gohg@un.org By: Abdul-Hakeem Ajijola info@consultancyss.com Singapore 15-16 July 2019 #UN #Singapore #Cyber Program #Norms Awareness Workshop for #ASEAN member States #UNODA #UNGGE 2015 #cybersecurity #AskAjijola #GCSC #GFCE @benjaminang @fitbintim @elinanoor #cyberdiplomacy
How to address privacy, ethical and regulatory issues: Examples in cognitive ...SharpBrains
How to address privacy, ethical and regulatory issues: Examples in cognitive enhancement, depression and ADHD
Dr. Karen Rommelfanger, Director of the Neuroethics Program at Emory University
Dr. Anna Wexler, Assistant Professor at the Perelman School of Medicine at UPenn
Jacqueline Studer, Senior VP and General Counsel of Akili Interactive Labs
Chaired by: Keith Epstein, Healthcare Practice Leader at Blue Heron
Slidedeck supporting presentation and discussion during the 2019 SharpBrains Virtual Summit: The Future of Brain Health (March 7-9th). Learn more at:
https://sharpbrains.com/summit-2019/
Healthcare issues are among the thorniest problems plaguing the world today. Constant technological medical marvels amount to ever-increasing costs. Debate abounds around who should be afforded healthcare and what limitations should apply to whom. Those with the means can’t always access quality care. The current reality is patients are paying too much, waiting too long, and foregoing the basic human right of a healthy quality of life.
Healthsapiens’ vision is the democratization of healthcare: creating freedom for patients to choose despite boundaries, and staying true to health and wellness principles for all. We are here to stay true to the ideals of healthcare through global collaboration and the progression of humankind, one patient at a time.
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.2.I.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.
2.Info on the investigation of the crime
3. Info on the crime scene
4. Evidence on the crime
5.Interviews of the Mendez brothers
Make sure to reference information
Also provide pictures
Not a essay not title page needed just the info, references and photos
.
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of th.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of the listed content areas, and draws on evidence from the given Web site.
2. Discusses specific changes that can be made in the workplace are discussed, while giving clear and relevant examples for why changes are necessary. Evaluates how personal skill set can be used to effect change in workplace.
3. Provides a thoughtful reflection on areas for growth. Pinpoints at least one specific goal for leadership growth, and outlines a well-organized and realistic implementation plan to meet the goal.
4. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
5. There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
6. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
7. All format elements are correct.
8. In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
.
1. List eight basic initiatives that companies can use to gain c.docxambersalomon88660
1. List eight basic initiatives that companies can use to gain competitive advantage.
2. What factors make one computer more powerful than another?
3. What are the advantages of open source software over proprietary software?
4. _______ means data about data.
.
1. Koffman Corporation is trying to raise capital. What method wou.docxambersalomon88660
1. Koffman Corporation is trying to raise capital. What method would be the least risky to raise capital if it has a less-than-favorable credit rating?
· Bond issuance, since additional debt can provide the company with more leverage.
· Bond issuance, since nobody wants to buy shares of a company with a less-than-perfect credit rating.
· Stock issuance, since stocks are more valuable as finance instruments.
· Stock issuance, since a credit rating won’t negatively affect Koffman’s ability to sell stock.
2. Bookmark question for later
Hal and Miranda have a general partnership business for landscaping projects. Hal makes a contract with a customer for a project one day while Miranda is absent and leaves on vacation the next day. Miranda does not feel she has the time to perform the contract for the customer. Which of the following is true?
· Indeterminable without more information.
· Miranda is obligated to perform the contract.
· Miranda may relinquish her obligation to perform the contract since Hal signed it without her knowledge.
· Only Hal is obligated to perform the contract.
3. Bookmark question for later
Kara wants to build a business. She has plenty of capital and potential investors and partners. She wants to avoid the burden of sole liability for her business and wants to be able to close the business when she is no longer interested in it. Which of the following would lead Kara to choose a sole proprietorship organization for her business?
· Avoidance of sole liability
· Ability to close the business easily
· Plenty of capital
· Many potential investors/partners
4. Bookmark question for later
Lily wants to build a business. She has very little capital. She does, however, have a partner with which she could run a business. Lily wants to be able to avoid being held personally liable for any problems the business has. Which of the following would lead Lily to choose a sole proprietorship organization for her business?
· None of the above
· Avoidance of personal liability
· Little capital
· Possession of a partner
5. Bookmark question for later
Abigail is a manager at her company. The company just launched an initiative to improve its corporate citizenship practices. Abilgail is responsible for all but which of the following areas?
· Vigilance of the board of directors
· Disclosure and transparency
· Integrity and ethical behavior
· Safeguarding shareholders' interests
6. Bookmark question for later
Match each event with the order in which it occurs in the formation of a corporation.
First
Fourth
Third
Second
Drag and drop the choices from below.
Incorporators select a name for the corporation
Novations are executed
Business selects a state of incorporation
Articles of incorporation are filed
Reset Answers
7. Bookmark question for later
Mario and Johnny want to start a business. They have very little capital. They are new partners and largely unfamiliar with each other’s management practices. They are happy, however, to .
1. List all the entities that interact with the TIMS system. Start b.docxambersalomon88660
1. List all the entities that interact with the TIMS system. Start by reviewing the data library,
previous e-mail messages, DFDs, and other documentation.
2. Draw an ERD that shows cardinality relationships among the entities. Send the diagram
to Jesse.
3. For each entity, Jesse wants to see table designs in 3NF. Use standard notation format to
show the primary key and the other fields in each table.
4. Jesse wants to use sample data to populate fields for at least three records in each table.
Better get started on this right away.
.
1. Journal Entry The attached (BUROS Center for Testing).docxambersalomon88660
1. Journal Entry:
The attached (BUROS Center for Testing) website link presents and explained the
seven assessment competencies needed by teachers in detail:
http://buros.org/standards-teacher-competence-educational-assessment-
students (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. .
Read the information provided on this site and in your Journal self-reflect on the
following question: What is my current level of understanding and skill in these
competencies? In your self-reflection be sure to address EACH of the seven
competencies.
NOTE: It is a self-reflection, so you can NOT use any sources other than the
attached website.
DUE: in 24 hours
How nondirective therapy directs: The power of empathy in the context
of unconditional positive regard
Marvin Frankela*, Howard Rachlinb and Marika Yip-Bannicqc
aSarah Lawrence College, New York, USA; bStony Brook University, New York, USA; cNew
York University, New York, USA
(Received 26 November 2011; final version received 16 May 2012)
This paper explains how acceptance and empathy are vehicles for psychothe-
rapeutic change by showing how these factors function in nondirective client-
centered therapy. The paper argues that because the nondirective client-centered
therapist’s unconditional positive regard may conflict with the client’s conditional
self-regard, the therapy cultivates a novel restructuring of the client’s narrative.
By revealing how positive therapeutic change can result from the interplay of
unconditional positive regard and empathy, the article explains the effectiveness
of classical client-centered therapy in particular and accounts at least in part for
the effectiveness of other therapies that stress the healing properties of the
psychotherapeutic relationship.
Keywords: empathy; unconditional positive regard; Gestalt figure/ground
relationships
Wie nicht-direktive Therapie dirigiert
Dieser Artikel erklärt, wie Akzeptanz und Empathie das Agens therapeutischer
Veränderung sind, indem er zeigt, wie diese Faktoren in der nicht-direktiven
klient-zentrierten Therapie funktionieren. Gerade weil das bedingungslose
positive Beachten des nicht-direktiven klientzentrierten Therapeuten im Konflikt
liegen kann mit der Sicht des Klienten auf sich selbst, die voller Bedingungen
steckt, gerade deshalb kultiviert die Therapie eine neuartige Restrukturierung des
Klienten-Narrativs. Positive therapeutische Veränderung resultiert aus dem
Zusammenspiel zwischen bedingungsloser positiver Beachtung und Empathie.
Die Effektivität der klassischen Klientzentrierten Therapie ist zumindest teilweise
die Ursache, wenn es um die Wirksamkeit anderer Therapien geht, die die
heilende Dimension der psychotherapeutischen Beziehung betonen.
Cómo dirige la terapia no directiva
Este escrito explica cómo la aceptación y la empatı́a son vehı́culos de cambio
psicoterapéutico, mostrando cómo funcionan estos factores en la terapia no
directiva centrada en el cliente. El.
1. Introduction and thesisThrough extensive research I hope to f.docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction and thesis
Through extensive research I hope to find the answer a specific question. How does culture affect the household? In this paper I will research various parenting styles, and how culture affects the parenting style and personalities. Through my research I am hoping to attain and comprehend how culture affects not only the household, but also how we view society.
2. Main Body
Various parenting Styles.
Parenting norms
Parenting Priorities
How does culture affect parenting?
Classifications of parenting styles
Cultural Influences on Parenting Styles
How does culture affect our personalities?
What makes us different
How we view certain topics
3. Closing
4. References
.
1. Is it important the hospital to have a licensure to ensure that.docxambersalomon88660
1. Is it important the hospital to have a licensure to ensure that the licensees the minimal degree of competency necessary to ensure that public health,. safety, and the welfare are protected. Typically, they are granted at the state level, if the individual works in multiple jurisdictions, then they must licensed in each jurisdiction. Which the government authorize for grants permission to an individual practitioner or health care organizations to operate or to engage in an occupation or profession. Lincensure regulations are generally established to ensure that an organization or individuals is usually granted after some form of examination or proof of education and may be renewed periodically through payment of a fee and or proof of continuing education or professional competence. Organizational licensure is granted following an on site inspection to determine if minimum health and safety standards have been met. Maintenance of licensure is an on going requirement for the health care organization to operate and care for patients. Requirements needed to deliver when comes to health care to maintaining the licensure. Maintain the quality as new technology, financial resources, improve quality such to reduce waiting time, and implementing process to reduce the rate post operative infections.Ensure public safety the hospital is responsible the patients will not be harmed, responsibility to comply with laws and regulations related to public safety, and reduce staff injury within the organizations. When a hospital don't have a licensure some of them when dont follow rules such malpractice insurers, when don't comply with Joint Commission could seem poor management.
2. The general public does not have adequate information to judge provider qualifications or competence; thus, professional licensure laws are enacted to assure the public that practitioners have met the qualifications and minimum competencies required for practice. Licensure by a governmental agency signifies that the individual has met the minimal degree of competency and proficiency needed to ensure the safety and well-being of the consumer, clients or population being served. Licensure is necessary when the regulated activities are complex and require specialized knowledge and skill and independent decision making. The licensure process determines if the applicant has the necessary skills to safely perform a specified scope of practice by predetermining the criteria needed and evaluating licensure applicants to determine if they meet the criteria. Typically, licensure requirements include some combination of education, training and examination to demonstrate competency. Licensure requirements also involve continuing education, training, and, for some, periodic re-examination. If a hospital did not have this licensure there would be chaos. Readmission rates would be high, there would be no set standards of practice, no protocols or rules to follow and there would be confusion wit.
1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, energy harvesting fro.docxambersalomon88660
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, energy harvesting from ambient vibration [I and human motion [2] has received both considerable industrial and academic interest due to advances in micro-electronic technology leading to an increased computation efficiency and reduced power consumption of wireless sensors and portable electronic devices. In addition to environmental benefits associated with limiting the disposal of traditional batteries, energy harvesting technologies [3] provide a great promising of autonomous and self-powered electronic devices for safety monitoring, structure-embedded diagnosis and medical implants. The narrowband issues of linear resonant piezoelectric energy harvesters have motivated several research groups to develop the nonlinear monostable [4], bistable [5] and tristable [6] approaches to enhance frequency bandwidth and output power. The theoretical analysis and experimental verification of those nonlinear energy harvesters have been extensively investigated under harmonic and stochastic excitations [7-9]. For the realistic excitation, Green [2] numerically analyzed the efficiency of nonlinear energy harvesting from human motion and Cao [10] applied the time-varying potential bistable energy harvester to human motion to demonstrate its better performance than the linear one. However, tristable energy harvesting performance has not yet been evaluated under realistic excitations induced by human motions. Therefore, the paper employs tristable magnetic coupled piezoelectric cantilever to harvest energy from human walking and running. Based on the characteristics of human motion, theoretical model of nonlinear tristable energy harvester with time-varying potential energy function is established. And experiment results show that the tristable energy harvester exhibits better performance than the linear one when applied to harvesting energy from human walking and running.
2. ELEC TROMECHANICAL MODEL
The magnetic coupled piezoelectric energy harvester with external magnets is illustrated in Fig.1 (a). The configuration consists of a stainless steel substrate, two symmetric PZT-51 piezoelectric layers at the root, tip magnet attachments and two external magnets.
Tristable energy harvester can be obtained by adjusting the parameters h, d and a.When harvester is applied to harvesting energy from human motion , the lower limb swing motion will drive the cantilever to swing a certain angle (shown in Fig.1 (b) which results in a time-varying potential energy function due of the beam. On these conditions, the electromechanical model of the nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvesters with time-varying potential energy function can be given by the following equation:
Where m is the equivalent mass and c is the equivalent damping. 0 is the equivalent electromechanical coupling coefficient, Cp is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoelectric materials, R is the load resistance, v(t) is the voltage across the electrical load, x.
1. INTRODUCTIONThe rapid of economic growth in China, is a fou.docxambersalomon88660
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid of economic growth in China, is a foundation of urban expansion, associated with the rise in migrants in urban areas. According to data from Statistics Bureau in China, the urban proportion of the total populations reached 45.7% in 2008 compared to 17.9% in 1978, and is expected to reach 50% by 2020. The presence of a large number of rural labor force in the city, tend to look for adequate and affordable housing, which generate a peculiar outcome in most Chinese cities, urban villages. Urban villages, or Chengzhongcun in Chinese, they mean that the villages in the middle of the city, interact as urban expansion surrounded them (Chung, 2009).
According to land management law in China, the ownership of urban land is state, and the ownership of rural land is collective-owned the village. Besides, land belonging to the rural collectives can only used to solely agricultural and not allowed to sell in the land market. The earliest urban village emerged in China is due to the 1978 Economic Reforms. In order to fulfill the investment and development, the government tends to expropriated farmland in rural villages for urban use because of the limit of capital and time-consuming. Therefore, the settlement villages are been survived while their surrounding environment dramatically development, graduate leading to the formation of urban villages (Hao, et al, 2011).
On the other hand, rural migrants have been flooding into cities because of the demand of cheap labour force in urban areas and the states started to relax restrictions on rural-urban migration after Reforms, which generate great pressure on demand of housing. Generally, China's rental market can be segmented into three kinds: government provided credit houses; commercial residential building in the three level market; and renting houses in “villages” (Hang and Iseman, 2009). However, the social housing for low-income households provided by government are excluded them because of the “Hukou” system, which is the household registration system to different urban and rural population. During the city transformation in China, the government ignored the two weakest groups: villagers who do not have lands and workers from village. It is undeniable that urban villages provide a positive environment for slowing down the unemployment problems of the villagers and the housing problems of the latter (Hao, 2012).
Meanwhile, due to the weak government jurisdiction in urban villages, landlords find out this is a new way to substantially maximize income by providing low-rent accommodation to rural migrants. In the process of farmland requisition, the state does not provide the landlords any employment opportunities after they losing their basis of livelihood, which causes them to have no competitive power in the labour market in the city. The huge profits from house renting business enable them to gain considerable revenue and make a new livelihood. In addiction, some of urban vi.
1. Introduction to the Topica. What is outsourcingi. Ty.docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction to the Topic
a. What is outsourcing?
i. Types of outsourcing.
ii. Will companies ever stop outsourcing?
b. Economic impacts of outsourcing.
i. Myths about outsourcing and job impact.
ii. What are the risks of outsourcing?
2. Background/Literature Review on Topic
a. Why do companies outsource
The economic argument for outsourcing
.
1. Introduction 1. Technology and communication 1. Technology .docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction
1. Technology and communication
1. Technology is changing everything that people used to do in the past
1. Communication can be done to people who are at far distance and technology has changed the lifestyle of the people (Drago, 2015).
1. People are rarely using face to face communication as most of them prefer using social networking sites.
1. Face to face communication enable one to express emotions either through facial expression or tone of the voice.
1. Thesis statement: To discuss reasons as to why face to face communication is better as compared to virtual communication.
1. Body section
1. Benefits of face to face communication
1. When people communicate face to face, it creates a motivation as there is exchange of the words as people are together.
1. It also enables one to see sense on what the other person is thinking about (Carlson, 2017).
1. Face to face communication is crucial in strengthening the bond whether for partnership, friendship and relationship in the workplace.
1. Face to face communication enable an individual to express emotions through either tone of the voice or using facial expression.
1. Disadvantages of virtual communication
1. Technical problems because virtual communication depends on the internet, software and machine and sometimes they have malfunction.
1. Some of the Apps which are used in virtual communication need skills for them to be operated.
1. Virtual communication cannot effectively solve problems which can be addressed by face to face communication (Marlow, Lacerenza & Salas, 2017).
1. Conclusion
1. Face to face communication enables people to express their emotions and motivates people.
1. It also strengthens bond between relationship and partnership.
1. Virtual communication depend on the use of garget and sometimes they fail.
.
1. In your definition of a well-run company, how important a.docxambersalomon88660
1. In your definition of a "well-run" company, how important are the following?
a.) Provides excellent customer service
Very important
b.) Has efficient and flexible operations
Very important
c.) Offers high financial return to shareholders
Somewhat important
d.) Attracts and retains exceptional people
Very important
e.) Creates products or services that benefit society
Very important
f.) Adheres to a strong mission
Very important
g.) Invests in employee training and professional development
Very important
h.) Operates according to its values and a strong code of ethics
Very important
i.) Is a stable employer
Very important
j.) Provides competitive compensation
Very important
k.) Adheres to progressive environmental policies
Very important
l.) Produces high-quality products and services
Very important
2. Would you add something to the above list that you think is “very important”? If so, what?
cares about the relationship between employees and management
3. Which of the following issues pose the greatest challenges for today’s CEOs and senior executives?
Breakdown in trust between employees and management, Economic downturn, Lack of public trust in business
4. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
a.) Business people are more likely to care about the social responsibilities of companies when the economy is strong.
Strongly agree
b.) When a multi-national company is entering a new market in a less-developed country, it? has a responsibility to go above and
beyond business success and contribute to the development of the local community.
Somewhat agree
c.) When it comes to the environment, all a company has to do is to comply with the law.
Strongly agree
d.) Companies should maintain their employees’ job security even if they incur a short-term drop in profit as a result.
Strongly agree
e.) Most companies accurately report their earnings and profits.
Somewhat agree
f.) Corporate reputation is important to me in making my decision about the organization where I want to work.
Strongly agree
g.) Managers place too much emphasis on short-term performance measures when making business decisions.
Strongly agree
h.) I anticipate that my own values will sometimes conflict with what I am asked to do in business.
Somewhat disagree
5. If you answered the prior statement “4h” with “somewhat agree” or “strongly agree,” please specify which kinds of values
conflicts you expect to face:
Some possible issues to consider:
n/a
6. Assume you are engaged in each of the following business activities/practices. How likely do you think it is that values conflicts
would arise?
a.) Managing personnel in manufacturing facilities/ plants
Very likely
b.) Outsourcing production operations
Somewhat likely
c.) Investing in less-developed countries
Very likely
d.) Downsizing
Very likely
e.) Financial reporting
Somewhat likely
f.) Natural resource exploration
Somewhat likely
g..
1. In Chapter four titled Academy Training you learned about academi.docxambersalomon88660
1. In Chapter four titled Academy Training you learned about academies and the different approaches they take in training police recruits. In Washington D.C., the Metropolitan Police Department teaches its recruits about Behavioral Science. Question: How important is this lesson, especially in todays environment which pits community versus the police? Be specific when answering the question and give examples. at least be 8 sentences.
2. based on the reading authored by critical race scholar Alana Lentin, please explain the problem with replacing race with multiculturalism in debates on human differences/minority groups. And how, do you think, does multiculturalism tie in with racism in the United States?For those of you who want to further improve their understanding of the term multiculturalism beyond this week’s assigned reading, I suggest you skim through the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on multiculturalism. must be at least 8 sentences. ( articles will be provided)
3. Frank Serpico was a plain clothes NYPD officer who decided not to take part in the embedded corruption that was embedded in the NYPD.When bosses wouldn't listen, he and another cop, Sgt. David Durk, found their way to the New York Times.For Friday write 400 words on who Serpico is/was, mention the history of corruption and the impact. What is the current impact (if any).And, as this a class on the Media and Police, make reference to the significance the NY Times played (as well as the impact of the best selling book and blockbuster film). Police bosses know about such corruption for years (as did elected officials). How did the media - in this case the NY Times force a change in decades long practices?Cite information. Not your own opinion.
.
1. In 200 words, describe how Hamlet promotes andor subverts th.docxambersalomon88660
1. In 200 words, describe how Hamlet promotes and/or subverts the power of satirical imitation to reflect and/or reform authority.
2. In 300 words, compare and contrast how three albums that we have discussed in class promote and/or subvert the power of recording artists to satirically reform both the music industry and popular culture. (The Who Sell Out by The Who, Milo Goes To College by the Descendants, The Beatles(“White Album”) by the Beatles, Little Dark Age by MGMT)
Part I: Health Care Finance
Overview
CHAPTER 2: FOUR THINGS THE HEALTH
CARE MANAGER NEEDS TO KNOW
ABOUT FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Four Segments that Make a Financial
Management System Work
• Original Records — Provide evidence that
some event has occurred.
• The Information System — Gathers this
evidence.
• The Accounting System — Records the
evidence.
• The Reporting System — Produces reports of
the effects.
Four Segments That Make a Financial
System Work
• The healthcare manager needs to know that
these separate elements exist and that they
work together for an end result.
Structure of the Information System
• Identify the inputs
• Identify the outputs
• Examine the Figure 2-1 diagram in the chapter
Function of Flow Sheets
• Flow sheets illustrate the flow of activities that
capture information.
Flow Sheets are Useful Because
• They picture who is responsible for what piece
of information as it enters the system
• Examine the two examples of patient
information flows in the chapter
Figure 2-2: Flowsheets
Figure 2-3: Flowsheets
The Chart of Accounts
• Outlines the elements of your company in an
organized manner.
• Maps out account titles with a method of
numeric coding.
• Is designed to compile financial data in an
uniform manner that can be decoded by the
user.
The Chart of Accounts
• Every organization has differences in its Chart
of Accounts that expresses the unique
differences in its own organizational structure.
• Examine the three examples of different Chart
of Accounts formats in Exhibits 2-1, 2-2 and 2-
3.
Exhibit 2–1 Chart of Accounts, Format I
Exhibit 2–2 Chart of Accounts, Format II
Exhibit 2–3 Chart of Accounts, Format III
Basic System Elements: Books and
Records
• Capture transactions
• Figures 2-4 and 2-5 illustrate this concept.
Books and Records: The Sequence Is…
• Initial transaction to subsidiary journal to
general ledger;
• Review, adjust, balance through the trial
balance;
• Create reports (financial statements)
The Annual Management Cycle
• Affects the type and status of information the
manager uses
The Annual Management Cycle
• The type and status of information used by the
manager includes:
• Daily and Weekly Reports — Generally contain
raw data
• Quarterly Reports and Statistics — Generally
have been verified, adjusted and balanced. Called
“interim” reports; often used as milestones by
managers.
• Annual Year End Reports — Generally.
1. Image 1 courtesy of httpswww.virginiahospitalcenter.com.docxambersalomon88660
1.
Image 1 courtesy of: https://www.virginiahospitalcenter.com/
2.
Image 2 courtesy of: Police magazine October 2013 Issue
3.
Image 3 courtesy of: Forbes magazine April 9, 2012 Issue
4.
Image 4 courtesy of: National Geographic magazine June/July 2015 Issue
In a 2 page APA formatted paper with an additional reference page (template here), analyze the strategic use of sensory visuals:
1. Analyze the use of color; address how it attracts the eye of the targeted audience. How might the targeted audience interpret the color and emotionally respond?
2. Analyze the use of lines; address how it directs the eyes of the viewers. Which types of lines are used? How might the targeted audience interpret the line usage and emotionally respond?
3. Analyze the use of contrast and balance; address how it attracts the eye of the targeted audience. How might the targeted audience emotionally respond to the visual balance and contrast? What if the contrast and balance elements were not there or were different? How would that change the viewer response?
Support the items above by including relevant quotes and paraphrases from academic/scholarly sources.
Be sure to clearly address how these four visual sensory elements attract the eyes of a specific target audience more readily than other audiences. For a thorough analysis, always consider the effect on viewers if these four visuals were used differently or not used at all.
.
1. If I were to create an SEL program, I would focus on self-awar.docxambersalomon88660
1. If I were to create an SEL program, I would focus on: self-awareness, relationship skills and decision-making. I would focus on these skills and values because they are integral in developing emotional intelligence. Self-awareness could be instilled through different activities where a person takes different tests and conducts activities to learn more about their own emotions. By understanding and managing their emotions, they can be more aware to how they act. Additionally, relationship skills can be built through participating in different group activities in which they must work together to solve a problem. These group activities will also integrate decision-making, where participants will learn how to respectfully voice opinions and listen to those of others. At the end of the program, there will be a final group activity which integrates the three core skills, and one must display self-awareness, relationship skills and decision-making to complete the activity.
2. This program would be helpful in teaching factors of emotional intelligence, but it would not teach every important aspect. The first strength of this program would be that it teaches self-awareness before relationship skills, because knowing how to manage and process self-emotions is extremely important when working in a team. Additionally, a strength would be that it is an activity-based program, which will keep kids entertained and learning at the same time. The limitation of this program is that it cannot teach everything about social emotional learning such as social awareness or stress management, however it will be a good start in SEL.
1. The three skills that I would focus on if I were to create an SEL program would be Self-Management, Social Awareness, Responsible Decision Making. These skills are the most essential because self-management is pretty much controlled self-awareness, social awareness is critical to being successful with the other skills, and responsible decision making is critical to any sort of personal and relationship success. I plan on instilling these skills by integrating different forms of activities and exams to ensure that these skills are achieved for their intended purposes. For social awareness I would place people into groups who all have different activities and emotions going on and then quiz them in the end. Self-management can be instilled by keeping tallies of individual outbursts when one gets upset and even putting them in upsetting situations and seeing how the handle them. Additionally, responsible decision making can be more activity and an exam where different situations happen and individuals are rated on how they react to them.
2. The strengths of my program are that they are extremely interactive and also give numerical results. With the combination of interactive activities with other people, real life testing scenarios, and exams it is easy to see the results of individuals to see where they are both st.
1. Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to heritage cons.docxambersalomon88660
1. Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to heritage consistency in your culture (African American) or religion: (ex. religion, beliefs and practices, values and norms)2. Describe traditional aspects of healthcare within your culture or religion3. Address the demographics of your culture or religion in the United States4. Describe barriers to obtaining healthcare that affect your culture or religion.5. Describe how your culture’s or religion’s beliefs and norms might impact communication with a healthcare provider
Paper should
be in your own words
, typed in 12 point font, double spaced, 1 inch margins, between two to three pages in length.
Do not
copy and paste from the internet as this is plagiarism and you will receive a zero for the assignment. You may use one or two quotes from sources as long as the source is given credit. Cite your sources for the paper.
I am an African American Female.
.
1. I think that the top three management positions in a health pla.docxambersalomon88660
1. I think that the top three management positions in a health plan are Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Hospital Administrator and Chief of Nurses. The reason they rank over the rest is because their positions are compelling and crucial in the healthcare. The CEO position is the person who is responsible of management, organizing operations, planning, budgeting, negotiating contracts, studying financial reports. They are the ones in charge of the entire organization and it is imperative that they ensure that everything runs professionally and effectively. Then the Hospital Administrator position is the person responsible of making sure they are working promptly and effectively to generate and manage the budget, quality assurance policies and the hiring of physicians. Their job is also to be responsible in making sure they are up to date with all government regulations and law compliance and by not doing so it can cost them their job and cause fines to their organization. Last is the Chief of Nursing position is the person who is responsible of the overseeing of the nursing staff, they see the department’s budget, they must report to high level staff-members like the CEO, they maintain a high standard of care, review patients’ data and medical records to professionally relate and interact with physicians, patients and family members. You can tell by reading the responsibilities of these positions you realize how essential they are to the health plan and how every responsibility is meticulous to each position. Even though I picked these 3 as the top management position I still feel that all positions hold an important part in the health plan.
2. Healthcare industry offers many different opportunities in its field, working in this industry you have many choices where to choose from like for instance become a secretary to being an analyst or end up being a doctor. There is room to explore different careers and work closely with a variety of professionals. In this growing market the top three careers that would be more in demand would be Nurses, Physicians and Physical Therapists. There is a vast list of opportunities in health care that if you work with effort you will. As we all know nurses are every where and at all times even if the doctor's are not present. They make home visits to check on patient's health and keeping track of their health. Going through nursing is not a piece of cake there is a lot to be learn physically, emotionally and mentally. Becoming a physician is becoming less popular since there are so many other choices out there people see that becoming a physician is a lot of hassle and instead become something else. This career choice will be need in the next few years. Physical Therapy is my third option, with all this baby boomer community the demand for doctor's specially therapist will increase for at least 20% in the next few years. This generation of elderly community is more aware of their health and will seek more tre.
1. How does the most recent 2008-09 recession differ from most other.docxambersalomon88660
1. How does the most recent 2008-09 recession differ from most other economic recessions since the Great Depression?
2. What is a bank? How does a bank differ from most other financial-service providers?
3. Which businesses are banking’s closest and toughest competitors? What services do they offer that compete directly with banks’ services?
4. Why are banks special?
5. What is a financial intermediary? What are its key characteristics? Is a bank a type of financial intermediary?
6. What are the reasons for regulating the functions of banks?
7. What is the dual banking system?
8. What is the principal role of the Comptroller of the Currency?
9. What is the principal job performed by the FDIC?
10. What key roles does the Federal Reserve System perform in the banking and financial system?
11. What is the Glass-Steagall Act, and why was it important in banking history? 12. What are the main ideas of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991?
.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Know the terminology flash cards.2. Know the hist.docx
1. 1. Know the terminology flash cards.
2. Know the historical cryptographic systems.
3. Know the popular symmetric, asymmetric, and hashing
algorithms.
4. What is the definition of Cryptography?
5. Who is known as the father of Western cryptography?
6. What makes up the CIA Triad?
7. How does the Caesar Cypher work?
8. What is the Scytale cipher?
9. What’s the difference between asymmetric and symmetric
algorithms?
10. What was the application of cryptography created by the
Egyptians?
11. What is the Vigenere Cypher?
12. What is DES (Data Encryption Standard)?
13. What is the Rijndael Algorithm?
14. What is the relationship between AES an DES in the US?
15. What are Symmetric algorithms are typically known for
their ability to maintain?
16. How many and what type of keys involved with Symmetric
Algorithms?
17. What’s the advantages of stream ciphers over block ciphers?
18. What ciphers typically use XOR operations?
19. What is an algorithm?
20. What is a certificate authority?
21. What is ciphertext?
22. What are collisions?
23. What is cryptanalysis?
2. 24. What is meant by Decrypt?
25. What is a digital signature?
26. What is meant by Encrypt?
27. What is a Hash Function?
28. What is known as Key clustering?
29. What is a key space?
30. What is non-repudiation?
31. What is plaintext?
32. What is SSL/TLS?
33. What is the work factor?
34. What does the Kerckhoff Principle states?
35. Does it help to know the amount of data that you are
encrypting ahead of time using block ciphers?
36. What are one-time pads?
37. What is digital watermarking?
38. What are transposition ciphers?
39. What are Vigenere Ciphers?
40. What is meant by codes?
41. What are polyalphabetic ciphers?
42. What is the process known as steganography?
43. What are running key ciphers?
44. Electronic Code Book works well with block cyphers.
45. Cipher Block Chaining is similar to Electronic Code Book
but it uses an IV to add security.
46. Caesar cipher and Vigenere cipher are symmetric
algorithms.
47. Block ciphers are not more closely emulate one-time pads.
48. Asymmetric algorithms are sometimes used for digital
signature applications.
49. What is Enigma encryption machine?
50. A strength of symmetric algorithms is that they have
multiple modes.
51. A strength of asymmetric algorithms when compared to
symmetric algorithms is key management. (sharing keys with
others while maintaining secrecy)
52. What are the weaknesses of symmetric algorithms?
3. All the following statement about International Data
Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) are True, except:
· Question 2
0 out of 10 points
_______________ take whatever plaintext is put into them and
break it into pieces calls block
· Question 3
0 out of 10 points
Triple DES (3DES) triple-encrypts each block with either two
independent keys
4. · Question 4
0 out of 10 points
No matter where encryption is implemented, the process is
· Question 5
0 out of 10 points
PKI provides ___________________ over an insecure medium
5. Selected Answer:
Penetration test and virus testing medium
· Question 6
0 out of 10 points
Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a 56-bit key algorithm, but
the key is too short to be used today
· Question 7
10 out of 10 points
A trusted third-party is:
6. Selected Answer:
Someone or a computer that you trust
· Question 8
10 out of 10 points
All the following statements are true, except:
Selected Answer:
a.
Blowfish is an algorithm was not designed to be strong, fast,
and simple
7. · Question 9
0 out of 10 points
The entity responsible for accepting information about a party
wishing to obtain a certificate is
· Question 10
0 out of 10 points
Some different ways a block cipher can operate are all the
following, except:
8. · Question 11
0 out of 10 points
For Certification Authority, which of the following is True?
· Question 12
0 out of 10 points
All encryption methods (other than hashing) convert plaintext to
ciphertext and back via
· Question 13
10 out of 10 points
9. The following statement are true about Hashing, EXCEPT:
Selected Answer:
None of the above is true, Hashing is not a part of the
cryptosystem
· Question 14
10 out of 10 points
Asymmetric is also called
Selected Answer:
c.
Public-key
10. · Question 15
0 out of 10 points
Digital Certificates provide the following services, ??
DEBATE Open Access
Implementing a One Health approach to
emerging infectious disease: reflections on
the socio-political, ethical and legal
dimensions
Chris Degeling1,2* , Jane Johnson1,3, Ian Kerridge1,2, Andrew
Wilson4, Michael Ward3,2, Cameron Stewart5
11. and Gwendolyn Gilbert1,2,6
Abstract
Background: ‘One Health’ represents a call for health
researchers and practitioners at the human, animal and
environmental interfaces to work together to mitigate the risks
of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
(EIDs). A One Health approach emphasizing inter-disciplinary
co-operation is increasingly seen as necessary for
effective EID control and prevention. There are, however,
socio-political, ethical and legal challenges, which must be
met by such a One Health approach.
Discussion: Based on the philosophical review and critical
analysis of scholarship around the theory and practice of
One Health it is clear that EID events are not simply about
pathogens jumping species barriers; they are comprised
of complex and contingent sets of relations that involve
socioeconomic and socio-political drivers and
consequences with the latter extending beyond the impact of the
disease. Therefore, the effectiveness of policies
based on One Health depends on their implementation and
alignment with or modification of public values.
Summary: Despite its strong motivating rationale, implementing
a One Health approach in an integrated and
considered manner can be challenging, especially in the face of
a perceived crisis. The effective control and
prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science
research to improve understanding of how EID threats and
responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic
framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs,
reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral
collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine
public engagement processes that promote transparency,
13. http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1186/s12889-015-
2617-1&domain=pdf
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4279-3443
mailto:[email protected]
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
Background
The recent Ebolavirus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa
and continuing human infections with a novel H7N9 in-
fluenza A virus in mainland China are salient reminders
of how human and nonhuman health are inextricably
linked. Nonhuman animals are the source of 70 % of
emerging and re-emerging infectious disease (EID)
threats to human health [1], and more than half of all
established human pathogens [2]. The threats posed by
EIDs are dynamic. EIDs are caused by pathogens that
can change their behaviour over time – either through
genetic modification or through changes in the patterns
and pathways of transmission [3]. Social, economic and
political systems can either promote or inhibit pathogen
transfer, and the incidence and pathogenicity of the dis-
ease [4]. While a lack of data makes quantitation diffi-
cult, EIDs and zoonoses account for a significant
proportion of the global disease burden [5]. EIDs and
emergence of zoonotic pathogens, including human im-
munodeficiency virus (HIV), are direct causes of an esti-
mated 15 million deaths worldwide each year [6].
A One Health approach is increasingly considered to
be the most effective way of managing EID threats [7, 8]
because it represents an acknowledgement of certain
facts about the nature of disease, which are then de-
ployed to structure the response. One Health is
14. grounded in a recognition that human, animal and en-
vironmental health are interdependent [9], that animal
species provide a shared reservoir for pathogen exchange
and spread, and that many EIDs are driven by varied
and dynamic human-animal interactions [9, 10]. The re-
sponse One Health offers is to deconstruct the disciplin-
ary silos [11] which have separated biomedical and
social sciences devoted to the study of human disease
from those devoted to nonhuman disease and ecological
concerns [12, 13]. Inter-disciplinary research is called for
and required, as is interventionist practice at local, na-
tional and international levels involving: policymakers,
planners, regulators, physicians, veterinarians, ecologists,
public and animal health officials, environmental health
officers, microbiologists, and other allied natural and so-
cial scientists [10, 14].
Although principally associated with EID prevention
and control, One Health is also relevant to prevention
and control of endemic and zoonotic animal diseases, as
well as securing food safety [15, 16]. Considering the
magnitude and complexity of global issues surrounding
infectious disease and food security, the One Health ap-
proach has the potential to provide the creative, effective
and sustainable solutions required.
Despite its strong motivating rationale, implementing
a One Health approach can be challenging. Dealing with
EIDs in an integrated and considered manner can be
highly problematic, especially in the face of a perceived
crisis. In this paper we examine the socio-political, eth-
ical and legal considerations implied by a One Health
approach to EIDs. First we describe how a One Health
approach could galvanise and enhance current capacity
in EID prevention and control. Making reference to case
15. examples, we then identify and characterise socio-
political, ethical and legal concerns that have the poten-
tial to limit the effectiveness of One Health interven-
tions. Finally, we draw on this data to provide guidance
as to how these concerns and issues might be addressed,
and point to remaining challenges to the likely success
of the One Health approach to EID control and
prevention.
Methods
In order to explore the broader implications of a One
Health approach we employed philosophical and qualita-
tive methods to map existing and potential scientific,
ethical and political responses to EIDs in Australia and
our region. The overarching philosophical approach is
that of developing sustained arguments that critically
analyse the existing literature and reconceptualise or re-
fine key concepts. This conceptual information is often
observed in exemplars and paradigm cases. In particular
we focused on materials pertaining to the social, political
and ethical consequences of responses to the risks posed
to human health and wellbeing by Hendra virus [HeV],
Nipah virus [NiV] and Rabies virus [RbV] in Australasia,
and compared them with international responses to ca-
nonical examples of pandemic and food borne zoonoses
– severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17] and
bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob
disease (BSE/vCJD), respectively. A synopsis of the char-
acteristics and burdens of these diseases and the patho-
gens that cause them are outlined in Boxes 1 and 2.
Because our aim was to generate inductive insights
and develop a robust set of arguments – rather than a
comprehensive catalogue of every case example or publi-
cation – the sample evolved iteratively from searches of
textual sources such as publicly available international
16. (e.g. WHO) and government reports; academic data-
bases (e.g. PubMed); online/print news services (Factiva);
organizational newsfeeds (Centers for Disease Control);
and the websites of major One Health collaborations
[18]. Materials in the sample were read and qualitatively
reviewed through an iterative process of testing, revising
and refining our definitions, principles and theoretical
generalisations [19, 20] – against the emerging concep-
tual map and feedback from the research team. Led by
the first author, this cycle of searching, mapping and
critical analysis continued until a period where new text-
ual materials were not providing substantive new in-
sights and the team was confident that a position of
conceptual saturation had been achieved. In what
Degeling et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1307 Page 2 of
11
follows we draw on these analyses and reflections to de-
scribe the content, context and nature of the challenges
that need to be faced for the effective implementation of
a One Health approach to EID control and prevention.
Findings
EID prevention and control strategies require a One Health
approach
One Health is a holistic approach that emphasizes,
but is not restricted to, the need to understand and
regulate the environmental context (human-animal-
ecosystem interface) of disease emergence and
expression [21]. EIDs are characterized by their com-
plexity and uncertainty as to their causes, conse-
quences and likely solutions [22]. In broad terms,
the occurrence and cross-species transmissibility of
17. many emerging pathogens, like Ebolavirus (EBOV)
and H7N9, arise from human activities such as
changes in land use, growth in global trade and
travel and intensification of animal husbandry prac-
tices [23–25]. The speed with which our understand-
ing of the biology and epidemiology of H7N9 has
developed demonstrates how much our ability to re-
spond to new EID threats has improved over the last
few decades. Yet despite advances in immunobiology
and genomics that have contributed to diagnostics,
therapeutics, and vaccine development, the threat of
EIDs to human health and community wellbeing
persists.
Part of the reason why EID threats remain in spite of
scientific advances, are that EID events are not simply
about pathogens jumping species barriers. The threats
posed by EIDs are comprised of complex and contingent
sets of relations that involve socioeconomic and socio-
political drivers and consequences, with the latter ex-
tending beyond the impact of the disease. The social,
cultural and economic impacts of zoonoses are signifi-
cant. The examples contained in Tables 1 and 2 demon-
strate the difficult balance between the human health
risks and socioeconomic and cultural costs of EID con-
trol [26, 27]. Policy decisions should be based on sound
evidence – but it is often the case in dealing with EIDs
that the evidence required is absent or fluid. EID events
are often dynamic situations that are characterised by
uncertainty. As events unfold new evidence is created.
Consequently decisions made on the basis of present
data can be seen as wrong in the future, as more evi-
dence and a better understanding emerges.
Official reviews of canonical EID events such SARS
[17] and BSE/vCJD [28] share two key findings: (i) that
18. actions to reduce risk should not be predicated on scien-
tific certainty; and (ii) that policies to deal with the risks
and effects of an EID need to be founded on widely held
values, so that people understand, in advance, the kinds
of choices that will have to be made. This suggests that
the One Health approach needs more than inter-sectoral
collaboration and robust health legislation, as the unique
nature of EIDs critically limits the effectiveness of scien-
tific, top-down and technocratic approaches to govern-
ance [29].
Table 1 EIDs of immediate importance to Australasia
Hendra virus infection is endemic among at least two species of
flying
fox in Australia and causes rare, but catastrophic, human
infection [85].
Loss of habitat has led to increasingly intense incursions of
flying foxes
into populated rural and peri-urban areas and promoted the
‘spill-over’
of Hendra virus into horses and then to people [86]. Hundreds
of people
have been directly exposed to Hendra virus, with seven
confirmed
human infections and four deaths since 1994. With over one
hundred
dead horses and persistent risk, the emergence of Hendra has
had
significant impact on equine and tourist industries in north
eastern
Australia, diverted major research resources and caused
significant
distress and controversy in the broader community [31, 87].
19. Nipah virus, a close relative of Hendra, is endemic in East
Asian flying fox
populations. In 1999, after a program of deforestation and
agricultural
development in Eastern Malaysia it spread to pigs then humans
and
other animals, causing respiratory disease and severe
encephalitis [88]. It
subsequently was reported in India and Bangladesh. Humans
can be
infected directly from bats, by ingestion of contaminated food
and from
other humans. Among 522 confirmed human cases, the overall
mortality
was greater than 50 % [89]. Nipah control programs devastated
Malaysia’s pig industry and caused high unemployment and
dislocation
of rural populations, at a cost of more than US$1 billion to the
national
economy [90]. Nipah virus has been identified by WHO as a
likely cause
of future pandemics.
Rabies virus infects the central nervous systems of people,
wildlife and
domestic mammals. The disease is transmitted by bites from
infected
animals and once it becomes symptomatic, it is virtually always
fatal.
55,000 people die and 7.5 million receive post exposure
prophylaxis
annually, costing $124 billion [91]. Rabies is endemic in much
of South
East Asia but its range is expanding. Focusing on Australia, the
continent is free from Rabies, but the current expansion of the
disease
20. in Indonesia [92] is a genuine threat to northern regions.
Although likely
controllable in domestic dog populations [93], if Rabies were to
become
endemic amongst wild or feral animals in this setting, current
modelling
indicates it would be almost impossible to eradicate [94].
Table 2 Significant historical (i.e. effectively eradicated) EIDs
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a human
respiratory infection,
caused by a coronavirus isolated from Chinese horseshoe bats
[95]. It
was first reported in Asia in 2003 and, within a few months,
spread to
thirty seven countries in the Americas, Europe and Asia. It
affected more
than 8000 people and caused 774 deaths, before being
successfully
eliminated by concerted international efforts. The outbreak and
fear that
another pandemic could occur are estimated to have cost
Canadian
and east Asian economies US$200 billion [27].
Bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob
disease (BSE/
vCJD) is a rare but fatal human neurodegenerative condition,
caused by
consumption of bovine products contaminated with the prions
that
cause BSE. Since vCJD was first identified in 1996, 175 cases
have been
reported in the UK and forty nine elsewhere. The World Bank
estimates
21. that the direct costs of vCJD/BSE to date exceed more than US
$11
billion. Infected herds and the control measure imposed to
prevent
further infections devastated agricultural communities. The
impacts of
the emergence of a new zoonotic disease amongst the British
public
were far broader than agriculture, including the cessation of UK
plasma
production because of potential iatrogenic infection. With an
estimated
one in 4000 UK residents carrying vCJD, the burdens will
continue well
into this century [96].
Degeling et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1307 Page 3 of
11
Implementing a One Health approach faces socio-political,
ethical and legal challenges
The success of One Health depends on more than scien-
tific knowledge and technical achievement because some
of the issues that arise in addressing EID risks are so-
called ‘wicked problems’ [30]. When a new EID threat
emerges there are rarely ready-made solutions and
health policymakers and practitioners are often forced to
make tragic choices that may contravene widely held
values. Considerations must include the need to protect
public health and the wider social, economic and envir-
onmental impacts of proposed interventions. Economic
and political interests can complicate the decision-
makers’ motives and decision-maker uncertainty is com-
pounded by policy decisions becoming entangled in pol-
22. itical, ethical and legal considerations [31–33]. As events
surrounding the EBOV outbreak in West Africa illus-
trate, the importance placed on a specific EID threat at
any one time also depends on who is setting the agenda
[34]. Therefore to be successfully implemented, the One
Health approach must address a range of socio-political,
ethical and legal challenges that arise as a consequence
of the spread of infection within and between species.
Most of these challenges are not unique to One Health,
but are shared by any approach to addressing EIDs.
However these challenges frequently go unrecognized.
In the following section we will clarify the nature of
these issues so they can be addressed later in the paper.
(1)Socio-political challenges
A focus on individualism, perceptions, short term so-
lutions, populism and avoiding controversy are features
of political life, which can prove challenging for EID pol-
icy and work against developing effective strategies for
addressing EIDs.
Policy responses to EID events such as Nipah and
Hendra virus infections (outlined in Box 1) tend to focus
on necessary and proximal causes (what individuals do
to put themselves at direct risk from an infectious
pathogen) because the science about other aspects of
EIDs is often complex, uncertain and lacking a clear nar-
rative. Compounding this, our moral psychologies have
evolved to respond to direct harms – not indirect distal
causal stories. Many people in liberal democracies be-
lieve that they are entitled to rights and freedoms that
cannot be sacrificed merely for the marginal gains of
others. As the discourse surrounding climate change and
other wicked problems illustrates, this promotes techno-
logical solutions because they do not require substantive
23. changes in human behaviours and underlying values sys-
tems. [35] The net result is that the policy focus for EID
prevention and control tends to remain on individual
behaviours rather than the structural drivers of
emergence and transmission – a case example being the
focus on vaccine development and the husbandry prac-
tices of horse owners in response to the zoonotic risks
of Hendra virus [31, 36]..
The political impetus for action in response to many
EIDs is not necessarily scientific evidence but societal
perceptions. Indeed, in the face of scientific uncertainty
and ethical ambiguity, ideological perspectives and
short-term political considerations often supplant efforts
to devise effective long-term interventions [28, 37].
Political imperatives to avoid, or at least minimise,
public concern whilst dealing with EIDs can also prove
challenging. In the case of BSE, powerful interests domi-
nated early government responses, leading policymakers
to make decisions that avoided public controversy, but
had major economic consequences. As the crisis un-
folded, expertise became politicized leading to conflict
between agencies and policy inconsistency between
health communication strategies and the measures being
taken to minimize the risks to human health [38]. Even
when the link between BSE and vCJD became clear,
existing feed bans were poorly enforced and risk com-
munication was dominated by fear of public panic [39];
even as the decision was made to remove all potential
sources of human infection from the UK food supply,
messages were confused and policy implementation im-
peded by poor co-ordination between agencies [28].
A common but problematic response to EID threats
24. has been to invoke the precautionary principle. Roughly
speaking, the precautionary principle can be applied in
situations where human activities create a scientifically
plausible, but uncertain, risk of significant harm. In re-
sponse the principle advocates that actions ought to be
taken to avoid or reduce the harm, and that these ac-
tions need to be proportionate to the seriousness of the
potential harm. In other word, in the absence of evi-
dence take a conservative approach.
However applying the precautionary principle to EIDs
in an attempt to protect the public can result in what, in
retrospect, amounts to an excessive response. This oc-
curred with attempts to control Nipah infection, where
significant damage was inflicted on industry, livelihoods
and the economy. Similarly, experience with highly
pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in China and
SE-Asia showed that overzealous policy responses can
destroy livelihoods and threaten food supplies [40, 41].
In Vietnam alone, almost 40 million birds were culled in
2004 in an attempt to eradicate HPAI. Although many
birds were owned by large commercial operations,
others were kept by ‘backyard’ farmers and villagers.
Mass culling of poultry appears decisive, but places ex-
cessive burdens on vulnerable populations, is ineffective
in the context of extensive ‘backyard’ poultry farming
and can, in fact, promote the spread of disease [42]. A
Degeling et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1307 Page 4 of
11
similar scenario is currently playing out with Rabies con-
trol in Bali.
Unfortunately, the precautionary principle and analytic
25. tools and concepts appealed to in this domain, fail to de-
liver what is required at times of EID outbreaks since
they do not advance public engagement or help resolve
disagreements in times of uncertainty [43, 44]. Philo-
sophical critiques of the precautionary principle applied
to EIDs have also shown its limitations, including that
defining criteria by which to judge a threat as plausible
and a response proportionate, often will only substitute
one uncertainty for two others [45].
(2)Ethical challenges
The effectiveness of an EID control policy will depend
on the context of its implementation and particularly its
alignment with stakeholder and public values [17, 46]. In
modern liberal democracies at least some consensus
over what is in the public interest and an understanding
of the values which support it, is therefore required for
the successful implementation of EID responses. Yet this
is precisely what has been lacking in outbreaks where
fracture lines, differences and value conflicts have be-
come apparent. When the stakes are high, evidence and
the implications of actions are uncertain, the situation is
complex and resources may be limited but where deci-
sions need to be made, differences are exposed. Such dif-
ferences could be around beliefs about how to deal with
ecological and environmental issues, which may conflict
with the importance people attach to public goods, pro-
tection of individual autonomy and animal welfare [47].
These conditions of crisis and division are conducive to
undesirable consequences including public fear, mistrust,
misinformation and non-compliance with public health
directives. For example in Canada during the SARS cri-
sis, leaders were unprepared for the range of ethical con-
flicts that arose, including those over: individual freedom
26. versus the common good; healthcare workers’ safety ver-
sus their duty to care for the sick; and economic costs
versus the need for containment [48]. As indicated in
Box 2, both the outbreak itself and fear that another
outbreak could occur had significant economic
consequences.
Any approach which hopes to successfully respond to
EID threats, including a One Health approach, needs to
address the ethical concerns articulated above. To this
end, potentially conflicting values and logic must be ne-
gotiated to realise effective, sustainable and just solu-
tions. Prioritisation and resource allocation require
political processes based on fundamental ethical ques-
tions about what is valuable, what is to be protected
and, ultimately, what is dispensable. To be effective,
public policy must be consistent with the values of
citizens to whom it is applied, otherwise it can become
mired in controversy about whose values should prevail
[31, 37, 49]. Therefore, one of the first and most import-
ant tasks of policy work is to establish how the public
interest is best defined.
(3)Legal challenges
The legal environment in which EID policy is made
and in which responses to outbreaks occur, presents its
own set of challenges. The law surrounding EID re-
sponses in most jurisdictions is diffuse, complicated and
often subject to re-interpretation on the basis of whose
interests are given primacy at the time decisions are
made. Moreover, in many countries different approaches
by State/Provincial and local authorities, overlaid by
Federal/National powers, complicate regulation so much
that ‘hard law’ is often replaced by resort to ‘soft law’ of
27. executive and administrative powers and international
instruments, such as the International Health Regula-
tions (IHR) [50]. This may add complexity and confu-
sion to the EID regulatory structures, rather than
facilitating public health responses to a new threat. Such
confusion provides a salient reminder that even in ‘glo-
bal law’ approaches to EIDs, the sovereign state remains
the institution responsible for regulation and control
[51].
Public health law responses to EIDs tend to be ori-
ented towards controlling cross-border pathogen trans-
fer and community outbreaks rather than the underlying
deficiencies and structural conditions from which the
threats emerge. Other laws, such as environmental law,
may be more useful in addressing structural conditions
for emergence. Changes in land use and agricultural in-
tensification in developing societies are major drivers of
EID. However, the cost of laws that restrict development
may be greater global health inequities, with consequen-
tial effects for health outcomes. In order to clarify EID-
related legal tensions between economic development
and health security, a more explicit recognition is
needed of who are the primary beneficiaries and who
bears the costs of a One Health approach to EIDs [52].
Legal clarity around the frameworks designed to pro-
tect populations from EIDs is critical to providing an en-
abling infrastructure to co-ordinate and support the One
Health-based work of policymakers, development plan-
ners, human and animal health-workers and biosecurity
agencies.
Discussion
One health and public values: implications for EID control
and prevention
28. The health of humans, animals, and ecosystems are in-
terconnected. A One Health approach promises a better
Degeling et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1307 Page 5 of
11
understanding of how to prevent and control EIDs at
the human-animal-ecosystem interface. However the
socio-political, ethical and legal challenges of EIDs illus-
trated above highlight how responses to infectious dis-
ease threats are intrinsically value laden. When a new
infectious pathogen such as Hendra or Nipah virus first
appears, or a known threat such as Rabies or Ebola
encroaches on a new setting, there is limited scientific
evidence or past experience to guide decisions or deter-
mine whether a planned response will be proportionate.
Vastly different interpretations of EID events and their
likely outcomes might be supported by the available
data. Policymakers and practitioners therefore have little
guidance as to what they should do when faced with a
nascent infectious disease threat, only what they can do.
As others [52–54] have cogently argued, they must
therefore ask themselves: whose health is being priori-
tized; which public and which good are we seeking to
protect?
Notwithstanding recognition of a need for comple-
mentary work on values-based questions that inevitably
surround EID risks and EID control, the adoption of the
One Health approach, so far, has not included develop-
ment of a comprehensive, ethically-informed policy and
implementation framework; this has limited its practical
utility [9, 55]. Despite rhetorical and some financial sup-
port for One Health as the guiding ethos by which to ad-
29. dress interconnected human, animal and environmental
health issues, its impact will be minimal unless implica-
tions of uncertainty on, and potential conflicts between,
human values and political processes are recognised and
articulated. Any attempt to address these ethical and
normative dimensions must take into account the dy-
namic nature of EID risk management. A policy that
seems reasonable today may be inappropriate tomorrow,
in light of new evidence. And when situations are uncer-
tain, decision-makers inevitably fall back on their values.
Therefore, a solid framework based on shared values is
needed to support decision-making surrounding EIDs
when “evidence” is – or may be – unreliable, and rapidly
changing or fluid.
What is needed to guide a one health approach to EIDs?
To successfully meet the challenges described above,
particularly the necessity to align EID policy with public
values, a One Health approach needs to engage in the
following.
(i) Social science and economic research to help
catalogue and describe the drivers, mechanisms and
social and political configurations through which
EIDs become threats to human, animal and
ecological health [56, 57]. The complex connections
between individual social needs and the local
socioeconomic context of affected or at-risk
communities, need to be understood and addressed
by policymaking processes. This should ensure that
manifest injustice, livelihood-based decisions and
other social and cultural factors do not undermine
the effectiveness of favoured control measures.
Without adequate knowledge of specific local
arrangements, there is a danger that insufficiently
30. nuanced or unified approaches to EIDs will actually
undermine the heterogeneous relationships and
contingent practices that make health possible in
circumstances of structural disadvantage [56, 58].
The social sciences are analytically broader and more
policy focussed than the natural sciences. Whereas the
natural sciences tend to frame infectious disease threats
narrowly as matters of biological integrity and security,
such that barrier technologies and hygiene practices
dominate the logic of interventions [59], social science
approaches go beyond this. Building social scientific evi-
dence for use in conjunction with natural scientific evi-
dence about EIDs aligns with the growing realization
that EID emergence is as much about the social and eco-
nomic configuration of capital flow as it is about the bio-
logical features of host-pathogen interactions. Current
approaches to the economic and structural drivers of
EID emergence still presume that state and market neo-
liberalism is part of the natural order, even as evidence
is mounting that these systems of development are cen-
tral to the problem [60, 61]. Moreover, the current em-
phasis on microbiology and focus on newer molecular
techniques to characterise pathogens, is drawing atten-
tion away from developing better understandings of the
environmental, economic and social drivers of EIDs.
While this is understandable given the desire for vac-
cines and drugs to solve EIDs, if One Health researchers
and practitioners broaden their approach to causality to
include upstream, social and economic systemic causes,
questions and issues that have been traditionally brack-
eted or thought best avoided will become central to the
cross-sectoral collaboration implied by One Health.
(ii)The development of a One Health Analytic
Framework (OHAF) needs to be pursued. Such a
31. framework would catalogue case-based experiences
and reflect the particular dynamics of specific EIDs,
and promote inter-sectoral collaboration and know-
ledge synthesis, including integration of information
about social, cultural and economic impacts, control
measures and uncertainty [62, 63]. The framework
would serve as a prompt to ensure that minority
perspectives are represented and all relevant
concerns are considered. An OHAF could provide a
rubric for comparisons between outbreaks. This
Degeling et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1307 Page 6 of
11
would allow the inherent complexities of economic
and societal responses to EIDs to be compared, to
inform policy processes. It is vital for discussions
about EID prevention and control to have this kind of
sound empirical foundation, because uncertainty and
media coverage have the potential to drive bad policy.
Development of an OHAF could be facilitated by
adopting well established and methodically rigorous
processes such as Framework Analysis, produced by the
National Centre for Social Research (UK) [19], or Multi-
Criteria Decision Analysis [MCDA] developed within the
field of decision science [64]. In the first instance Frame-
work Analysis would allow for systematic incorporation
of the perspectives and contributions of different schol-
arly disciplines and expert stakeholders. Framework
Analysis facilitates movement between different datasets,
thematic areas, theoretical resources, and levels of
abstraction without loss of conceptual clarity [65]. The
Framework method is used to organize and manage re-
32. search and interpretation through the process of
summarization, which is codified into a robust and flex-
ible matrix that allows the policymaker/researcher to
analyze data both by case and theme. It is commonly
used in areas such as health research, policy develop-
ment and program evaluation. Equally, MCDA methods
offer an alternative and potentially complementary
approach to OHAF development. Comprised of a suite
of analytic strategies, MCDA have been shown to be
valuable tools for prioritization and decision-making in
animal and human health [64]. MCDA provides a frame-
work to compare policy alternatives with diverse and
often intangible impacts, which can be particularly use-
ful in determining and justifying the prioritization and
mobilization of limited research and public health re-
sources [66, 67].
(iii)Genuine processes of public engagement across the
developed and developing world are also essential to
a successful One Health approach. These processes
are not so much about engaging in deliberative
democracy for policy decision-making, as about de-
fining the principles and values that should guide
decision-making. This means procedural inclusive-
ness alone is not enough to ensure transparency and
reflexivity, to capture people’s preferences and to ef-
fectively communicate with the public [68].
The successful implementation of the One Health ap-
proach to EIDs will depend on public trust and co-
operation. Public support for unpalatable measures is
more likely if citizens understand the issues, and policy
implementation reflects community values and prefer-
ences. To this end, citizens’ juries have been employed
in the UK, Australia, the US and elsewhere [69–72] to
33. explore similar issues and identify citizens’ preferences.
They represent informed public opinion better than
other social research methods (e.g. surveys or focus
groups) because they give participants factual informa-
tion, bring them into a structured and constructive dia-
logue with experts, provide them with time to reflect
and deliberate, and allow them to represent their views
directly to policymakers.
(iv)The development of a clear Statement of Principles
and Values (SPV) for integration of ethical
principles and values into decision-making is needed.
This should be based on empirical data about peo-
ple’s beliefs, including which public health outcomes
and public goods should be prioritized and why;
how to adjudicate conflicting claims and preferences;
and what levels and types of evidence should be pri-
vileged in these decisions.
To be successful, One Health needs to be about more
than disease prevention and control. The dynamic, un-
predictable effects and risks to peoples’ lives of EIDs ne-
cessitate a public health and biosecurity infrastructure
equipped to address the ethical problems that arise. EID
management must therefore be based on normative
principles as well as local knowledge, operational experi-
ence and disease-specific scientific and economic evi-
dence. This means that governments and policy-makers
need to explain and justify the values that underlie
decision-making and engage the public in discussions
about ethical choices, so that when difficult decisions
arise in the face of uncertainty, they will be accepted as
fair and essential for the public good [47]. This necessi-
tates that the guiding values and likely ethical choices
need to be articulated in a formal statement in advance,
as in the heat of emerging health threat, decision makers
34. will be under pressure from many sources to ‘do some-
thing quickly’.
(v)Integration of an OHAF and SPV with the IHR and
relevant national health and biosecurity legislation is
essential so that policymakers and practitioners can
dynamically test their decision-making.
Our response should of course be based on the best
scientific evidence, but EIDs are not just scientific issues,
they also have significant social, ethical and animal
rights dimensions. Experiences of infectious disease
threats such as BSE/vCJD and SARS indicate that there
have been problems combining evidence and human
values at both local and policy levels [28, 73]. The com-
municability of diseases between species raises social,
ethical and legal issues that have not been clearly
Degeling et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1307 Page 7 of
11
elucidated or adequately addressed. Our response to
nonhuman animal disease is not determined solely by
bio-scientific knowledge; the way people and animals live
with and amongst each other is also shaped by social
norms, economic imperatives and human values. In mat-
ters of public health it is no longer sufficient to ask what
works and what is the strength of the evidence; we also
need to ask ethical questions about how we should seek
to live, and what is the right thing to do [74–76]. Con-
sensus about the best approaches to EID control and
prevention are not always possible, however an agreed
set of guiding principles and values can be a means to
ensure dialogue, if not always agreement.
35. The development of an OHAF and SPV will also pro-
mote clearer communication about public risk. Signifi-
cant EID threats have major implications for distribution
of scarce resources, access to and regulation of health
services and maintenance of social order. As described
above it is also clear that policy and legal responses to
EID threats are often highly politicised and compro-
mised by failure to communicate clearly with the public.
Policymakers responsible for responding to disasters
such as EIDs typically find that there is a dissonance be-
tween transparency that may appear alarmist versus
withholding information to avoid panic. Regardless of
advice, people will make their own decisions based on
their interpretation of available information, from formal
and informal channels. So public communication, before
and during a public health emergency, is frequently as
important as political decisions and regulatory changes
[39, 77]. This means that, to be effective, a One Health
approach – like any EID policy – must deal with scien-
tific uncertainty, whilst addressing the socio-political,
ethical and legal dimensions of effective health commu-
nication and intervention strategies [3]. By exposing
decision-making processes to reveal the scientific and
normative uncertainties and ethical complexities, the
introduction of an OHAF and a SPV into One Health
theory and practice may incorporate iterative deliber-
ation and learning into EID policy processes.
(vi)Finally, One Health must be about genuine reform
rather than merely rhetoric. A One Health approach
rests on the assumption that the cross-sectoral inte-
gration of expertise, research methodologies and
public health infrastructure will inevitably improve
capacity for disease-risk prediction and effective
intervention. However, calls for increased inter-
36. sectoral co-operation by public health practitioners,
clinicians, scientists and policy-makers are not a new
phenomenon. For example in the 1990s advocates of
“new public health” called for health authorities to
turn their attention to the social, economic and
environmental factors that affect health – requiring
the realignment and policy integration of Health
Departments with other government agencies
[78, 79]. Unfortunately in this case as others,
attempts at promoting inter-sectoral approaches
rarely move beyond rhetoric – even when driven by
the best intentions and supported by substantial
resources [80–82].
The problem is that arguments that promote the need
for greater co-operation between sectors tend to focus
on the likely benefits of collaboration rather than what
reform would entail – that is, what needs to be done or-
ganisationally and politically to achieve the desired out-
comes [83]. Established ‘sectors’ – whether orientated
towards human or animal health, agriculture or the en-
vironment – have genealogies, traditions and rationali-
ties of “what we are here for” that have been shaped by
social, political and administrative processes [11]. As in-
stitutions, they are philosophically and structurally re-
sistant to change that diverts resources and re-orients
practices away from their own sectoral priorities [83]. In
essence, they have their own constituencies to serve. As
a consequence, establishment and implementation of
mechanisms that enhance information-sharing, collabor-
ation and inter-sectoral co-operation, such as working
groups and interdepartmental committees, have rarely
delivered the outcomes promised in the past. Responses
to BSE/vCJD in the UK [28], HPAI in South East Asia
[11], and recent case studies of One Health programs in
37. Uganda [84], suggest that more work is needed to co-
ordinate implementation and overcome sectoral inter-
ests. The complexity of the problems posed by EIDs
mean that organising effective control and prevention
programs will require genuine cross-sectoral integration
and, potentially, re-sectoring of some institutional and
professional responsibilities [62]. And as the recent Ebo-
lavirus disease outbreak illustrates, there must also be
sustained social and political willingness to achieve
control.
If One Health is genuinely the way forward, as we be-
lieve it is, then we should do more than talk about its
potential benefits. Without genuine cross-sectoral re-
form and a radical broadening of the scope of its inquiry
into how specific social, cultural and spatial configura-
tions promote the risks of EID emergence, One Health
is in danger of becoming merely a rhetorical strategy to
avoid conflict between its core disciplines, whereby prac-
titioners, researchers and policymakers will espouse the
methodological and moral case for interdisciplinary col-
laboration yet remain in their silos [11]. Even if these
barriers are overcome the One Health approach will only
succeed if it explicitly acknowledges local contingent
and contextual dimensions of disease risk and disease
expression and the political impacts of scientific
Degeling et al. BMC Public Health (2015) 15:1307 Page 8 of
11
uncertainty, while also seeking to accommodate the
values and preferences of ‘at risk’ and affected individ-
uals. Further, we suggest that decision making around
EIDs requires an ethical framework that reflects the
38. values of affected and ‘at risk’ communities, privileges
justice, takes account of human flourishing, protects ani-
mal health and welfare and is developed in consultation
with relevant stakeholders and the public.
Conclusions
EID risk management is a major global public health
issue to which One Health represents a promising ap-
proach, but its potential benefits have not been fully rea-
lised [53, 55]. Despite recognition that the social and
cultural dimensions are critical to the success of One
Health, social scientists are yet to play a central or sub-
stantive role in shaping research programs and interven-
tions [12, 13]. At the same time as the literature on the
ethics of pandemic responses and preparedness con-
tinues to grow, the One Health approach to EIDs has re-
ceived little formal ethical consideration. Even the most
ethically attuned existing frameworks for biosecurity and
infection prevention and control provide only general
operational principles that do not guide actions in times
of uncertainty. If One Health is to be meaningful − let
alone successful − more attention must be paid to how
these different types of knowledge are brought together
and brought to public attention. Effective responses to
EIDs are likely to be delayed or precluded unless all the
socio-political, ethical and legal implications are articu-
lated, publicly debated and − as far as possible − resolved
in advance. Policy makers and public health experts need
a set of principles and values, developed and articulated
prior to an outbreak that explicitly acknowledge the
preferences of affected communities and can guide inte-
gration of new evidence into decision-making processes
in a dynamic manner.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
39. Authors’ contributions
CD led the conceptualization, review, critical analysis and
drafting of the
article. JJ, GG, IK, AW, MW, and CS all made significant
contributions to the
critical analysis and drafting of the paper. JJ and CD led the
final preparation
of the paper for submission. All authors read and approved the
final
manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The work was funded by NHMRC grant #1083079 and seed
funding from
the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and
Biosecurity and the
School of Public Health at the University of Sydney. The
funding source has
had no involvement in how the paper was interpreted or written.
Author details
1Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, K25 Level
1, Medical
Foundation Building, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006,
Australia.
2Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity,
University of
Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of
Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 4Menzies Centre for Health Policy,
University of
Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 5Sydney Law School, University of
Sydney, Sydney,
Australia. 6Centre for Infectious Disease and Microbiology –
40. Public Health,
Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
Received: 30 July 2015 Accepted: 16 December 2015
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